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This document provides information about an individual, their contact details, and discusses several topics in electronics including n-type semiconductors, reverse biasing of PN junctions, full wave bridge rectifiers, and Zener diodes. It describes how doping a semiconductor with an impurity creates an n-type material with free electrons. It explains reverse biasing prevents carrier movement across a PN junction. It outlines the operation of a full wave bridge rectifier using four diodes to produce full-wave rectification. And it discusses the characteristics and usage of Zener diodes as voltage regulators.
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How is it Work?
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The document discusses PN-junction diodes and their general applications. It begins by explaining that a diode is formed by placing a P-type and N-type semiconductor together, forming a PN junction. Electrons diffuse from the N to P side and holes diffuse from the P to N side, creating a depletion region. This process stops when an electric field is produced that opposes further diffusion. General applications of diodes include using them in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC, and filter circuits to remove AC components from the rectified output. Diodes also find use as LEDs, in transistors, and have many other applications like switching, amplifying and oscillating.
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A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as “Zener knee voltage” or “Zener voltage”.
The device is named after American physicist Clarence Melvin Zener, who first described the ZENER EFFECT in1934. Later his work led to the BELL LABS implantation of the effect in form of an electronic device, the ZENER DIODE.
Zener diodes are a modified form of PN silicon diode used extensively for voltage regulation. The P type and N type silicon used is doped more heavily than a standard PN diode.
This causes a very thin depletion region. The zener diodes breakdown characteristics are determined by the doping process
Zeners are commercially available with voltage breakdowns of 1.8 V to 200 V.
When a Zener diode is forward biased, it operates as a normal diode.
In forward biased P side connected to positive and N side connected to negative terminal of battery. In this case the electrons and holes are swept across the junction and large current flow through it.
In case of reverse biased current practically zero and at certain voltage which called Zener voltage the current increases sharply.
Each Zener diode has breakdown rating which specifies the max voltage that can be dropped across it.
Zener diodes are designed to operate in reverse breakdown. Two types of reverse breakdown in a zener diode are AVALANCHE and ZENER. The avalanche break down occurs in both rectifier and zener diodes at a sufficiently high reverse voltage. Zener breakdown occurs in a zener diode at low reverse voltages.
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The document discusses the basics of a p-n junction diode. It explains that a diode is made by joining p-type and n-type semiconductor materials, forming a depletion zone at the junction. Current can only flow from the p-side (anode) to the n-side (cathode). Applying a forward bias lowers the potential barrier, allowing current to flow easily through the diode. A reverse bias widens the depletion zone, preventing current from flowing.
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Slide on PN junction...BY
Mehedi Hasan Sarik..
Daffodil International University (bd)
CSE Department.
[FULL ANIMATED(Download to view)] Unbiased diode, Forward biased , reverse bi...
This document summarizes key topics related to electronics devices and circuits, including:
1) The operation and characteristics of unbiased, forward biased, and reverse biased diodes. Forward biasing reduces the depletion region and allows current to flow, while reverse biasing increases the depletion region and prevents current.
2) Breakdown mechanisms including avalanche and Zener effects which allow current to flow under high reverse voltages.
3) Energy bands and levels that describe the quantum mechanical states of electrons in materials, and how semiconductor materials have a forbidden gap between valence and conduction bands.
4) How the barrier potential of a p-n junction decreases with increasing temperature, allowing more current to flow.
Pn junction
A PN junction diode allows current to flow in one direction. It is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. Current can be made to flow by applying either forward or reverse bias. In forward bias, the P region is connected to the positive terminal and the N region to the negative terminal. In reverse bias, the connections are reversed. The depletion region where there are no free charges forms across the PN junction. Breakdown can occur due to Zener or avalanche effects at high reverse voltages. Special diodes include Zener diodes, which have a controlled reverse breakdown voltage, and photo diodes, which generate a current when exposed to light.
P n junction diode
A p-n junction is formed where a single crystal of silicon or germanium is doped such that one half is p-type semiconductor and the other half is n-type semiconductor. When forward biased, the barrier potential decreases allowing majority charge carriers to flow across the junction, decreasing resistance. When reverse biased, the barrier potential increases preventing carrier flow and increasing resistance. The voltage-current characteristics of a p-n junction diode are nonlinear, with negligible current below the threshold voltage and exponential increase in current above it. In reverse bias, very little reverse saturation current flows until the breakdown voltage is exceeded.
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Semiconductor Diode :
What is Semiconductor Diode?
How is it Work?
