This document discusses composites, which are materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. It describes different types of composites including fiber reinforced plastics, concrete, wood, and others. It focuses on fiber reinforced plastic composites, discussing different fiber types like glass, carbon, and aramid fibers and how they are produced and their mechanical properties. It also discusses matrix materials like polyester and epoxy resins and how they contribute to the properties of fiber reinforced composites. The properties and applications of different composites are summarized.
Autoclave is a closed vessel (Round or Cylindrical) in which processes occur under simultaneous application of high temperature and pressure. Autoclave molding technique is similar to vacuum bag and pressure bag molding method with some modifications. This method employs an autoclave to provide heat and pressure to the composite product during curing.
Autoclave is a closed vessel (Round or Cylindrical) in which processes occur under simultaneous application of high temperature and pressure. Autoclave molding technique is similar to vacuum bag and pressure bag molding method with some modifications. This method employs an autoclave to provide heat and pressure to the composite product during curing.
We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircrafts.
My presentation on resin transfer molding. Not much description included. For reference i would recommend
" Composite manufacturing by Sanjay Mazumdar".
Fibre Reinforced Plastic manufacturing methodsjeff jose
Composites manufacturing processes are complex, and involve combinations of the following physical processes:
1) Reinforcement Shaping
2) Resin Infusion
3) Composite Consolidation
Advantages and disadvantages of processing techniques
plastic composite manufacturing
Hand Lay-up
Spray up method
Filament winding
Match die molding
Pultrusion
Resin transfer molding
Reaction injection molding
Hand Lay-Up is well suited for low volume production of product.
This method can be used for both corrosion barrier and the structural portion
Fiber is chopped in a hand-held gun and fed into a spray of catalyzed resin directed at the mold. The deposited materials are left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions.
We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircrafts.
My presentation on resin transfer molding. Not much description included. For reference i would recommend
" Composite manufacturing by Sanjay Mazumdar".
Fibre Reinforced Plastic manufacturing methodsjeff jose
Composites manufacturing processes are complex, and involve combinations of the following physical processes:
1) Reinforcement Shaping
2) Resin Infusion
3) Composite Consolidation
Advantages and disadvantages of processing techniques
plastic composite manufacturing
Hand Lay-up
Spray up method
Filament winding
Match die molding
Pultrusion
Resin transfer molding
Reaction injection molding
Hand Lay-Up is well suited for low volume production of product.
This method can be used for both corrosion barrier and the structural portion
Fiber is chopped in a hand-held gun and fed into a spray of catalyzed resin directed at the mold. The deposited materials are left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions.
Optimization of process parameter for stir casted aluminium metal matrix comp...eSAT Journals
Abstract From the past few years, materials research and development has shifted from monolithic to composite materials, adjusting to the need for reduced weight, low cost, quality, and high performance of the composites. Aluminium metal matrix composite used in areas of aerospace and automotive industries include high performance, economic and environmental benefits. The aim involved in designing the metal matrix composite is to combine the desirable attributes of metals and ceramics. The present investigation has been done to study the effect of different input process parameters namely particle size of alumina, wt. % of alumina and stirring time on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Three parameter i.e. particle sizes of alumina (75, 105 and 150 micron), wt. % of reinforcement (3%, 6% and 9%), stirring time (15, 20 and 25 minute) was used to fabricate different sample of AMMCs by using stir casting technique. Each parameter has three different levels. L9 orthogonal array table used to made different specimen. The effect of these input process parameter on the output response have been analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The contribution of each process parameters on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength was analyzed by using ANOVA. The results have shown that the wt. % of alumina, stirring time and the particle size of alumina have a significant effect on the hardness, impact strength and tensile strength. Keywords: MMC’s, pure aluminium, 퐴푙2푂3 particulates, Stir-Casting, Taguchi method
Teorema Fundamental Aritmatika yang definisinya : Bilangan Prima adalah ( Suatu bilangan bulat p > 1 dikatakan prima jika factor positifnya hanyalah 1 dan p (dirinya sendiri)). Bilangan Bulat lebih dari 1 yang bukan prima disebut komposit. Diantara 10 bilangan bulat pertama, 2,3,5,7 adalah prima dan 4,6,8,10 adalah komposit. Berdasarkan definisi ini hanya ada satu bilangan prima yang genap yaitu 2. Jadi Bilangan 1 bukan Bilangan Prima dan bukan Bilangan Komposit.
