The document discusses a study on the effect of stacking sequence on the tribological properties of woven jute-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. It summarizes previous literature on natural fiber composites and erosion behavior. The objective of the current work is to study the mechanical properties and erosion wear behavior of hybrid composites with different stacking sequences of jute and glass fibers. Experimental aspects discussed include the materials used, specimen preparation method, and evaluation of erosion rates under varying test parameters.
Chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applicationsketki chavan
This is a seminar presentation on the prevalent chemical treatments and modification techniques carried out on natural fibres to make them useful as reinforcement materials in composites.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
Chemical modifications of natural fibres for composite applicationsketki chavan
This is a seminar presentation on the prevalent chemical treatments and modification techniques carried out on natural fibres to make them useful as reinforcement materials in composites.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Here the composite material was fabricated using sugarcane bagasse, jute fibre & with glass fibre as a hybrid material and the mechanical properties of this material was studied.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
Presentation on Composite Materials
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
Prepared a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic board and determined the optimal drilling conditions that would cause the least delamination using Design of Experiments.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
Presentation on Composite Materials
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
Prepared a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic board and determined the optimal drilling conditions that would cause the least delamination using Design of Experiments.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Shellfish shell as a Bio-filler: Preparation, characterization and its effec...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
Composites are versatile and convenient in diverse application such as automotive and aeronaut industry, constructional materials, civil and military applications and many more. Natural fiber composites are currently being used in mostly non-structural applications [1]. Natural fibers are being widely used to substitute artificial glass and carbon fibers in polymer composites. The aim of present work was to focus on the hybridization of natural fiber (jute) and synthetic fiber (E-glass) with polyester resin for applications in the aerospace industry [1]. The mechanical properties such as tensile, impact, flexural test and water absorption rate of hybrid glass/jute fiber reinforced polyester composites were determined. Laminates were fabricated by hand lay-up technique [2]. Then the mechanical properties of lamina prepared with different compositions of natural and synthetic fibers are compared. Total fiber weight fraction was maintained at 50%. Specimen preparation and testing was carried out as per ASTM standards [1], [2].
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
What Does the Active Steering Malfunction Warning Mean for Your BMWTanner Motors
Discover the reasons why your BMW’s Active Steering malfunction warning might come on. From electrical glitches to mechanical failures and software anomalies, addressing these promptly with professional inspection and maintenance ensures continued safety and performance on the road, maintaining the integrity of your driving experience.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Tyre Industrymarket overview with examples of CEAT
Trppt
1. PhD scholar
NIT Rourkela
Soma Dalbehera
Study on effect of stacking sequence
on the tribological property of woven
jute-glass fiber reinforced epoxy
composite
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Natural Fiber Composite
Background/Origin of the work
Cenosphere
Experimental Aspects
Results And Discussion
Conclusions
3. 3
COMPOSITES
Composites are combinations of two materials in which one of the
material is called the reinforcing phase(discontinuous phase), is in the
form of fibers, sheets, or particles, and is embedded in the other
material called the matrix phase(continuous phase).
Reinforcement: fibers
Glass
Carbon
Organic
Boron
Ceramic
Metallic
Matrix materials
Polymers
Metals
Ceramics
Interface
Bonding
surface
Components of composite materials
4. ReinforcementIncreases strength,stiffness and the temperature
resistance capacity of the composite.
In a composite,the purpose of matrix is to:
Matrix acts as the bonding element.
Its main function is to transfer and distribute the load to the
reinforcements or fibres.
Protect the fibers from external stresses
The fillers and additives are included in a composite material
to:
modify the color.
reduce cost.
decrease the shrinkage.
modify certain thermal or electrical properties.
improve the resistance to ageing.
modify the density of the material .
4
5. Composite materials
Fiber reinforced composites Particle reinforced composites
Single layer
composite
Multi layered
composites
Laminates HybridContinuous fiber
reinforced composites
Discontinuous fiber
reinforced composites
Random
orientation
Preferred
orientation
Unidirectional
reinforcement
Bi-directional
reinforcement
Fig: 1 Classification of composites
Random
orientation
Preferred orientation
5
6. Continuous fiber (long fiber)
reinforced composites
Random fiber (short fiber) reinforced
composites
Particles as the reinforcement
(Particulate composites)
Flat flakes as the reinforcement
(Flake composites)
Fillers as the reinforcement (Filler composites)
Fig:2 Classifications of common composite material
6
7. Why a Composite?
It reduces the weight of the components in
comparison to conventional material such as
metal, plastic or ceramic.
The stiffness or strength needs to be increased.
The cost may be reduced.
