Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials with different properties to create a new material with unique characteristics. The document discusses the history, types, manufacturing, and applications of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in industries like automotive and aerospace due to advantages like higher strength and stiffness compared to traditional materials, while remaining lightweight. New techniques like textile composites aim to lower costs and improve performance of composites.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
FIBER SELECTION
Factors to consider when choosing glass type include thermal properties; fiber cost, type of manufacturing process being used, and forms of reinforcement
Image result for metal matrix composites
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A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite.
Presentation on Composite Materials
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
Composite Materials are widely used in day today life and as well as in automotive and aerospace industry which are monolithic composites.but most of the monolithic composites are not able to achieve required mechanical properties,so to achieve those mechanical properties Metal Matrix composites widely used in different sectors.some of Compiled information on MMC are presented in this presentation.
FIBER SELECTION
Factors to consider when choosing glass type include thermal properties; fiber cost, type of manufacturing process being used, and forms of reinforcement
Image result for metal matrix composites
www.slideshare.net
A metal matrix composite (MMC) is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal necessarily, the other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite.
Presentation on Composite Materials
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
Composite Materials are widely used in day today life and as well as in automotive and aerospace industry which are monolithic composites.but most of the monolithic composites are not able to achieve required mechanical properties,so to achieve those mechanical properties Metal Matrix composites widely used in different sectors.some of Compiled information on MMC are presented in this presentation.
Optimization of Heavy Vehicle Suspension System Using CompositesIOSR Journals
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf
Springs are long and narrow plates attached to the frame of a trailer that rest above or below the trailer's axle.
There are mono leaf springs, or single-leaf springs, that consist of simply one plate of spring steel. These are
usually thick in the middle and taper out toward the end, and they don't typically offer too much strength and
suspension for towed vehicles. Drivers looking to tow heavier loads typically use multi leaf springs, which
consist of several leaf springs of varying length stacked on top of each other. The shorter the leaf spring, the
closer to the bottom it will be, giving it the same semielliptical shape a single leaf spring gets from being thicker
in the middle. The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with
fiberglass composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. In this thesis a leaf spring used in a heavy
vehicle is designed. While designing leaf spring following four cases are considered: by changing the thickness,
changing no. of leaves, changing camber and changing span .Present used material for leaf spring is Mild Steel.
The objective of this thesis is to compare the load carrying capacity, stiffness and weight savings of composite
leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stresses and deflections. In this thesis, the
material is replaced with composites since they are less dense than steel and have good strength. The strength
validation is done using FEA software ANSYS by structural analysis. Modal analysis is also done to determine
the frequencies. Analysis is done by layer stacking method for composites by changing number of layers 3, 5, 11
and 23. The composites used are Aramid Fiber and Glass Fiber
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including highspecific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and low cost reinforcements. Among various discontinuous dispersoids used, fly ash is one of the most inexpensive and low density reinforcement available in large quantities as solid waste by-product during combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Hence, composites with fly ash as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier for wide spread applications in automotive and small engine applications.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. OUTLINES
† COMPOSITE MATERIALS
† IT’S APPLICATIONS
† HISTORY
† MATERIALS MOSTLY USED
† DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATRICES
† DIFFERENT FIBERS
† IT’S USES
† TECHNIQUES FOR PREPARING
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
3. Composite Material Diagnosed
• A composite material is made by combining two or more materials – often ones
that have very different properties.
• The two materials work together to give the composite unique properties.
• However, within the composite you can easily tell the different materials apart
as they do not dissolve or blend into each other.
5. ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE.
• Reason to use composite material:-
I. Higher specific strength than metals, non-metals and even alloys.
II. Lower specific gravity in general.
III. Improved stiffness of material.
IV. Composite maintain their weight even at high temperatures.
V. Toughness is improved.
VI. Fabrication or production is cheaper.
VII. Creep and fatigue strength is better.
VIII. Controlled Electrical conductivity is possible.
IX. Corrosion and oxidation resistance.
6. HISTORY OF COMPOSITES
◊ Straw reinforcement mud cited in old testament _organic fiber –
reinforced CMC
◊ GFRP well established by 1950s
◊ R&D on advanced composites:CCCs,PMCs,MMCs AND CMCs started
1960s-1970s
◊ Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers(CFRPs) became dominant
advanced composites in 1970s
◊ CCCs established for thermal protection around 1970s
• MMCs used in specialty applications
- Automobile engines
- Electronics thermal management
7. Definition:
They generally have two phases:-
1. Matrix Phase.
2. Dispersion Phase.
Matrix Phase :-
It is the continuous material constituent which encloses the composite and
give it its bulk form.
Matrix phase may be metal , ceramic or polymer.
Dispersion Phase:-
It is the structure constituent , which determines the internal structure of
composite.
Dispersion Phase is connected to matrix phase by bonding
11. Particle Reinforced Composites
One form of composites is particulate reinforced composites with concrete
being a good example. The aggregate of coarse rock or gravel is embedded in
a matrix of cement. The aggregate provides stiffness and strength while the
cement acts as the binder to hold the structure together.