Jadi dari Teorema Fundamental Aritmatika 1 itu bukan termasuk Bilangan Prima maupun Bilangan Komposit, tetapi 1 itu Bilangan Asli terkecil. Dalam Axioma Peano sendiri mengambil 1 menjadi angka pertama, dan memang itu adalah bilangan penghitung pertama bisa dilihat dari Dimodernisasi Terminologi dan Postulat Peanonya.
Evaluation of Mechanical properties of Aluminium based MMCBishal Bhandari
The aluminum 6061 MMC with Graphite,Fly ash and Magnesium used as reinforcement has got the higher value of hardness, toughness,less wear rate and less ductility compared to pure aluminium. Hence this composite can be deployed to make an piston rods,bush,aircraft body and automotive body parts.
EFFECT OF AL2O3 ON WEAR RESISTANCE IN ALUMINUM MATRIX COMPOSITE PRODUCED BY S...IAEME Publication
Aluminum metal matrix composites are one of the new materials used for various applications due to their less cost and light weight. The present study has been done to study the effect of various composition of Al2O3, wear resistance reinforced in aluminum LM6 alloy. Aluminum alloy LM6 is mostly used in die casting methods to produce various parts used in automobiles etc. For the Experimentation composites of various compositions are manufactured by using stir casting method and dry sliding wear testing machine is used.
Kevin Chie is Business Development Manager at TES-AMM China, a global leader in providing IT Lifecycle Services and bespoke solutions that help customers manage the commissioning, deployment and retirement of Information Technology (IT) assets. Kevin has over 10 years experience in the e-waste recycling industry. Over the past 10 years, he has participated in the construction of the e-waste recycling plants, key customer negotiations, as well as participated in China's WEEE program. Presently, Kevin is responsible for the building of the e-waste recycling network.
In this presentation, Kevin will share his experiences on China's e-waste recycling industry, including current recycling processes, goverment regulations, and current and future chanllenges, both technology and marketing.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Analysis Of Lpg Cylinder Using Composite MaterialsIOSR Journals
This paper aims is innovation of alternative materials of Liquid petroleum gas (LPG). So, the finite
element analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders made of Steel and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
composites has been carried out. Finite element analysis of composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure is
performed. Layered shell element of a versatile FE analysis package ANSYS (version 11.0) has been used to
model the shell with FRP composites.
A number of cases are considered to study the stresses and deformations due to pressure loading inside the
cylinder. First, the results of stresses and deformation for steel cylinders are compared with the analytical
solution available in literature in order to validate the model and the software. The weight savings are also
presented for steel, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composites LPG cylinders. Variations of stresses
and deformations throughout the cylinder made of steel and GFRP are studied.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Presentation on Composite Materials
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
SEMINAR 3 @ Study On Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical Properties and Bio-Degrada...Dr.M BALA THEJA
A composite is usually made up of at least two materials, out of which one is the reinforcement material called as fiber and the other is binding material(matrix).
The matrix or binder maintains the position and orientation of the fiber. The fibers provide strength, rigidity and bear the structural load
To Study the mechanical properties of coconut coir fiber reinforced with epo...IJMER
In this study the Mechanical Properties of Coconut coir Fiber is reinforced with epoxy resin
of different lengths (5mm,10mm,15mm) and coir fibers by treating the fiber with NaOH by fraction of
5 % are studied here. All samples were made using hand layup technique and specimens were prepared
as per ASTM standard D3039. The samples were tested according to ASTM D3039 standard using
Universal testing machine (UTM). The significant findings of the research showed that NaOH
treatment improved the tensile properties, ductility and hardness of the composite further Increase in
length of fibers was found to increase the tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength was found for
15 mm length of coir fibers
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
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2. INTRODUCTION
A composite material is a material system, a mixture or
combination of two or more micro or macro constituents
that differ in form and composition and do not form a
solution.
Properties of composite materials can be better-quality to
its individual components.
Examples:
- fiber reinforced plastics
- concrete
- asphalt
- wood etc.