What are the Types?
Current Flow in Forward And Reverse Bios?
What is Light Emitting Diode (LED)?
What is Zener Diode?
and in aditional :
P-N Junction and its formation
Formation of Depletion Layer
External Biasing of P-N Junction
V-I Characteristics of P-N Junction
Zener Breakdown
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The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of PN Junction Diodes. The material will be useful for KTU first year students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
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P-N Junction diode is a 2-terminal, 2-layer, single-junction semiconductor device made out of a single block of silicon or germanium, with one side doped with acceptor (p-type) impurity and the other side with donor (n-type) impurity
• Very important device with numerous applications like– Switch, Rectifier, Regulator, Voltage multiplier, Clipping,Clamping, etc.
Electrical presentation on pn diodes.
This document summarizes different types of PN diodes. It begins by explaining the theory of a PN junction, how a PN junction forms a diode, and the ideal characteristics of a diode. It then discusses the volt-current characteristics and biasing of diodes. The rest of the document describes several specific types of diodes - Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, photo diodes, and tunnel diodes. It provides details on their construction, operating principles, and common applications.
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This document appears to be a student project report on using a transistor as an amplifier and switch. It includes:
1. An introduction describing bipolar transistors and their basic operation as current-controlled current regulators.
2. Details of an experiment using a transistor in a common emitter configuration with LEDs to demonstrate amplification and switching.
3. Observations made at different voltages showing the transistor acting as an amplifier when reverse biased and as a switch when forward biased.
4. Calculations verifying the current gain and voltage gain in the amplifier configuration and explaining the transistor behavior in each region.
5. A conclusion summarizing that the transistor acts as an amplifier when reverse biased in the active region
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This presentation gives information about DIODE(a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only). And also its Approximation
Zener Diode Presentation
This presentation summarizes the Zener diode. It begins by defining a diode and introducing the Zener diode, which was invented by Clarence Zener and allows current to flow in reverse bias above the Zener voltage. It then discusses the construction and depletion region of the Zener diode. The presentation covers the key features and graphical representation of current-voltage characteristics. It concludes by outlining several applications of Zener diodes in voltage regulation, waveform clipping, voltage shifting, surge protection, and random number generation.
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The document discusses PN-junction diodes and their general applications. It begins by explaining that a diode is formed by placing a P-type and N-type semiconductor together, forming a PN junction. Electrons diffuse from the N to P side and holes diffuse from the P to N side, creating a depletion region. This process stops when an electric field is produced that opposes further diffusion. General applications of diodes include using them in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits to convert AC to DC, and filter circuits to remove AC components from the rectified output. Diodes also find use as LEDs, in transistors, and have many other applications like switching, amplifying and oscillating.
ZENER DIODE
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown voltage known as “Zener knee voltage” or “Zener voltage”.
The device is named after American physicist Clarence Melvin Zener, who first described the ZENER EFFECT in1934. Later his work led to the BELL LABS implantation of the effect in form of an electronic device, the ZENER DIODE.
Zener diodes are a modified form of PN silicon diode used extensively for voltage regulation. The P type and N type silicon used is doped more heavily than a standard PN diode.
This causes a very thin depletion region. The zener diodes breakdown characteristics are determined by the doping process
Zeners are commercially available with voltage breakdowns of 1.8 V to 200 V.
When a Zener diode is forward biased, it operates as a normal diode.
In forward biased P side connected to positive and N side connected to negative terminal of battery. In this case the electrons and holes are swept across the junction and large current flow through it.
In case of reverse biased current practically zero and at certain voltage which called Zener voltage the current increases sharply.
Each Zener diode has breakdown rating which specifies the max voltage that can be dropped across it.
Zener diodes are designed to operate in reverse breakdown. Two types of reverse breakdown in a zener diode are AVALANCHE and ZENER. The avalanche break down occurs in both rectifier and zener diodes at a sufficiently high reverse voltage. Zener breakdown occurs in a zener diode at low reverse voltages.
A Zener allows current to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "Zener knee voltage", "Zener voltage", “Avalanche point", or “Peak inverse voltage”
Breakdown Characteristics : Figure 2 shows the reverse portion of a zener diode’s characteristic curve. As the reverse voltage (푉_푅 ) is increased, the reverse current (퐼_푅 ) remains extremely small up to the “knee” of the curve. The reverse current is also called the zener current, 퐼_푍 . At this point, the breakdown effect begins; the internal zener resistance, also called zener impedance (푍_푍), begins to decrease as reverse current increases rapidly.Voltage Regulator :In a DC circuit, Zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator to regulate the voltage across small circuits.