The fatigue life or operating temperature should be
increased.
A component with a zero coefficient of thermal
expansion may be obtained.
8. 8
Natural Fibers
Disadvantages
Advantages of Natural fiber
Reinforcement
1. Environmental reasons:
Renewable resource of raw material
Thermally recyclable, biodegradable
Low energy consumption
2. Excellent specific strength &
high modulus
3. Health & safety: less abrasive,
safe manufacturing processes
4. Lower cost & reduced density
of products
1. Variability in strength
2. Hydrophilicity (moisture)
3. Weak interface
9. 9
Flax Hemp Sisal CoirKenaf
Natural Fibers
CONSTITUENTS OF BIO- FIBRE COMPOSITE
+ =
Fiber Resin Composite
Material
11. Natural Fibers are
- Low-cost
- Low density fibers
- High specific strength and modulus
- Low priced
- Recyclable
- Biodegradable
- Nonabrasive
- Easily available
- ECO-FRIENDLY
12. Natural Fibers : Applications
The Aerospace Industry:
• Wing skins
• Fin boxes
• Rotor blade
The Automotive Industry
• Bumper beam
• Seat/load floor
• Hood radiator support
• Roof panel
• Cars, trucks and bus bodies
• Railway coach components
The Sporting Goods Industry
• Golf shafts
• Tennis rackets
• Fishing rods
Cont…
14. 14
Jute is used as reinforcement in polymer resin
matrix naturally available having high specific
strength and stiffness.
15. Jute, the so-called golden fiber from eastern India and
Bangladesh is one of the most common agro-fibers
having high tensile modulus and low elongation at
break.
The low density of this fiber is taken in to
consideration, then its specific stiffness and strength
are comparable to the respective quantities of glass
fibers.
The fiber has a high aspect ratio,high strength to
weight ratio,low in energy conversion and has good
insulation properties.
The jute fiber composites can be very cost-effective
material especially for building & construction
industry,packing, automobile & railway coach interiors
and storage devices.
17. Chemical composition of natural fiber
1. Cellulose: - It is a highly crystalline, linear polymer of anhydrous-glucose
molecules with a degree of polymerization(n) of around
10,000.
It provide strength, stiffness, and structural stability to the fiber cells.
Cont…
18. 2. Hemicelluloses:-These are branched polymers containing five to
six numbers of carbon sugars of varied Chemical
structure.
It plays an important roles in fiber bundle integration, fiber bundle strength.
Cont…
19. 3. Lignin: - It is an amorphous, cross-linked polymer network consisting of an
irregular array of variously bonded hydroxy-and methoxy-substituted
phenylpropane units.
It is an organic substance binding the cells.
Cont…
20. 20
Lignin
- Rigidity of the fibers
- High molecular weight
- Three dimensional polymer structure
- Acts as a binder for the cellulose fibers
- Behaves as an energy storage system
Cellulose
- High tensile strength of composite
materials.
Carbon content in fiber provides
- Light weight
- High strength and
- Favourable stiffness
22. 22
SL
No
Author
Name
Journal name
& Yr. of Publication
Topic Summary of work
1 Chittaranjan
Deo,S.K.Acharya
Polymer-plastics
Technology and
engineering,2009,
48,1084-1087
Solid particle Erosion of
Lantana Camara fiber-
Reinforced polymer matrix
composite
It is well known that the fibers in
composite is subjected to particle erosion
encountered intensive debonding and
breakage of fibers which were not
supported enough by the matrix from SEM
study.Thecontinuous impingement of silica
sand on fiber breaks the fiber b’cz of
formation of cracks perpendicular to their
length and also bending of fiber becomes
possible due to softening of the
surrounding matrix,which in turn lowers
the strength of the surrounding fibers.
2 B.C.Patel,S.K.Ac
harya,D.Mishra
International
journal of
Engineering,Scien
ce and
Technology,2011,
Vol.3,No.1,pp
213-219
Effect of stacking
sequence on erosive wear
behaviour of jute & jute
glass fabric reinforced
epoxy composite
studied that the erosive wear behaviour of
natural fiber jute can be improved
significantly by hybridizing with synthetic
fiber glass and layering sequence (altering
the position of glass piles) significantly
affects the erosive strength.
3 Mohammed
Ismail,Suresh
Bheemappa
International
conference on
mechanical,autom
otive and
materials
engineering,2012,
January 7-8,Dubai
Investigation on
mechanical & erosive wear
behaviour of cenosphere
filled carbon-epoxy
composite
showed that the tensile and flexural
modulus of cenosphere filled carbon-epoxy
composites has good improvement as
compared to unfilled carbon-epoxy
composites.The addition of cenosphere
filler in carbon fabric reinforcement epoxy
composites have shown marked
improvement in erosion wear behaviour.
