Nuclear physics 3 lectures
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•1,553 views
Radioactive decay occurs when an unstable atom emits particles or radiation to become more stable. There are three types of radioactive decay: alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, and gamma ray emission. Nuclear physics lectures covered radioactive decay and neutron interactions with nuclei. Neutrons can elastically scatter off nuclei through potential scattering. Neutrons can also be absorbed by nuclei to form an excited compound nucleus that then decays, emitting an energetic particle. The concept of neutron cross section is used to quantify the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
The Atom & Spectra
1. The document discusses the development of atomic spectroscopy from 1860 to 1913, including Balmer's empirical formula for the emission spectrum of hydrogen and Bohr's theoretical model of the atom.
2. Bohr postulated that electrons orbit in stable, quantized energy levels and emit or absorb photons of specific frequencies when transitioning between levels.
3. Bohr's model accounted for the Rydberg formula and emission spectrum of hydrogen and was later extended to ions of other elements.
Physics
Nuclear physics studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The field is the basis for applications like nuclear power, nuclear bombs, nuclear medicine, and radiocarbon dating. Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting electrons. Radioactivity occurs when unstable atomic nuclei decay by emitting particles like alpha and beta particles or gamma rays. Nuclear fission and fusion can release energy as nuclei split or combine.
Nuclear rections ppt
The document discusses various types of nuclear reactions. It defines nuclear reactions as processes where two nuclei or nuclear particles collide and produce different products than the initial particles. It describes several types of nuclear reactions including elastic and inelastic scattering, pickup and stripping reactions, compound nuclear reactions, radioactive capture, and photo disintegration. Elastic scattering involves the projectile and outgoing particles being the same, while inelastic scattering results in a loss of energy and particles scattered in different directions with different energies. Pickup reactions involve a gain of nucleons from the target, and stripping reactions involve one or more nucleons captured from the projectile. The document provides examples of each type of reaction.
(Thompson's Method) Electron's charge to mass ratio. ..(manish & jatin) ...ppt
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of electrons using Thompson's method.
2. The apparatus used includes an electron gun, e/m tube filled with low-pressure helium gas, and Helmholtz coils to produce a magnetic field. Electrons are accelerated and their path is deflected by the magnetic field.
3. By measuring the diameter of the electron path for different accelerating voltages and magnetic field strengths, the value of e/m is calculated using the equation e/m = 8V/B2d2. The experimentally obtained value of 1.729 × 1011 C/kg agrees well with the accepted value of
Nuclear detectors
This document discusses different types of radiation detectors used for dosimetry. It begins by defining radiation and the different types. It then discusses dosimetry, including common dosimetric quantities like activity, exposure, and absorbed dose. The main types of radiation detectors covered are gas-filled detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger-Müller counters, as well as scintillation counters. Ionization chambers detect radiation by ionizing gas molecules, while GM counters amplify this signal. Scintillation counters use a scintillator to convert radiation into light, which is then converted to an electrical signal.
Atomic Nucleus...
The atomic nucleus is at the center of atoms and is composed of protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that atoms have small, dense, positively charged nuclei. The nucleus contains nearly all of an atom's mass. Protons and neutrons are bound together in the nucleus by the strong nuclear force. Nuclear chemistry deals with the composition, properties, and reactions of atomic nuclei. Key discoveries included the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 and the development of nuclear models showing electrons orbiting the positively charged nucleus.
NUCLEAR MODELS AND NUCLEAR FORCES
The document discusses nuclear models and nuclear forces. It describes three nuclear models: the liquid drop model, shell model, and collective model. The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a liquid drop and examines its global properties. The shell model arranges nucleons into energy shells like electrons in an atom and explains magic numbers. The collective model incorporates aspects of the liquid drop and shell models. Nuclear forces operate very strongly within the nucleus, are attractive between protons and neutrons, and are responsible for nuclear stability.
Particle physics - Standard Model
There are two types of elementary particles: fermions and bosons. Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle and have half-integer spin, while bosons do not obey PEP and have integer or zero spin. Fermions are further divided into leptons, which do not feel the strong force, and quarks, which do feel the strong force. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, which are divided into baryons containing three quarks and mesons containing two quarks. The four fundamental forces are electromagnetic, strong, weak, and gravity, and are mediated by gauge bosons.
Recommended
The Atom & Spectra
1. The document discusses the development of atomic spectroscopy from 1860 to 1913, including Balmer's empirical formula for the emission spectrum of hydrogen and Bohr's theoretical model of the atom.
2. Bohr postulated that electrons orbit in stable, quantized energy levels and emit or absorb photons of specific frequencies when transitioning between levels.
3. Bohr's model accounted for the Rydberg formula and emission spectrum of hydrogen and was later extended to ions of other elements.
Physics
Nuclear physics studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The field is the basis for applications like nuclear power, nuclear bombs, nuclear medicine, and radiocarbon dating. Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by orbiting electrons. Radioactivity occurs when unstable atomic nuclei decay by emitting particles like alpha and beta particles or gamma rays. Nuclear fission and fusion can release energy as nuclei split or combine.