Waveform Clipper :Zener diode can be used to make a Waveform Clipper. Two Zener diodes facing each other in series will act to clip both halves of an input signal.
Voltage Shifter :A Zener diode can be applied to a circuit with a resistor to act as a voltage shifter. This circuit lowers the output voltage by a quantity that is equal to the Zener diode's breakdown voltage.
Pn junction diode
A PN junction is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor with an N-type semiconductor. When joined, a depletion layer forms at the junction that acts as an insulator. When forward biased, current flows easily through the junction. When reverse biased, very little current flows due to the high resistance of the depletion layer acting as a barrier. PN junction diodes are used as rectifiers, switches, detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in electronic circuits.
Physics project on_full_wave_rectifier
This document summarizes a physics project on constructing a full wave rectifier. The student aims to show that alternating current can be rectified into direct current. Key components of the circuit include a transformer, diodes, capacitor, and resistor. When alternating current enters the circuit, the diodes allow current to flow through the circuit in only one direction on both half-cycles of current, rectifying it into direct current which is then filtered by the capacitor and resistor before powering an LED.
4.2 semiconductor diode
This document describes semiconductors and diodes. It defines semiconductors as materials that conduct electricity better than insulators but not as well as conductors. N-type and P-type semiconductors are described based on adding impurities that add free electrons or holes. A diode consists of a P-N junction where current can only flow in one direction. Diodes can be used as rectifiers to convert alternating current to direct current in either half-wave or full-wave configurations. A capacitor can be used to smooth the rectified output voltage and current.
P n junction diode prabhakar
This document summarizes the key characteristics and properties of a p-n junction diode. It discusses:
1) The basic structure of a p-n junction diode consisting of p-type and n-type semiconductor materials.
2) The operation of a diode under reverse and forward bias conditions, including the formation of a depletion region and how it affects carrier flow.
3) The current-voltage characteristics of a diode and how the current changes exponentially with forward voltage but remains low in reverse bias.
4) Important diode parameters like the reverse saturation current, thermal voltage, and their relationship to the diode current equation.
Diode v i characteristic
This document discusses the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode under forward and reverse bias conditions. In forward bias, the current increases exponentially with voltage until reaching a knee point, after which it increases rapidly. In reverse bias, a small leakage current flows until the breakdown voltage is reached, causing a large increase in reverse current. The minimum voltage required for forward conduction is called the knee or threshold voltage, which is around 0.3V for germanium diodes and 0.7V for silicon diodes.
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Hrithik Singla completed a physics investigatory project on transistors under the guidance of his teacher, Mr. Anil. The project involved building a circuit using a transistor to function as both an amplifier and a switch. Hrithik thanks his teacher and God for helping him successfully complete the project. The document includes the introduction, materials, circuit diagram, calculations, conclusions and results of the experiment.
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Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. A hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-gray metallic luster, it is a tetravalent metalloid. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table, along with carbon above it and germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium below. It is rather unreactive, though less so than germanium, and has great chemical affinity for oxygen; as such, it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
unit-2.pdf
The document discusses semiconductor diodes and their applications. It describes the P-N junction diode, how it allows current to flow in only one direction. A bridge rectifier circuit uses 4 diodes in a bridge configuration to convert alternating current to pulsating direct current. Filter circuits such as 'T' and 'π' filters can be used to create smoother direct current output from the rectified signal. The document also discusses zener diodes and how they can be used as voltage regulators.
lec 5.ppt
The document discusses several topics related to electromechanics and semiconductor devices:
1) It defines electromechanics as dealing with mechanical forces in electric circuits, and provides examples of common electromechanical devices like household appliances.
2) It explains rectification as the process of converting alternating current to direct current using diodes, and describes the basic operation and differences between half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits.
3) It discusses semiconductors, describing their properties and how intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are formed by doping with impurities, and how a PN junction is formed between a P-type and N-type semiconductor to create a diode.
5 diodes
Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in only one direction. They are made by combining P-type and N-type semiconductor materials. When forward biased, electrons and holes combine at the junction, allowing current to pass. Diodes have various applications including rectification of AC to DC power, demodulation in radio/TV, lighting with LEDs, voltage regulation, and circuit protection.
