Composite materials are composed of two or more distinct materials that produce properties different from the individual components. They have advantages like high strength to weight ratio, better fatigue and toughness properties than metals, and resistance to corrosion. Composites consist of a primary matrix phase that holds a secondary reinforcing phase like fibers, particles, or flakes. The matrix provides shape while the reinforcement improves properties. Fiber reinforced polymer composites are an important class of materials.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
The important points of composite materials are mentioned. This file includes, what is composite materials, its classifications, applications, advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
There are over 100,000 engineering materials to choose from. The typical design engineer should have ready access to information on 30 to 60 materials, depending on the range of applications he or she deals with.
This topic relates to polymer structure and types of plastic. It also explains the usage and mechanical properties of thermo plastic, thermosetting plastic and the process of making plastic products.
Lecture notes on Structure and Properties of Engineering Polymers
Course Objectives:
The main objective is to introduce polymers as an engineering material and emphasize the basic concepts of their nature, production and properties. Polymers are introduced at three levels; namely, the molecular level, the micro level, and macro-level. Through knowledge of all three levels, student can understand and predict the properties of various polymers and their performance in different products. The course also aims at introducing the students to the principles of polymer processing techniques and considerations of design using engineering polymers.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
There are over 100,000 engineering materials to choose from. The typical design engineer should have ready access to information on 30 to 60 materials, depending on the range of applications he or she deals with.
Telah dilakukan sebuah penelitian berjudul Sintesis Komposit Polimer Elektrolit LiBOB Menggunakan Polimer PVdF – HFP Dengan Variasi Komposisi Filler TiO Sebagai Aplikasi Baterai Lihitum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sintesis komposit polimer elektrolit LiBOB, mengetahui karakteristik komposit polimer elektrolit LiBOB hasil sintesis, dan mengetahui aplikasi komposit polimer elektrolit LiBOB pada baterai lihitum.Sintesis LiBOB dapat dibuat dengan bahan – bahan polimer PVdF – HFP, garam LiBOB, dan filler TiO2 menggunakan metode casting pada sampel berbentuk slurry diatas plat kaca. Dibuat tiga variasi komposisi filler TiO2, PVdfF– HFP 70%(wt) LiBOB 30% (wt), dan filler TiO2 0% (wt); PVdfF– HFP 70%(wt) LiBOB 28% (wt), dan filler TiO2 2% (wt); dan PVdfF– HFP 70%(wt) LiBOB 25% (wt), dan filler TiO2 5% (wt). Dilakukan uji karakteristik dengan SEM untuk mengetahui bentuk morfologi, dengan EDX untuk mengetahui homogenitas, dan dengan CV untuk mengetahui reversibilitas ion. Sampel dengan komposisi PVdfF– HFP 70%(wt) LiBOB 25% (wt), dan filler TiO2 5% (wt) merupakan sampel yang paling dapat diaplikasikan pada baterai lihitum.
Struktur kolom komposit adalah struktur kolom yang terdiri dari beton bertulang dan diisi dengan profil baja. Mempunyai keuntungan pengerjaan yang cepat karena biasanya menggunakan balok baja sebagai struktur horizontalnya.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Composite Material Defined
• A materials system composed of two or more physically
distinct phases whose combination produces aggregate
properties that are different from those of its constituents
Advantages
• Composites can be very strong and stiff, yet very light in
weight, so ratios of strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-
weight are several times greater than steel or aluminum
• Fatigue properties are generally better than for common
engineering metals
• Toughness is often greater too
• Composites can be designed that do not corrode like steel
• Possible to achieve combinations of properties not
attainable with metals, ceramics, or polymers alone
3. Components in a Composite Material Nearly all
composite materials consist of two phases:
1. Primary phase - forms the matrix within which the
secondary phase is imbedded
2. Secondary phase - imbedded phase sometimes
referred to as a reinforcing agent, because it usually
serves to strengthen the composite
The reinforcing phase may be in the form of
fibers,particles, or various other geometries
4.
5. Classification Scheme for Composite Materials
1. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) - mixtures of
ceramics and metals, such as cemented carbides and
other cermets
2. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) – Al2O3 and SiC
imbedded with fibers to improve properties,
especially in high temperature applications
The least common composite matrix
3. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC) - thermosetting
resins are widely used in PMC Examples: epoxy and
polyester with fiber reinforcement,and phenolic with
powders
6. Functions of the Matrix Material(Primary Phase)
Provides the bulk form of the part or product made
of the composite material
Holds the imbedded phase in place, usually
enclosing and often concealing it
When a load is applied, the matrix shares the load
with the secondary phase, in some cases deforming so
that the stress is essentially born by the reinforcing
agent
7. The Reinforcing Phase (Secondary Phase)
• Function is to reinforce the primary phase
• Imbedded phase is most commonly one of the
following shapes:
Fibers
Particles
Flakes
• In addition, the secondary phase can take the form of
an infiltrated phase in a skeletal or porous matrix
Example: a powder metallurgy part infiltrated with
polymer
8.
9.