Nuclear rections ppt
The document discusses various types of nuclear reactions. It defines nuclear reactions as processes where two nuclei or nuclear particles collide and produce different products than the initial particles. It describes several types of nuclear reactions including elastic and inelastic scattering, pickup and stripping reactions, compound nuclear reactions, radioactive capture, and photo disintegration. Elastic scattering involves the projectile and outgoing particles being the same, while inelastic scattering results in a loss of energy and particles scattered in different directions with different energies. Pickup reactions involve a gain of nucleons from the target, and stripping reactions involve one or more nucleons captured from the projectile. The document provides examples of each type of reaction.
(Thompson's Method) Electron's charge to mass ratio. ..(manish & jatin) ...ppt
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the charge-to-mass ratio (e/m) of electrons using Thompson's method.
2. The apparatus used includes an electron gun, e/m tube filled with low-pressure helium gas, and Helmholtz coils to produce a magnetic field. Electrons are accelerated and their path is deflected by the magnetic field.
3. By measuring the diameter of the electron path for different accelerating voltages and magnetic field strengths, the value of e/m is calculated using the equation e/m = 8V/B2d2. The experimentally obtained value of 1.729 × 1011 C/kg agrees well with the accepted value of
Nuclear detectors
This document discusses different types of radiation detectors used for dosimetry. It begins by defining radiation and the different types. It then discusses dosimetry, including common dosimetric quantities like activity, exposure, and absorbed dose. The main types of radiation detectors covered are gas-filled detectors like ionization chambers and Geiger-Müller counters, as well as scintillation counters. Ionization chambers detect radiation by ionizing gas molecules, while GM counters amplify this signal. Scintillation counters use a scintillator to convert radiation into light, which is then converted to an electrical signal.
Atomic Nucleus...
The atomic nucleus is at the center of atoms and is composed of protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that atoms have small, dense, positively charged nuclei. The nucleus contains nearly all of an atom's mass. Protons and neutrons are bound together in the nucleus by the strong nuclear force. Nuclear chemistry deals with the composition, properties, and reactions of atomic nuclei. Key discoveries included the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 and the development of nuclear models showing electrons orbiting the positively charged nucleus.
NUCLEAR MODELS AND NUCLEAR FORCES
The document discusses nuclear models and nuclear forces. It describes three nuclear models: the liquid drop model, shell model, and collective model. The liquid drop model treats the nucleus as a liquid drop and examines its global properties. The shell model arranges nucleons into energy shells like electrons in an atom and explains magic numbers. The collective model incorporates aspects of the liquid drop and shell models. Nuclear forces operate very strongly within the nucleus, are attractive between protons and neutrons, and are responsible for nuclear stability.
Particle physics - Standard Model
There are two types of elementary particles: fermions and bosons. Fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle and have half-integer spin, while bosons do not obey PEP and have integer or zero spin. Fermions are further divided into leptons, which do not feel the strong force, and quarks, which do feel the strong force. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, which are divided into baryons containing three quarks and mesons containing two quarks. The four fundamental forces are electromagnetic, strong, weak, and gravity, and are mediated by gauge bosons.
The Nuclear Shell Model
The document provides an overview of the nuclear shell model. It discusses the historical development of the model from 1927 to 1935. It then presents three pieces of evidence from experiments that supported developing the shell model to describe nuclear properties, including excitation energies, neutron absorption cross-sections, and neutron separation energies. The rest of the document outlines how the shell model was developed theoretically by introducing a Woods-Saxon potential well and spin-orbit coupling to explain nuclear magic numbers and properties like ground and excited state configurations and nuclear magnetic moments. The model provides good predictions but has some limitations for deformed nuclei.
Lecture 1 basic nuclear physics 1 - basic atomic structure
The document provides an overview of basic nuclear physics concepts including atomic structure, isotopes, and nuclear stability. It defines the key subatomic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, while isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons. For nuclei to be stable there needs to be a roughly 1:1.5 ratio of protons to neutrons, following the "line of stability". Unstable nuclei are radioactive and decay over time to reach stability.
nuclear physics,unit 6
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
Atomic structures cheat sheet
This document provides an overview of atomic structure and electron configurations in chemistry. It defines key terms like atoms, electrons, energy levels, subshells and orbitals. It explains the organization of electrons according to the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule and Pauli exclusion principle. Electron configurations are represented using boxes and arrows, spectroscopic notation and noble gas notation. The document also discusses ion formations and exceptions to the rules, along with quantum numbers that describe electron location.
nuclear fission and fusion
This document provides an overview of nuclear fission and fusion processes. It defines fission as the splitting of an atomic nucleus when bombarded by a neutron, releasing large amounts of energy. Fusion is the joining of atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei, which also releases energy. The document discusses the history of discovering fission, the chain reaction it can create, and its usage in nuclear power plants. Fusion is examined as a potential alternative energy source that could involve smaller nuclei fusing to form larger nuclei and release energy. Both processes can be used for good in energy production but also have potential for weapons of mass destruction.
Charged particle interaction with matter
This document discusses charged particle interactions with matter. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including interactions of heavy charged particles like protons, electrons, and light ions. It then explains that charged particle interactions are mediated by Coulomb forces and may involve ionization or excitation of orbital electrons or interactions with atomic nuclei. Different types of interactions like elastic and inelastic collisions are described. Equations for energy loss by heavy charged particles during collisions are shown. The interactions of protons, electrons, neutrons, and light and heavy ions are then discussed in more detail.