2
3. EXERCISE 1
a.
b.
c.
d.
Give 2 examples of natural composite.
Give 3 special properties of composite materials.
Give 2 applications of composite.
Distinguish between cement and concrete.
3
4. FIBERS FOR REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC is a composite
materials consisting of a mixture of a matrix of a plastic
material such as a polyester or epoxy strengthened by
fibers of high strength such as:
glass
carbon
arimid
The fibers provide the high strength and stiffness and the
plastic matrix bonds the fibers together and supports
them.
4
5. GLASS FIBER FOR REINFORCING PLASTIC RESINS
GLASS fiber are used to reinforce plastic matrices to
form structural composites and molding compounds.
Glass fiber reinforced plastic composite materials have
high strength-weight ratio, good dimensional stability,
good temperature and corrosion resistance and low
cost.
The most important types of glass used to produce glass
fiber for composites are:
i.
ii.
‘S” Glass = ‘S’ (high-strength) glasses used for military and
aerospace application.
‘E” Glass = ‘E’ (electrical glasses) cheaper than S glass
5
6. CARBON FIBERS FOR REINFORCED PLASTICS
CARBON fiber such as epoxy are characterized by having
a combination of light weight, very high strength and high
stiffness (modulus of elasticity).
Produced from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch.
Steps:
Stabilization: PAN fibers are stretched and oxidized in air at
about 2000C.
Carbonization: Stabilized carbon fibers are heated in inert
atmosphere at 1000-15000C which results in elimination of O,H
and N resulting in increase of strength.
Graphitization: Carried out at 18000C and increases modulus
of elasticity at the expense of strength
6
7. ARAMID FIBERS FOR REINFORCING PLASTIC
RESINS
ARAMID fiber is the generic name for aromatic polyamide fibers.
Trade name is Kevlar. There are two commercial type:
Kevlar 29:- Low density, high strength, and used for ropes and
cables.
Kevlar 49:- Low density, high strength and modulus and used for
aerospace and auto applications.
Hydrogen bonds bond fiber together.
Used where resistance to fatigue, high strength and light weight is
important.
7
8. COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Carbon fibers provide best combination of properties.
Due to favorable properties, carbon and aramid fiber reinforced
composites have replaced steel and aluminum in aerospace applications.
8
Figure 12.7: Stress-strain behavior of various types of reinforcing fibers.
9. Figure 12.8: Specific tensile strength (tensile strength to density) and specific
tensile modulus (tensile modulus to density) for various types of reinforcing
fibers.
9
10. MATRIX MATERIALS FOR FIBER REINFORCEDPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Two of the most important MATRIX plastic resins for
fiber-reinforced plastics are:
•
•
unsaturated polyester
epoxy resins
The polyester resin are lower in cost but are usually not as
strong as the epoxy resin.
10
11.
Fiberglass-reinforced POLYESTER resins:
Higher the wt% of glass, stronger the reinforced plastic is.
Nonparallel alignment of glass fibers reduces strength.
Carbon fiber reinforced EPOXY resins:
Carbon fiber contributes to rigidity and strength while epoxy matrix
contributes to impact strength.
Polyimides, polyphenylene sulfides are also used.
Exceptional fatigue properties.
Carbon fiber epoxy material is laminated to meet strength
requirements.
11
13. QUESTION 2
a.
Cite the general difference in strengthening mechanism
between large-particle and dispersion-strengthened
particle-reinforced composites.
b.
A undirectional Kevlar 49 fiber-epoxy composite contains
60% by volume of Kevlar 49 fibers and 40 % epoxy resin.
The density of the Kevlar 49 fibers is 1.48Mg/m3 and that of
the epoxy resin is 1.2 Mg/m3.
i.
ii.
What are the weight percentages of Kevlar 49 and epoxy
resin in the composite material?
(Answer: 64.9%, 35.1%)
What is the average density of the composite?
(Answer: 1.37 Mg/m3)
13
14. EQUATION FOR ELASTIC MODULUS OF LAMELLAR
COMPOSITE
Isostrain condition: Stress on composite causes uniform
strain on all composite layers.