10. Fibers
Filaments of reinforcing material, usually circular incross-
section
Diameters range from less than 0.0025 mm to about 0.13
mm, depending on material
Filaments provide greatest opportunity for strength
enhancement of composites
The filament form of most materials is significantly
stronger than the bulk form
As diameter is reduced, the material becomes oriented in
the fiber axis direction and probability of defects in the
structure decreases significantly
11.
12. Continuous vs. Discontinuous Fibers
Continuous fibers - very long; in theory, they offer a
continuous path by which a load can be carried by the
composite part
Discontinuous fibers (chopped sections of continuous
fibers) short lengths (L/D = roughly 100)
Important type of discontinuous fiber are whiskers –
hair like single crystals with diameters down to about
0.001 mm (0.00004 in.) with very high strength
13. Fiber Orientation – Three Cases
One-dimensional reinforcement, in which maximum
strength and stiffness are obtained in the direction of
the fiber
Planar reinforcement, in some cases in the form of a
two-dimensional woven fabric
Random or three-dimensional in which the composite
material tends to possess isotropic properties
14. Particles and Flakes
A second common shape of imbedded phase is
particulate, ranging in size from microscopic to
macroscopic
Flakes are basically two-dimensional particles - small
flat platelets
The distribution of particles in the composite matrix
is random, and therefore strength and other
properties of the composite material are usually
isotropic
Strengthening mechanism depends on particle size
15. The Interface
There is always an interface between constituent
phases in a composite material
For the composite to operate effectively, the phases
must bond where they join at the interface
16. Interphase
In some cases, a third ingredient must be added to
achieve bonding of primary and secondary phases
Called an interphase, this third ingredient can be
thought of as an adhesive
17. Properties are Determined by Three Factors:
1. The materials used as component phases in the
composite
2. The geometric shapes of the constituents and
resulting structure of the composite system
3. The manner in which the phases interact with one
another
18.
19. Computing composite properties
Determine the mechanical property of Continuous and
Aligned Fiber composites
Longitudinal direction
Fc =Fm + Ff
The assumption of an isostrain state :
The ratio of the load carried by the fibers to that carried by the matrix is
21. Determine the mechanical property of Discontinuous
and Aligned Fiber Composites
If the fiber length (l) is less than critical(lc), the longitudinal
strength
If (l >lc), the longitudinal strength
Where
22. Determine the mechanical property of Discontinuous
and Randomly Oriented Fiber Composites
Where K = fiber efficiency parameter
= 0.1 -0.6.
23. EXAMPLE PROBLEM
A continuous and aligned glass fiber-reinforced composite
consists of 40 vol% of glass fibers having a modulus of
elasticity of 69 GPa and 60 vol% of a polyester resin that,
when hardened, displays a modulus of 3.4 GPa.
(a) Compute the modulus of elasticity of this composite in the
longitudinaldirection.
(b) If the cross-sectional area is 250 mm2
and a stress of 50
MPa is applied in this longitudinal direction, compute the
magnitude of the load carried by each of the fiber and
matrix phases.
(c) Determine the strain that is sustained by each phase when
the stress inpart (b) is applied.
24. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
A polymer primary phase in which a secondary phase is
imbedded as fibers, particles, or flakes
Commercially, PMCs are more important than MMCs
or CMCs
Examples: most plastic molding compounds, rubber
reinforced with carbon black, and fiber-reinforced
polymers (FRPs)
25. Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs)
A PMC consisting of a polymer matrix imbedded with high-
strength fibers
Polymer matrix materials:
Usually a thermosetting (TS) plastic such as unsaturated
polyester or epoxy
Can also be thermoplastic (TP), such as nylons (polyamides),
polycarbonate, polystyrene, and polyvinylchloride
Fiber reinforcement is widely used in rubber products such
as tires and conveyor belts
26. Fibers in PMCs
Various forms: discontinuous (chopped), continuous, or
woven as a fabric
Principal fiber materials in FRPs are glass, carbon, and
Kevlar 49
Less common fibers include boron, SiC, and Al2O3, and
steel
Glass (in particular E-glass) is the most common fiber
material in today's FRPs;
27. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
A metal matrix reinforced by a second phase
Reinforcing phases:
1. Particles of ceramic (these MMCs are commonly called
cermets)
2. Fibers of various materials: other metals, ceramics,
carbon, and boron
28. Cemented Carbides
One or more carbide compounds bonded in a metallic
matrix
Common cemented carbides are based on tungsten
carbide(WC), titanium carbide (TiC), and chromium
carbide(Cr3C2)
Tantalum carbide (TaC) and others are less common
Metallic binders: usually cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni)
29. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
A ceramic primary phase imbedded with a secondary
phase, which usually consists of fibers
Attractive properties of ceramics: high stiffness,
hardness, hot hardness, and compressive strength;
and relatively low density
Weaknesses of ceramics: low toughness and bulk
tensilestrength, susceptibility to thermal cracking
CMCs represent an attempt to retain the desirable
properties of ceramics while compensating for their
weaknesses