Chapter 3 detection devices
This document discusses various types of radiation detection devices, including film badges, ionization chambers, Geiger-Muller counters, proportional counters, scintillation counters, photographic plates, electroscopes, bubble chambers, solid-state detectors, cloud chambers, and spark counters. Each detection method works by using different processes like ionization, fluorescence, or track visualization to detect and sometimes quantify radiation levels or particle energy. Regular monitoring of radiation is important for safety when working with radioactive materials.
Matter waves
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Radiation detectors
This document discusses various methods for detecting radiation. It outlines passive detectors like photographic film, electroscopes, dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) which do not require a power source. Active detectors mentioned include Geiger-Muller tubes and scintillation detectors, which need a constant energy supply. Both types detect radiation indirectly by ionizing matter and detecting the ions produced, though active detectors provide more information about the radiation type and energy.
2. atomic structure
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in orbitals. Over time, scientists such as Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr contributed to the developing atomic model. Bohr refined Rutherford's model by proposing that electrons exist in specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus. Elements have unique atomic structures that are indicated by their atomic number and mass number.
Study of radioactive decay
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. There are several types of radioactive decay including alpha decay, which involves emitting an alpha particle; beta decay, which emits beta particles or electrons; and gamma decay, which emits gamma rays. The mass of a nucleus is always less than the total mass of its protons and neutrons due to the mass defect from the binding energy holding the nucleus together. This binding energy is required to disassemble the nucleus into separate neutrons and protons.
Electromagnetism
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electromagnetism for an AP Physics exam. It defines terms like charge, current, magnetic field lines, and flux. It describes Faraday's Law that voltage induced is directly proportional to the number of loops and change in magnetic flux over time. It also explains Lenz's Law that induced current opposes the original change in flux. Example diagrams and formulas are given for magnetic flux, induced EMF, generators, and the right hand rule. Problem solving tips are outlined to apply the appropriate formulas and consider field directions.
History of luminescence from ancient to modern times
This document provides a historical overview of luminescence from ancient to modern times. It discusses examples of naturally occurring luminescence mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and Mahabharata. Stories of luminous phenomena are also found in early Chinese and Japanese literature. The Greeks, including Aristotle, observed luminescence in dead fish and fungi. Significant developments include the first artificial phosphor created in 1603 and Robert Boyle's luminescence studies in the 1600s. The term "luminescence" was coined in 1888. Indian contributions began in the 1920s and expanded, with notable work done at institutions like BARC and MSU Baroda on thermoluminescence dosimetry and novel materials.
Basics of Nuclear physics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in nuclear physics, including:
- Rutherford's planetary model of the atom based on his experiments scattering alpha particles
- Bohr's atomic model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels
- The composition of the nucleus including protons and neutrons
- Nuclear stability being dependent on the ratio of protons to neutrons
- Radioactivity and the process of radioactive decay through emission of particles or photons
- The main types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, positron emission, and gamma decay
- How radiation interacts with matter through photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production
1.10atomic spectra
The document discusses light interaction with atoms and molecules, including:
1) Atomic spectra such as the Balmer series arise from electrons falling to lower energy levels in hydrogen atoms.
2) More complex atoms like sodium and mercury require additional quantum numbers to describe their emission spectra.
3) Simple molecules like hydrogen absorb UV light when electrons are promoted between molecular orbitals.
4) Conjugated systems and heteroatoms in molecules like butadiene and formaldehyde shift absorption to longer wavelengths.
Phy 310 chapter 4
The document discusses atomic structure and energy levels in atoms. It begins by focusing on the importance of the hydrogen atom in understanding atomic physics. The hydrogen atom can be solved exactly and its properties extended to other atoms. Its spectra allow for precision tests of theory. Later models like the Rutherford model and Bohr model improved upon the early "plum pudding" model. Bohr's model combined classical mechanics with Planck's idea of quantized energy levels to explain the discrete emission spectra of atoms. His four postulates introduced new ideas like stationary, quantized electron states that allowed atoms to retain energy.
5.9 Fission vs Fusion and Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes split into smaller fragments upon bombardment with neutrons, producing a chain reaction that releases enormous amounts of energy. Controlled nuclear fission in reactors uses uranium or plutonium fuel rods to produce heat that is used to generate electricity, while spent fuel rods become nuclear waste. Nuclear fusion differs in that it involves the combining rather than splitting of small nuclei like hydrogen to form larger nuclei like helium, potentially releasing even more energy, but technical challenges remain in achieving and containing the necessary high temperatures.
Ch 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
This document provides an overview of key concepts in nuclear physics and radioactivity covered in Chapter 31, including:
1) Nuclear reactions such as conservation of mass number and charge in nuclear reactions. Mass-energy equivalence and how it relates to energy released in nuclear processes.
2) Properties of the nucleus including isotopes, mass number, and atomic number. The strong nuclear force that binds nucleons together.
3) Radioactive decay processes including alpha, beta, gamma decay and particle emissions. Applications of radioactivity such as smoke detectors and radiation therapy.