23. 23
SL
No
Author
Name
Journal name
& Yr. of
Publication
Topic Summary of work
4 N.-M. Barkoula,
J. Karger-Kocsis
Wear,2002,252,
80–87
Effects of fibre content and
relative fibre-orientation
on the solid particle erosion
of GF/PP composites.
The erosive wear behaviour of glass fibre
(GF) reinforced thermoplastic
polypropylene (PP) composites was
studied in a modified sand blasting
apparatus as a function of the impact angle
(30,60and90◦),relative fibre orientation
(parallel and perpendicular),fibre length
discontinuous, continuous) and fibre
content (40–60 wt.%).The results showed a
strong dependence of the erosive wear on
the relative fibre-orientation at low impact
angles(30◦),but hardly any difference for
60 and 90◦ impact angles. In contrast, the
fibre length did not affect the erosive wear
behaviour especially at high impact angles.
5 N. Miyazaki Journal of
Composite
Materials, 2007
41: 703
Solid Particle Erosion
Behavior of FRPs with
Prior Impact Damage
The test results show that less erosion
resistance of the FRPs with prior impact
damage may be because the FRPs with
prior impact damage have a lot of
transverse cracks and delamination, which
absorb the kinetic energy of the solid
particles used in the erosion tests.
6 U.S.Tewari,A.P.
Harsha,Häger,K.
Friedrich
Wear,2002,252,9
92–1000
Solid particle erosion of
unidirectional carbon fibre
reinforced
polyetheretherketone
composite
The composites exhibited a maximum
erosion rate at an impingement angle of
60◦ under the present experimental
condition.The fibre orientation has a
significant influence on the erosion rate of
24. 24
SL
No
Author
Name
Journal name
& Yr. of
Publication
Topic Summary of work
7 Manish Roy,
G.Sundararajan,
B. Vishvvanathan
Wear, (1994)
171,149-161
The solid particle erosion of
polymer matrix composites
Theglass-reinforced epoxy resin composite
exhibits the lowest erosion rate and glass-
reinforced phenolic resin (modified) shows
the highest erosion rate (at α=30° and 90°,
for V=38 and 45 m/ s). The erosion rates of
glass-polyester resin and glass-
(unmodified) phenolic resin exhibit
intermediatevalues.Composites having
thermoset matrix (epoxy and phenolic)
behave in a brittle way while the
composites with thermoplastic matrix
(polyester) respond in a ductile manner.
Reinforcing fibres reduces the erosion
efficiencies and hence the erosion rates of
the composites most probably by arresting
the crack and controlling the spread of
deformation.
8 A.P.Harsha,Avin
ash A.Thakre
Wear (2007),262
807–818
Investigation on solid
particle erosion behaviour
of polyetherimide and its
composites
The present investigation reports about, the
solid particle erosion behaviour of
randomly oriented short E-glass, carbon
fibre and solid lubricants (PTFE, graphite,
MoS2) filled polyetherimide (PEI)
composites.The erosion rates (ERs) of
these composites have been evaluated at
different impingement angles (15–90◦) and
impact velocities (30–88 m/s).
Polyetherimide and its glass, carbon fibre
25. Impingement of solid particle against a target surface causes material
removal due to local damage which is generally known as erosive wear.
Polymer composites demands in various engineering fields are
increasing day by day because of their high specific mechanical
properties compared to conventional materials.
These composites are also being used in areas where the components
encounter impact of lot of abrasions from dust, sand, splinters of
materials, slurry of solid particle and the consequence is the material
finally undergoes erosive wear.
Visualising the importance of polymeric composites,lot of work has
been done to evaluate various types of polymers and their composites
to solid particle erosion (Harsha and Thakre, 2007;Tiwari et al,
2003;Bijwe et al,2001; Bijwe et al,2002).The effect of stacking sequence
on mechanical properties of natural fiber jute, hemp with glass fiber has
been studied in detailed by Sabeel and Vijayarangan (2008),Santulli and
Caruso (2009).
Recently the erosive wear of woven jute and glass fiber has been
studied by Patel etal(2011).
In their work they have considered woven bi-directional fiber (0-90º) for
both jute and glass fiber.In this present investigation keeping the glass
fiber direction as constant (0-90º) the jute fiber orientation has been
changed to (45º-450) for preparation of the layered composite.
The erosive wear experiment has been conducted to find out the effect
of this changed orientation.