SEMICONDUCTORS.pptx
This document provides an overview of semiconductors and diodes. It defines intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors and the doping process used to create p-type and n-type materials. A p-n junction is formed when a p-type and n-type semiconductor are joined, creating a depletion region. Diodes allow current to pass in one direction due to their asymmetric conduction characteristics under forward and reverse bias. Rectification is the process of converting AC to DC using diodes in half-wave or full-wave configurations like a bridge rectifier.
Ch2-Diode.for electrical and computer engineering
Diode best ppt
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task_2.pptx
The document summarizes the objectives, theory, and results of an experiment on pn-junction diodes, Zener diodes, and rectifier circuits. The objectives were to plot the voltage-current characteristics of pn-junction and Zener diodes under forward and reverse bias, and to study half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits. The experiment showed that pn-junction diodes conduct only under forward bias, while Zener diodes can conduct under reverse bias above the breakdown voltage. Measurement of rectifier circuits demonstrated half-wave rectification produced a DC voltage of 13.237V while full-wave rectification produced 6.306V.
SEMICONDUCTORS.pptx
This document discusses semiconductors and diodes. It explains that semiconductors have electrical properties between conductors and insulators. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates P-type and N-type materials. A diode is formed by joining a P-type and N-type semiconductor, creating a PN junction. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction, and their I-V characteristics show they conduct under forward bias but not reverse bias. Diodes are used for rectification, converting alternating current into direct current through half-wave or full-wave rectification.
8. semiconductors.rr
This document provides an overview of semiconductors and diodes. It discusses how semiconductors conduct electricity through the movement of electrons and holes. It describes intrinsic and extrinsic conduction in semiconductors and how doping with elements like boron and phosphorus creates p-type and n-type materials. The document explains how a PN junction forms a diode and how diodes can be forward or reverse biased to control current flow. It provides details on rectifier diodes, signal diodes, LEDs, and zener diodes.
4.2 semiconductor diodes
This document discusses semiconductor diodes and their properties. It begins by explaining that semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators. Their conductivity increases with temperature as electrons break free from atoms. There are two types of semiconductors - p-type and n-type - which are created through doping with different impurities. A semiconductor diode consists of a p-n junction where a p-type and n-type material meet. It allows current to flow in one direction when forward-biased but blocks it when reverse-biased, enabling its use as a rectifier.
ELL PROJECT.pdf
This document discusses using diodes in half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits. The objectives are to study how diodes can convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) as a half-wave rectifier and a full-wave rectifier. As a half-wave rectifier, only one half of the AC input cycle is rectified. A full-wave rectifier rectifies both halves of each AC input cycle by using diodes arranged such that one set conducts on the positive cycle and the other on the negative cycle. Capacitors are also discussed, which help convert the pulsating DC output of the rectifiers into a less fluctuating DC signal.
Diode
The document discusses diodes, including their history and components. It describes how a diode is constructed from a P-type and N-type semiconductor material, forming a PN junction. At the junction, electrons diffuse into holes, creating a depletion region that acts as an insulator under reverse bias but allows current to flow under forward bias. The document outlines diode applications such as rectification in power supplies and their characteristic I-V curve.
Type of pn junction & rectifiers plus Transistor
The document discusses PN junction diodes, rectifiers, and bridge rectifiers. It begins by explaining the history and workings of PN junction diodes, including the depletion region and forward/reverse biasing. It then covers half-wave and full-wave rectifiers for converting AC to DC. Finally, it describes bridge rectifiers, including their types, working principle, advantages of higher output voltage and efficiency over center-tap rectifiers, and applications in power supplies.
Diode ,its types & its Application
1. The document discusses diodes, their structure and types including PN junction diode, LED, photodiode, and Zener diode.
2. It explains how diodes allow current to flow in one direction during forward bias when positive voltage is applied to the p-type side, and restricts current in reverse bias.
3. Applications of diodes discussed include different types of rectifiers (half wave, full wave, bridge) which convert AC to DC, and clippers which shape input waveforms.
Ankit singh
This document discusses different types of diodes used in electronics. It describes p-n junction diodes, Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, and photo diodes. It explains how p-n junction diodes are made using silicon or germanium semiconductor material with added impurities to create n-type and p-type regions. When these regions are attached, a p-n junction is formed. It also discusses half-wave and full-wave rectifiers used to convert AC to DC, and how Zener diodes allow current to flow in both directions above a breakdown voltage.