4) Additional topics covered are nuclear structure, binding energy, the mass defect, radioactive dating, and the neutrino. Learning objectives provide details on understanding these
Electrostatics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrostatics. It defines important physics terms like charge, electron, nucleus, ion, and polarization. It explains phenomena such as charging by contact and induction. Formulas are given for Coulomb's law, electric potential, electric potential difference, and the relationship between force, charge, and electric field. Example problems and diagrams are included to illustrate electrostatics concepts and problem solving approaches. Problem solving tips are also outlined.
Photoelectric effect ppt
The photoelectric effect occurs when light irradiates a metal surface, causing electrons to be emitted. It was discovered in 1887 by Hertz but was later explained by Einstein, who proposed that light is made up of discrete particle-like packets called photons. For a given metal, there is a minimum photon frequency, called the threshold frequency, required to cause electron emission. The kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends on the photon frequency and the metal's work function.
Radioactivity and production of X-rays - Sachin
This document discusses radioactivity and the production of x-rays. It begins by describing the structure of atoms and different types of radioactive decay such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It then discusses concepts like decay constant and half-life. Different modes of radioactive decay like alpha and beta particle decay are explained. The document also covers nuclear reactions, fission, fusion, and how x-rays are produced when high-speed electrons interact with matter. It provides details on the components of an x-ray tube and the physics behind bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-ray production.
Chemisrty:Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry-Introduction
Theory of radioactive disintegration
Mass Defect,Liquid Drop Model
More Related Content
What's hot
The Nuclear Shell Model
The document provides an overview of the nuclear shell model. It discusses the historical development of the model from 1927 to 1935. It then presents three pieces of evidence from experiments that supported developing the shell model to describe nuclear properties, including excitation energies, neutron absorption cross-sections, and neutron separation energies. The rest of the document outlines how the shell model was developed theoretically by introducing a Woods-Saxon potential well and spin-orbit coupling to explain nuclear magic numbers and properties like ground and excited state configurations and nuclear magnetic moments. The model provides good predictions but has some limitations for deformed nuclei.
Lecture 1 basic nuclear physics 1 - basic atomic structure
The document provides an overview of basic nuclear physics concepts including atomic structure, isotopes, and nuclear stability. It defines the key subatomic particles that make up atoms - protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element, while isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons. For nuclei to be stable there needs to be a roughly 1:1.5 ratio of protons to neutrons, following the "line of stability". Unstable nuclei are radioactive and decay over time to reach stability.
nuclear physics,unit 6
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
Atomic structures cheat sheet
This document provides an overview of atomic structure and electron configurations in chemistry. It defines key terms like atoms, electrons, energy levels, subshells and orbitals. It explains the organization of electrons according to the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule and Pauli exclusion principle. Electron configurations are represented using boxes and arrows, spectroscopic notation and noble gas notation. The document also discusses ion formations and exceptions to the rules, along with quantum numbers that describe electron location.
nuclear fission and fusion
This document provides an overview of nuclear fission and fusion processes. It defines fission as the splitting of an atomic nucleus when bombarded by a neutron, releasing large amounts of energy. Fusion is the joining of atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei, which also releases energy. The document discusses the history of discovering fission, the chain reaction it can create, and its usage in nuclear power plants. Fusion is examined as a potential alternative energy source that could involve smaller nuclei fusing to form larger nuclei and release energy. Both processes can be used for good in energy production but also have potential for weapons of mass destruction.
Charged particle interaction with matter
This document discusses charged particle interactions with matter. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including interactions of heavy charged particles like protons, electrons, and light ions. It then explains that charged particle interactions are mediated by Coulomb forces and may involve ionization or excitation of orbital electrons or interactions with atomic nuclei. Different types of interactions like elastic and inelastic collisions are described. Equations for energy loss by heavy charged particles during collisions are shown. The interactions of protons, electrons, neutrons, and light and heavy ions are then discussed in more detail.
Chapter 3 detection devices
This document discusses various types of radiation detection devices, including film badges, ionization chambers, Geiger-Muller counters, proportional counters, scintillation counters, photographic plates, electroscopes, bubble chambers, solid-state detectors, cloud chambers, and spark counters. Each detection method works by using different processes like ionization, fluorescence, or track visualization to detect and sometimes quantify radiation levels or particle energy. Regular monitoring of radiation is important for safety when working with radioactive materials.
Matter waves
Traveling EM waves represent freely propagating energy. Standing waves represent stored energy. Light is a traveling wave disturbance in a polarizable vacuum. Matter consists of standing wave resonances. Matter in motion with respect to an inertial frame generates Lorentz contracted moving standing waves. Rest mass and inertia result from confinement of electromagnetic radiation.
Radiation detectors
This document discusses various methods for detecting radiation. It outlines passive detectors like photographic film, electroscopes, dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) which do not require a power source. Active detectors mentioned include Geiger-Muller tubes and scintillation detectors, which need a constant energy supply. Both types detect radiation indirectly by ionizing matter and detecting the ions produced, though active detectors provide more information about the radiation type and energy.