Pc = P f + P m
Pc = Load on composite
Pf = Load on fibers
Pm = load on matrix
Known; σ = P/A
Therefore;
σcAc = σfAf + σmAm
14
15. Since length of layers are equal,
σcVc = σfVf + σmVm
Where;
Vf and Vm = volume fractions
Vc = 1
Therefore;
σc = σfVf + σmVm
15
16. Since strains;
εc = εf = εm
Therefore;
c f V f mVm
c
f
m
Ec = EfVf + EmVm
(Rule of mixture of binary composites)
16
17. LOADS ON FIBER AND MATRIX REGIONS
Since σ = Eε and εf = εm
f Af
E f f Af
E f Af
EfVf
Pm m Am E m m Am E m Am E mVm
Pf
Pc = Pf + Pm
From above two equations, load on each of fiber and matrix
regions can be determined if values of Ef, Em,Vf, Vm and Pc
are known.
17
18. QUESTION 3
The composite consists of a continuous glass-foberreinforced-epoxy resin produced by using 60% by volume of
E-glass fibers having a modulus of elasticity of Ef = 7.24 x
104 MPa and a tensile strength of 2.4 GPa and a harded
eposy resin with a modulus of Em = 3.1 x 103 MPa and
tensile strength of 0.06 GPa. Calculate the composite
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
A modulus of elasticity (Answer: 44.64 GPa)
The tensile strength (Answer: 1.46 GPa)
The fraction of the load carried by the fiber for the following
composite material stresses under isostrain conditions.
(Answer: 0.97)
18
19. ISOSTRESS CONDITION
Stress on the composite structure produces an equal stress
condition on all the layers.
σc = σf + σm
εc = εf + εm
Assuming no change in area and assuming unit length of the
composite
εc = εfVf + εmVm
19
20. But;
c
Ec
, f
Ef
, m
Em
Therefore;
Ec
V f
Ef
Vm
Em
20
21. ELASTIC MODULUS FOR ISOSTRESS CONDITION
We know that
Ec
V f
Ef
Vm
Em
21
• Higher modulus values are obtained with isostrain loading for
equal volume of fibers
22. Dividing by σ;
V f Vm
1
Ec E f Em
V f E m Vm E f
1
Ec E f E m Em E f
Ec
E f Em
V f E m Vm E f
22
23. QUESTION 4
a.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity for a composite material
consisting of 60% by volume of continuous E-glass fiber and 40%
epoxy resin for the matrix when stressed under isostress
conditions (i.e. the material is stresses perpendicular to the
continuous fiber). The modulus of elasticity of the E glass is 72.4
GPa and that of the epoxy resin is 3.1 GPa.
(Answer : 7.3 GPa)
23
24. WOOD
Wood is naturally occurring composite with polymeric
material lignin and other organic compounds.
Nonhomogenous and highly anisotropic.
Consists of layers:
(a) Outer bark – provides protection
(b) Inner bark – moist and soft,
carries food
(c) Cambium layer – forms wood
and bark cells
(d) Sapwood – carries wood and sap.
(e) Heartwood – dead, dark and
provides strength
(f) Pith – Soft tissue at the center
(g) Wood rays
24
25. PROPERTIES OF WOOD
Moisture content: Water occurs in wood as absorbed in fiber walls
or in cell fiber lumen.
150% for softwood and sapwood.
Wood moisture content (wt%) =
Wt of water in sample
x 100
Wt of dry wood sample
Mechanical strength: Compressive strength parallel to the grain is 10
times higher than that perpendicular to the grain.
Wood in green condition is weaker than kiln-dried wood.
Shrinkage: Green wood shrinks if dried.
Shrinkage is more in transverse direction.
25
26. QUESTION 5
A piece of wood containing moisture weighs 165.3g and
after oven drying to a constant weight, weighs 147.5g.
What is its percent moisture content?
(Answer: 12.1%)
26
27. REFERENCES
A.G. Guy (1972) Introduction to Material Science,
McGraw Hill.
J.F. Shackelford (2000). Introduction to Material Science
for Engineers, (5th Edition), Prentice Hall.
W.F. Smith (1996). Principle to Material Science and
Engineering, (3rd Edition), McGraw Hill.
W.D. Callister Jr. (1997) Material Science and
Engineering: An Introduction, (4th Edition) John Wiley.
27