27. Study of mechanical properties of jute-glass hybrid epoxy
composite with specific orientation of fiber at different stacking
sequence(JJJJ,GJGJ,JGGJ,GJJG).
Erosive wear behavior of all composites developed under different
parameters like,
•Percentage of fiber content
•Impact angle
•Impact velocity
•Stand-off distance (SOD)
SEM analysis for structure,property co-relationship.
28. In this present work the effect of stacking sequence on erosive wear behavior
of untreated woven jute and glass fabric reinforced epoxy hybrid composites
has been investigated experimentally.
The position of glass and jute fabric has been kept as 00-900 and 450-450 for all
stacking sequences.
All the laminates were made with a total of 4 plies, by varying the number and
position of glass layers so as to obtain four different stacking sequences.
The erosion rates of these composites have been evaluated at different
impingement angles (30°-90°) and at three different particle speeds (V=48,
70,82m/s).
The erodent used is silica sand. The impingement angle was found to have a
significant influence on the erosion rate.
The composite material showed semi ductile behavior with maximum erosion
at 60° impingement angle.
The morphologies of eroded surface were examined by the scanning electron
microscope (SEM).Possible erosion mechanism were discussed.
32. E-GLASS
ADVANTAGES
High strength
Low cost
High chemical resistance
Good insulating properties
DRAW BACKS
Low elastic modulus.
Poor adhesion to polymer.
Low fatigue strength
33. EPOXY
Epoxy resin (Araldite LY 556) having properties :-
• Excellent Mechanical Properties
• Good Fatigue Resistance
• Low Shrinkage
• Negligible shrinkage.
Hardener
In the present work Hardener (araldite) HY 951 is
used.
This has viscosity of 10-20 poise at 25 °c.
The hardener is taken 10 % of volume of polymer .
34. 34
Preparation of test specimen:
Hybrid laminates of woven jute and glass mat were prepared by
hand lay-up technique. The type of epoxy resin used in the
present investigation is LY 556 and corresponding hardener is
(HY951).
Epoxy is mixed with hardener in the ratio 10:1 by weight.
A wooden mold of dimension (140 x 130 x5) mm was used for
casting the composite sheet.
A coat of gel was applied on the inner side of the mold and mold
release spray was used for quick and easy removal of the
composite sheet.
Usual hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the
composite sheet of 5 mm thickness at room temperature.
Suitable pieces of the above were cut from the composite plates
for erosion studies. Four groups of laminate composite samples
with total 4 plies were manufactured by varying stacking
sequence of jute and glass fabrics as presented in Table-1
The composites were cured for 72h at room temperature.
36. Micro-hardness
A diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an
angle 1360between opposite faces, is forced into the material under a load F.
The two diagonals X and Y of the indentation left on the surface of the material
after removal of the load are measured and their arithmetic mean L is
calculated.
In the present study, the load considered F = 10N and Vickers hardness
number is calculated using the following equation
37. Micro-hardness measurement is done using a Leco
Vickers Hardness tester (LV 700).
The present investigation reveals that the by
varying the number and position of glass and jute
layers four different stacking sequences are
obtained as shown in Figure.
Its maximum value is for sequence S4.
Where F is the applied load (N)
X is the horizontal length (mm)
Y is the vertical length (mm)
L is the diagonal of square impression (mm)
and
38. 38
Test for Erosive wear
Details of erosion test rig. (1) Sand hopper. (2) Conveyor belt
system for sand flow. (3) Pressure transducer. (4) Particle-air
mixing chamber. (5) Nozzle. (6) X–Y axes assembly. (7) Sample
holder
39. 39
The operating parameters were as follows:-
Test parameters value
Erodent Silica sand
Erodent size(µm) 200±50
Erodent shape irregular
Impact velocity(m/s) 48,70,82
Erodent feed rate(gm/min) 10
Test temp 27°
Nozzle to sample distance(mm) 20
40. 40
Test procedure:
Erosion test rig confirming to ASTM G 76.
It consists of an air compressor, an air particle mixing
chamber and accelerating chamber.
Dry compressed air is mixed with the particles which are fed
at constant rate from a sand flow control knob through the
nozzle tube and then accelerated by passing the mixture
through a convergent tungsten carbide nozzle of 4 mm internal
diameter.
These particles impact the specimen which can be held at
different angles with respect to the direction of erodent flow
using a swivel and an adjustable sample clip.
The velocity of the eroding particles is determined using
standard double disc method.
41. 41
In the present study, dry silica sand (irregular) of different
particle sizes (200 ± 50 µm ) are used as erodent.
The samples are cleaned in acetone, dried and weighed to an
accuracy of +/- 1×10‾³ gm before and after the erosion trials
using a precision electronic balance.