2. atomic structure
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons surround the nucleus in orbitals. Over time, scientists such as Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr contributed to the developing atomic model. Bohr refined Rutherford's model by proposing that electrons exist in specific energy levels or orbits around the nucleus. Elements have unique atomic structures that are indicated by their atomic number and mass number.
Study of radioactive decay
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation from unstable atomic nuclei. There are several types of radioactive decay including alpha decay, which involves emitting an alpha particle; beta decay, which emits beta particles or electrons; and gamma decay, which emits gamma rays. The mass of a nucleus is always less than the total mass of its protons and neutrons due to the mass defect from the binding energy holding the nucleus together. This binding energy is required to disassemble the nucleus into separate neutrons and protons.
Electromagnetism
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electromagnetism for an AP Physics exam. It defines terms like charge, current, magnetic field lines, and flux. It describes Faraday's Law that voltage induced is directly proportional to the number of loops and change in magnetic flux over time. It also explains Lenz's Law that induced current opposes the original change in flux. Example diagrams and formulas are given for magnetic flux, induced EMF, generators, and the right hand rule. Problem solving tips are outlined to apply the appropriate formulas and consider field directions.
History of luminescence from ancient to modern times
This document provides a historical overview of luminescence from ancient to modern times. It discusses examples of naturally occurring luminescence mentioned in ancient Indian texts like the Vedas and Mahabharata. Stories of luminous phenomena are also found in early Chinese and Japanese literature. The Greeks, including Aristotle, observed luminescence in dead fish and fungi. Significant developments include the first artificial phosphor created in 1603 and Robert Boyle's luminescence studies in the 1600s. The term "luminescence" was coined in 1888. Indian contributions began in the 1920s and expanded, with notable work done at institutions like BARC and MSU Baroda on thermoluminescence dosimetry and novel materials.
Basics of Nuclear physics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in nuclear physics, including:
- Rutherford's planetary model of the atom based on his experiments scattering alpha particles
- Bohr's atomic model which proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels
- The composition of the nucleus including protons and neutrons
- Nuclear stability being dependent on the ratio of protons to neutrons
- Radioactivity and the process of radioactive decay through emission of particles or photons
- The main types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, positron emission, and gamma decay
- How radiation interacts with matter through photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production
1.10atomic spectra
The document discusses light interaction with atoms and molecules, including:
1) Atomic spectra such as the Balmer series arise from electrons falling to lower energy levels in hydrogen atoms.
2) More complex atoms like sodium and mercury require additional quantum numbers to describe their emission spectra.
3) Simple molecules like hydrogen absorb UV light when electrons are promoted between molecular orbitals.
4) Conjugated systems and heteroatoms in molecules like butadiene and formaldehyde shift absorption to longer wavelengths.
Phy 310 chapter 4
The document discusses atomic structure and energy levels in atoms. It begins by focusing on the importance of the hydrogen atom in understanding atomic physics. The hydrogen atom can be solved exactly and its properties extended to other atoms. Its spectra allow for precision tests of theory. Later models like the Rutherford model and Bohr model improved upon the early "plum pudding" model. Bohr's model combined classical mechanics with Planck's idea of quantized energy levels to explain the discrete emission spectra of atoms. His four postulates introduced new ideas like stationary, quantized electron states that allowed atoms to retain energy.
5.9 Fission vs Fusion and Nuclear Energy
Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes split into smaller fragments upon bombardment with neutrons, producing a chain reaction that releases enormous amounts of energy. Controlled nuclear fission in reactors uses uranium or plutonium fuel rods to produce heat that is used to generate electricity, while spent fuel rods become nuclear waste. Nuclear fusion differs in that it involves the combining rather than splitting of small nuclei like hydrogen to form larger nuclei like helium, potentially releasing even more energy, but technical challenges remain in achieving and containing the necessary high temperatures.
Ch 31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
This document provides an overview of key concepts in nuclear physics and radioactivity covered in Chapter 31, including:
1) Nuclear reactions such as conservation of mass number and charge in nuclear reactions. Mass-energy equivalence and how it relates to energy released in nuclear processes.
2) Properties of the nucleus including isotopes, mass number, and atomic number. The strong nuclear force that binds nucleons together.
3) Radioactive decay processes including alpha, beta, gamma decay and particle emissions. Applications of radioactivity such as smoke detectors and radiation therapy.
4) Additional topics covered are nuclear structure, binding energy, the mass defect, radioactive dating, and the neutrino. Learning objectives provide details on understanding these
Electrostatics
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrostatics. It defines important physics terms like charge, electron, nucleus, ion, and polarization. It explains phenomena such as charging by contact and induction. Formulas are given for Coulomb's law, electric potential, electric potential difference, and the relationship between force, charge, and electric field. Example problems and diagrams are included to illustrate electrostatics concepts and problem solving approaches. Problem solving tips are also outlined.
Photoelectric effect ppt
The photoelectric effect occurs when light irradiates a metal surface, causing electrons to be emitted. It was discovered in 1887 by Hertz but was later explained by Einstein, who proposed that light is made up of discrete particle-like packets called photons. For a given metal, there is a minimum photon frequency, called the threshold frequency, required to cause electron emission. The kinetic energy of emitted electrons depends on the photon frequency and the metal's work function.