DIODES SN.pptx
Diodes can be forward or reverse biased. Forward bias allows current to flow through the diode, while reverse bias blocks current. Diodes are used in rectifier circuits to convert alternating current into pulsing direct current. There are two main types of rectifier circuits: half-wave rectifiers use a single diode to pass one half of the input waveform, while full-wave rectifiers use two or four diodes to pass both halves of the input waveform, producing higher output voltage.
Topic 3- Diodes.pptx
This document provides information about diodes and their characteristics. It discusses that diodes are most commonly made from silicon and germanium semiconductors. It also describes how a diode is composed of a p-n junction formed from a p-type and n-type semiconductor. The document outlines the key differences between forward and reverse bias operation of an ideal diode. It also discusses different types of diodes like Zener diodes, light emitting diodes, and photodiodes. Rectifier circuits like half-wave and full-wave rectifiers that use diodes are also summarized.
BASIC ELECTRONICS!!
This book is dedicated to the guys who love electronic than anything else in the world being the one!!
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Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
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N type-sc
- 2. Name : Mr. S.M.Safayet Ullah Designation : Lecturer Department : Department of Natural Sciences Faculty : Faculty of Science and Information Technology E-mail : safayet.ns@diu.edu.bd Cell-Phone : 01717497562
- 5. N TYPE SC
- 6. When a small amount of pentavalent impurity added to a pure SC, It’s known as n type SC When any pantavalent element such as Phosphorous, Arsenic or Antimony is added to the intrinsic Semiconductor , four electrons are involved in covalent bonding with four neighboring pure Semiconductor atoms. The fifth electron is weakly bound to the parent atom. And even for lesser thermal energy it is released Leaving the parent atom positively ionized. N - type Semiconductors
- 7. N-type Semiconductor Si Si SiPSi Free electron Impure atom (Donor)
- 9. When an external voltage is applied to the P-N junction making the P side negative with respect to the N side the diode is said to be Reverse Biased. The barrier potential difference increases. The depletion band widens preventing the movement of majority carriers across the junction. A Reverse Bias diode has a very high resistance. Reverse Bias P-N Junction
- 10. REVERSE BIASING
- 11. FULL WAVE BRIDGE
- 12. FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER • In Full Wave Bridge Rectifier, an ordinary transformer is used in place of a center tapped transformer. The circuit forms a bridge connecting the four diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4. The circuit diagram of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier is shown below
- 14. THE DIODES D1 AND D3 ARE FORWARD BIASED AND THE DIODES D2 AND D4 IS REVERSED BIASED. THEREFORE, DIODE D1 AND D3 CONDUCT AND DIODE D2 AND D4 DOES NOT CONDUCT. THE CURRENT (I) FLOWS THROUGH DIODE D1, LOAD RESISTOR RL (FROM M TO L), DIODE D3 AND THE TRANSFORMER SECONDARY. THE WAVEFORM OF THE FULL WAVE BRIDGE
- 15. DURING THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE, THE END A BECOMES NEGATIVE AND END B POSITIVE AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE BELOW.
- 16. OPERATION OF FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER • When an AC supply is switched ON, the alternating voltage Vin appears across the terminals AB of the secondary winding of the transformer which needs rectification. During the positive half cycle of the secondary voltage, the end A becomes positive, and end B becomes negative as shown in the figure below.
- 18. • Advantages of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier • The center tap transformer is eliminated. • The output is double to that of the center tapped full wave rectifier for the same secondary voltage. • The peak inverse voltage across each diode is one-half of the center tap circuit of the diode. • Disadvantages of Full Wave Bridge Rectifier • It needs four diodes. • The circuit is not suitable when a small voltage is required to be rectified. It is because, in this case, the two diodes are connected in series and offer double voltage drop due to their internal resistance.
- 19. ZENER DIODE 26 October 2016 19
- 20. WHAT IS DIODE? • A diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.
- 21. IDENTIFICATION A properly doped crystal diode Has sharp breakdown voltage An electronic component which can be used to make a very simple voltage regulator circuit 26 October 2016 2 1
- 22. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIODE
- 23. CHARACTERISTICS . . • A Zener diode is always reverse connected • When forward biased, its characteristics are just like of ordinary diode • It has sharp breakdown voltage, called Zener voltage 26 October 2016 23
- 24. WORKING OF ZENER A zener diode is much like a normal diode. The exception being is that it is placed in the circuit in reverse bias and operates in reverse breakdown. This typical characteristic curve illustrates the operating range for a zener. Note that it’s forward characteristics are just like a normal diode.
- 26. TABLE FOR THE ZENER DIODE
- 27. FINISHED 26 October 2016 27