The weight loss is recorded for subsequent calculation of
erosion rate.
The process is repeated till the erosion rate attains a constant
value called steady state erosion rate.
The erosion rate (Er) is then calculated by using the following
equation
Er= ΔW / We
where ΔW is the mass loss of test sample in gm and We is the
mass of eroding particles (i.e., testing time × particle feed rate ).
43. 43
2. Erosion of Jute-Glass hybrid Epoxy composite:
Influence of impingement angle (α) on erosion wear behaviour
Variation of erosion rate with different impingement angle at velocity
(a) 48m/s (b)70m/s and (c) 82 m/s
44. Figure 4(a-c) shows the result of the erosion rate for different stacking
sequence of reinforced hybrid composite as function of angle of
impingement. It is evident from the plot that the erosion rate attains
peak value at impingement angle either at 45º or at 60º for all stacking
sequence. It is known that impingement angle is one of the most
important parameters for the erosion behavior of materials.
In the literature materials as classified as ductile or brittle based on the
dependence of their erosion rate with impingement angle.The ductile
behavior is characterized by maximum erosion rate at low
impingement angle typically 15° < α < 300.
On the other hand, if the maximum erosion rate occurs at normal
impact (α=900) the behavior of the material is brittle. Reinforced
composites have been found to exhibit semi ductile behavior with
maximum erosion rate at intermediate impingement angles; typically
(450 < α <600).
45. However the above classification is not absolute on the erosion behavior of
materials which strongly depends upon the experimental conditions and the
composition of target materials .
Therefore maximum erosion rate between 45º-60º in the present case
indicates that these composites are neither behaving in a purely ductile nor
in a purely brittle manner. So this behavior of these composites can be
termed as semi-ductile in nature.
Figures 5 Shows the result of the erosion rate for different stacking
sequence of reinforced hybrid composite as function of angle of
impingement. It is found that the erosion rate of the composite for the
sequence GJJG is minimum and is maximum for all layers of jute fibers .
Maximum erosion rate between 45º-60º in the present case indicates that
these composites are neither behaving in a purely ductile nor in a purely
brittle manner. So this behavior of these composites can be termed as semi
ductile in nature.
46. Surface morphology of eroded surface
Figure 5(a): GJGJ (45°) Figure 5(b): GJJG 45° Figure 5(c):
JGGJ 60° Figure 5(a) shows the crater formed and the damage caused to the
composite.It shows extensive damage of fibers.
Fig (b) also shows the damage of fibers but still fibers are not pull-
out from the matrix.This might have happened due to lower impact
velocity .
Fig 5(c) shows the chipping out of jute fibers but there is no
damage found to the glass layers.
It can be justified from this fact that erosion resistance of the
natural fiber jute can be improved significantly by hybridising with
synthetic fiber glass.
It can be seen from the surface of the samples that material
removal is mainly due to micro-cutting and micro-ploughing.
47. 47
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn from this study.
1.Incorporation of glass in jute fiber composite enhances the erosive
properties of resulting hybrid composite.
2. SEM studies of worn surfaces support the involved mechanism and
indicated micro-cracking, exposure of fibers, fiber cracking,removal of
the fibers and sand particle embedment.
3. For the same relative weight fraction of jute and glass fiber, layering
sequence has significant effect on erosive wear properties.
5. The influence of impingement angle on erosive wear of all
composites under consideration exhibit semi ductile behavior with
maximum wear rate at 45º-600 impingement angle.
48. 48
REFERENCES
1. B.C. Patel, S.K. Acharya et al 2011.Effect of stacking sequence on the erosive wear
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Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology Vol. 3, No. 1, 2011, pp. 213-219.
2. Bijwe J.,Indumathi J.,John Rajesh J.Fahim M. 2001.Friction and wear behavior of
polyetherimide composites in various wear modes, Wear, Vol.249, pp. 715-726.
3. BijweJ.Indumathi J., Ghose A.K. 2002. On the abrasive wear behavior of fabric-
reinforced polyetherimide composites, Wear, Vol.253, pp. 768-777.
4. Harsha A. P.Thakre A.A. 2007.Investigation on solid particle erosion behavior,
wear, Vol.262pp. 8:7-18.
5. Sabeel A.K.,Vijayarangan S. 2008.Tensile, flexuralproperties of woven jute and
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Technology, Vol.207, No.1-3, pp. 330-335.
6. Santulli A.P. 2009. A Comparative Study on Falling Weight Impact Properties of
Jute/Epoxy and Hemp/Epoxy Laminates, Malaysian Polymer Journal, Vol.4, No.1,
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