What's hot (20)
Lecture 1 basic nuclear physics 1 - basic atomic structure
Lecture 1 basic nuclear physics 1 - basic atomic structure
History of luminescence from ancient to modern times
History of luminescence from ancient to modern times
Similar to Nuclear physics 3 lectures
Radioactivity and production of X-rays - Sachin
This document discusses radioactivity and the production of x-rays. It begins by describing the structure of atoms and different types of radioactive decay such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It then discusses concepts like decay constant and half-life. Different modes of radioactive decay like alpha and beta particle decay are explained. The document also covers nuclear reactions, fission, fusion, and how x-rays are produced when high-speed electrons interact with matter. It provides details on the components of an x-ray tube and the physics behind bremsstrahlung and characteristic x-ray production.
Chemisrty:Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry-Introduction
Theory of radioactive disintegration
Mass Defect,Liquid Drop Model
Interaction of Radiation with matter
Important of Health care Physics and Radiation Physics students. It gives gross knowledge about interaction of radiation.
Cmcchapter24 100613135323-phpapp01
This document provides an overview of nuclear chemistry concepts including nuclear radiation, radioactive decay, and nuclear reactions. Section 24.1 discusses the discovery of radiation and defines types of nuclear radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays. Section 24.2 explains radioactive decay and half-lives. It also describes methods of radioactive dating. Section 24.3 covers nuclear reactions including nuclear fission, fusion, and how nuclear reactors generate electricity through controlled fission.
Basics of Radiation
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to radiation. It defines common terminology like frequency, wavelength, and electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the structure of atoms and different types of radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, x-rays. It explains the relationships between wavelength, frequency, and energy. Measurement units for radiation, exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent are also outlined. Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing depending on its ability to ionize atoms.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.ppsx
Branch of chemistry deals with the of study of nuclear particles, nuclear forces and nuclear reactions.
Interaction of radiation with matter
1) The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter, including the different types of radiation and their properties. It describes electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum.
2) The main interactions that occur between radiation and matter are photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. The photoelectric effect involves the ejection of an electron from an atom when a photon transfers all its energy. Compton scattering is the scattering of photons by loosely bound electrons, resulting in energy transfer. Pair production occurs when a photon converts into an electron-positron pair in the vicinity of a nucleus.
3) The dominant interaction depends on the photon energy - photoelectric effect dominates at low energies, Compton scattering in the soft
Diagnostic radiography concepts x ray equipment
This document provides information on x-rays and their production and interaction with matter. It describes that x-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are stopped by a target, converting their kinetic energy into x-rays. The x-rays are produced via two mechanisms: bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. When x-rays interact with matter, several interactions can occur including the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, which are important in diagnostic medical imaging.
1 interaction of radiation with matter
This document discusses different types of ionizing radiation and their interactions with matter. It begins by introducing different types of ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, electrons, heavy charged particles, and neutrons. It then explains the interactions of these radiations in matter through processes like Compton scattering, photoelectric effect, pair production etc. It discusses concepts like linear energy transfer and specific ionization. Overall, the document provides an overview of the various types of ionizing radiation and how they interact and deposit energy when passing through matter.
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-IV Chapter 2-X-Rays
This document discusses X-rays, including their discovery, production, properties, diffraction, absorption, and applications. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Röntgen during experiments with cathode ray tubes. They are generated when high-speed electrons strike a metal target in an X-ray tube. X-rays have various wavelengths and are used in fields like medicine, science research, and industry for applications such as medical imaging, defect detection, and crystal structure analysis.
Radioactivity.pptx
radioactivity is the act of emitting radiation spontaneously. This is done by an atomic nucleus that, for some reason, is unstable; it "wants" to give up some energy in order to shift to a more stable configuration.
Nuclear chemistry of the particles
This document provides an introduction to nuclear chemistry, including key concepts such as nuclear particles, decay constants, transmutation, artificial transmutation, nuclear reactions, and nuclear reactors. It discusses the study of nuclei and nuclear forces, radioactive decay, spontaneous and artificial transformation of elements, applications of artificial transmutation using tracer elements, and the types of nuclear reactions including fission, which is the splitting of heavy nuclei, and fusion, which combines lighter nuclei. It also describes how controlled fission is achieved in nuclear reactors using moderators and control rods to sustain a chain reaction to generate energy.
Chap1 physics and chemistry of radiation absorption
from the book "Radiobiology for the Radiologist, 7th Ed by E.J Hall"
I'll delete the file immediately, if it is illegal to upload the file.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iv chapter 2-x-rays
This document provides an overview of X-rays, including their discovery, production, properties, diffraction, absorption, and applications. It discusses how X-rays are generated via the bombardment of a metal target by electrons in an X-ray tube. Key points covered include Bragg's law of diffraction, Moseley's law relating atomic number to X-ray wavelength, the continuous and characteristic spectra produced, and common medical and scientific uses of X-rays.
Radiation Interactions.pptx
The document provides an overview of a course on radiation detection and protection. It discusses topics like the interaction of radiation with matter, basic principles of radiation detection using devices like ionization chambers and scintillation detectors. It also covers radiation quantities and units, shielding design, dose estimation from internal and external radiation exposures, transportation and disposal of radioactive materials, and safety standards.
0708 nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is emitted from radioactive elements during nuclear fission or fusion reactions. Nuclear fission involves splitting heavy radioactive nuclei, while nuclear fusion combines lighter nuclei. Fission is used in nuclear power plants to generate electricity through controlled chain reactions, using elements like uranium. Fusion occurs in stars and requires extremely high temperatures. While nuclear energy produces less waste than fossil fuels, the byproducts are radioactive and require careful treatment or storage due to their harmfulness.
X ray diff lecture 3
The document discusses X-ray diffraction and crystallography. It begins by providing background on the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895. It then describes how X-rays are produced and their properties, including their short wavelength and ability to penetrate materials. A key section explains how X-ray diffraction occurs when crystals act as diffraction gratings for X-rays due to their periodic structure. Bragg's law is also summarized, relating the diffraction condition to the wavelength and angle of the X-rays scattering from the crystal lattice planes. The document overall provides an introduction to X-ray diffraction techniques used to study crystal structures.
Nuclear chemistry by shubhram
Nuclear Chemistry is guided by Dr. Santosini Patra and submitted by three students. It discusses the structure of the nucleus, subatomic particles, isotopes, radioactive isotopes, mass defect, binding energy, nuclear stability, and types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission. It also covers half-life, decay series, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and their relation to binding energy and attaining nuclear stability. Radiation hazards are discussed in the context of alpha, beta, and gamma emissions.
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...AMIT RANA Ph. D Scholar
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of different types of countersTheory of NMR (Ashis).pptx
The document provides an overview of the theory of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It discusses how nuclei with spin absorb electromagnetic radiation when placed in a magnetic field, creating distinct energy levels. When radio waves are applied at the resonance frequency, transitions between spin states occur, producing signals in the NMR spectrum. Chemical shifts arise from electrons shielding or deshielding nuclei from the magnetic field in different ways. Neighboring protons cause splitting of peaks according to spin-spin coupling rules.
Similar to Nuclear physics 3 lectures (20)
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-IV Chapter 2-X-Rays
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-IV Chapter 2-X-Rays
Chap1 physics and chemistry of radiation absorption
Chap1 physics and chemistry of radiation absorption
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iv chapter 2-x-rays
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iv chapter 2-x-rays
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...
Concept of radioactivity, radioactivity counting methods with principles of d...
More from Zeeshan Khalid
Conference poster final
This document presents a mathematical model for analyzing heat transfer during phase change processes in a latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit. The model considers heat transfer between a heat transfer fluid flowing through a circular tube and phase change material (PCM) contained in the cylindrical shell. Dimensionless governing equations are derived to model forced convection in the fluid and natural convection during PCM melting. An analytical solution is obtained for temperature distribution using exponential integral functions. Results show interface position varies with dimensionless time and is affected by parameters like Stefan number, Biot number, and Rayleigh number. Graphs illustrate increased melting rate with natural convection and effect of varying Stefan number and Biot number on interface position.
Conference ppt
This document presents a novel method called the Eigenfunction Expansion Method (EFEM) for analytically solving transient heat conduction problems with phase change in cylindrical coordinates. The method involves formulating the governing equations and associated boundary conditions, introducing coefficients, solving the eigenvalue problems, and representing the solution as a series expansion of the eigenfunctions. Dimensionless parameters are introduced to simplify the problem. The EFEM is then applied to solve a one-dimensional phase change problem. Results show that increasing the number of terms in the series expansion decreases the truncation error and that the Stefan number affects the melting fraction evolution over time.
Two lense system
- When using a two lens optical system, the magnification of the final image is calculated by multiplying the magnifications of each individual lens.
- To calculate the image from the first lens, treat it as the object for the second lens. The object distance for the second lens is the distance from the first lens' image to the second lens.
- A two converging lens system will produce a real, upright final image, while a converging-diverging system will produce a virtual, inverted final image.
Elementary particles and their properties
The document discusses the elementary particles that make up the universe. It explains that all matter is composed of atoms, which themselves are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. The elementary particles are divided into three families with similar properties. Tables are provided that summarize the key properties of each particle such as mass, electric charge, strong charge, and weak charge. There are four fundamental forces that act on these particles: gravitation, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.
Moleculer physics lect 1
This document discusses molecules and the different types of bonds that hold atoms together to form compounds. It describes ionic bonds, which form when one atom transfers electrons to another, and covalent bonds, which form when atoms share electrons. The document also discusses molecular spectra arising from rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules, and how infrared spectroscopy can analyze molecular vibrations. Potential energy graphs illustrate the attractive and repulsive forces between atoms at different distances that determine molecular structure.
Laser produced plasmas ppt
This document discusses laser produced plasmas. It defines plasma as a quasi-neutral gas that exhibits collective behavior and comprises most of the visible universe. Plasma can be formed by applying enough energy, such as from electromagnetic fields, to tear electrons from neutral atoms. Laser produced plasmas are generated by focusing high intensity laser pulses on solid targets. Typical laser produced plasmas have temperature, density, and expansion velocity profiles that depend on the laser parameters. Applications of laser produced plasmas include use in medicine, as x-ray sources, and probing radiation biology with characteristic x-rays.
Zeeman Effect
The Zeeman effect is the splitting of a spectral line into multiple spectral lines when in the presence of a magnetic field. It was first observed in 1896 by Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman when he placed a sodium flame between magnetic poles and observed the broadening of spectral lines. Zeeman's discovery earned him the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. The pattern and amount of splitting provides information about the strength and presence of the magnetic field.
Physics of atom
This document discusses the physics of atoms and their subatomic particles. It describes the Bohr model of the atom, which depicts electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed orbits or shells. When electrons move between these shells, energy is absorbed or emitted in the form of radiation. The document also outlines the discoveries of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons through experiments such as Rutherford's gold foil experiment and Chadwick's work. Finally, it provides the names, symbols, masses, and charges of the basic particles that make up an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Parallel universes
The document discusses four levels of possible parallel universes. Level I proposes that other universes may exist beyond the observable bounds of our own, as space is believed to be infinite. Level II suggests that other universes could have formed from bubbles in the early inflation of the universe. Level III describes the multiverse theory arising from the quantum mechanical many worlds interpretation. Level IV encompasses other mathematical structures that may constitute universes under different physical laws.
CT scan
CT scans use X-rays and computers to create detailed images of the inside of the body. CT scanning was independently developed in the 1970s by Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack. A CT scan works by using an X-ray device and detector that rotate around the body, detecting differences in radiation absorption as they pass through tissues. The data is then used to construct a series of cross-sectional images of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs inside the body. CT scans allow doctors to see internal structures in great detail and find diseases that may not be visible on regular X-rays.
Doppler broadening
This document discusses Doppler broadening, which is the broadening of spectral lines caused by the Doppler effect of random thermal motion of molecules. Doppler broadening results in a lack of sharpness in spectral lines and a distribution of redshifted and blueshifted wavelengths due to a range of atomic speeds along the line of sight. The broadening depends on factors like the frequency, mass of emitting particles, and temperature, with higher temperatures resulting in greater broadening due to increased particle velocities. Doppler broadening also occurs in nuclear reactors as fuel temperature rises and uranium nuclei move more rapidly.
nuclear binding energy
This document provides an overview of basic nuclear physics concepts. It discusses the structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It defines terms like atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It explains concepts such as binding energy, radioactive decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma), activity, and half-life. Radioactive decay is described as the process by which unstable atoms emit particles or radiation to become more stable. Common decay types and their products are outlined.
Quantum mechanics of black holes
This document discusses the quantum mechanics of black holes. It notes that quantum mechanics allows for time-reversed transitions between states, which contradicts classical general relativity descriptions of black holes. Specifically, general relativity says that a black hole absorbing another object can occur, but the reverse process of emission cannot. However, quantum mechanics predicts both absorption and emission are possible. Hawking resolved this contradiction by showing that black holes can spontaneously emit elementary particles via a quantum process, allowing the time-reversed transition and upholding the second law of thermodynamics at the quantum scale.
Liquification of gases
There are three main methods for liquefying gases:
1. Applying sufficient pressure to gases below their critical temperature to cause liquefaction. For example, liquefying carbon dioxide which has a critical temperature of 304K.
2. Making gases do work against an external force, such as in a steam engine, causing them to lose energy and lower in temperature.
3. Forcing gases through a nozzle or porous plug, making them do work against their own internal forces and lose energy, potentially reaching liquefaction after multiple repetitions of expanding through restrictions.
Ampere’s law
Ampere's law relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop. It states that the line integral of the magnetic field around the loop equals the net current passing through the loop times the permeability of free space. The document provides examples of using Ampere's law to calculate magnetic fields for various current carrying wire configurations, including inside and outside a long straight wire, inside a solenoid, and inside and outside a toroidal coil.
Diffraction
When waves encounter obstacles like slits, they diffract or bend around the edges. Diffraction can be explained by Huygens' principle, which says each point on a wavefront acts as a new source. For a single slit, the new wavefront shape is determined by combining spherical wavelets from points across the slit. There are two types of diffraction: Fresnel, where distances are finite, and Fraunhofer, where incident waves are plane waves. X-ray diffraction uses wavelengths comparable to atomic sizes to determine crystal and molecular structures.
More from Zeeshan Khalid (17)
Recently uploaded
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Recently uploaded (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Nuclear physics 3 lectures
- 1. Nuclear Physics First three Lectures Muhammad Zeeshan Khalid
- 2. Radioactive Decay • Radioactive decay, also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity, is the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting particles of ionizing radiation. A material that spontaneously emits this kind of radiation— which includes the emission of energetic alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays—is considered radioactive.
- 3. Radioactive Decay Radioactive decay results in the emission of either: • an alpha particle (a), • a beta particle (b), • or a gamma ray(g).
- 4. 1. Neutron cross section • In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus. • Microscopic cross scattering does provide no information about the change in neutron direction or energy that occur in such collision.
- 7. Neutron-Nuclear Interaction Potential Scattering: Neutron scatter elastically off the nucleus Compound Nucleus: Neutron absorbed by the nucleus to form compound nucleus and then decay an energetic particle.