There are many different forms of particulate composites. The particulates can
be very small particles (< 0.25 microns), chopped fibres (such as glass), platelets,
hollow spheres, or new materials such as Bucky balls or carbon nano-tubes. In
each case, the particulates provide desirable material properties and the matrix
acts as binding medium necessary for structural applications.
12.
13. Large-particle composite
Some polymeric materials to which fillers have been added are really large- particle
composites. The fillers modify or improve the properties of the material. Example of large-
particle composite is concrete, which is composed of cement (the matrix), and sand and
gravel (the particulates).Particles can have quite a variety of geometries, but they should
be of approximately the same dimension in all direction (equated).
For effective reinforcement, the particles should be small and evenly distributed throughout
the matrix. The volume fraction of the two phases influences the behavior; mechanical
properties are enhanced with increasing particulate content.
Rule of mixture: equation predict that the elastic modulus should fall between an upper
and lower bound as shown:
Example: Fig. 1.1 plots upper and lower bound Ec – versus Vp curves for a copper –
tungsten composite; in which tungsten is the particulate phase.
Where:-
Ec: elastic modulus of composite
Ep: elastic modulus of particle
Em: elastic modulus of matrix
Vm: volume fraction of matrix
Vp: volume fraction of particle
14. Dispersion strengthened composite
Dispersion-strengthened means of strengthening materials where in very small
particles (usually less than 0.1 µm) of a hard yet inert phase are uniformly dispersed
within a load – bearing matrix phase.
The dispersed phase may be metallic or nonmetallic, oxide materials are often used.
Figure 1.2 Comparison of the yield strength of dispersion-strengthened sintered
aluminum powder (SAP) composite with that of two conventional two-phase high-
strength aluminum alloys. The composite has benefits above about 300°C. A fiber-
reinforced aluminum composite is shown for comparison.
15. Fiber-Reinforced Composites
The Rule of Mixtures in Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Strength of Composites - The tensile strength of a fiber-reinforced composite
(TSc) depends on the bonding between the fibers and the matrix.
Figure 1.3 The stress-strain curve for a fiber-reinforced composite. At low stresses
(region l), the modulus of elasticity is given by the rule of mixtures. At higher stresses
(region ll), the matrix deforms and the rule of mixtures is no longer obeyed.
16. Types of fibre reinforced composite:-
Continuous & Aligned
The fibres are longer than a critical length which is the minimum length necessary
such that the entire load is transmitted from the matrix to the fibres. If they are shorter
than this critical length, only some of the load is transmitted. Fibre lengths greater that
15 times the critical length are considered optimal. Aligned and continuous
fibres give the most effective strengthening for fibre composites.
17. Discontinuous & Aligned
The fibres are shorter than the critical length. Hence discontinuous fibres are less
effective in strengthening the material, however, their composite modulus and tensile
strengths can approach 50-90% of their continuous and aligned counterparts.
And they are cheaper, faster and easier to fabricate into complicated shapes.
Random
This is also called discrete, (or chopped) fibres. The strength will not be as high as with
aligned fibres, however, the advantage is that the material will be isotropic and
cheaper.
18. Structural Composites
A structural composite consists of both homogeneous and composite material.
There properties depend on, the characteristic properties of the constituent materials
as well as the geometric design.
Structural composite are of two types:-
1.Laminar compost 2.Sandwich panel
19. Laminar Composite
It consists of panels or sheets which
are two dimensional. These panels
possess preferred directions to
achieve high strength.
Such successively oriented layers are stacked one above
with preferred directions and then are cemented. Such
an arrangement or orientation ensures varying highest
strength with each successive layer involved in material.
20. Sandwich Panel
Sandwich panel is also a kind of
layered composite. It consists of ‘faces’
and ‘core’
With increase in thickness of core, its
stiffness increases as seen in the most
common sandwich panel
‘honeycomb’.
Faces:-They are formed by two strong
outer sheets.
Core:-Core is layer of less dense
material.
Honeycomb:-Structure which contain
thin foils forming interlocked
hexagonal cells with their axes oriented
at right angles in the direction of face
sheet.
21. Applications Of Composite Material
1. In automobile industries (e.g. Steel
&Aluminium body)
2. Marine applications like shafts, hulls,
spars (for racing boats)
3. Aeronautical application like
components of rockets, aircrafts
(business and military), missiles etc.
4. Communication antennae, electronic
circuit boards (e.g. PCB, breadboard)
5. Safety equipment like ballistic
protection and Air bags of cars.
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38. Putting it together – the science and technology of
composite materials
•Australia, like all advanced countries, is taking a big interest in
composite materials, which many people see as 'the materials of the
future'. The main concern is to get the costs down, so that composites
can be used in products and applications which at present don’t
justify the cost. At the same time researchers want to improve the
performance of the composites, such as making them more resistant
to impact.
•One new technique involves 'textile composites'. Instead of the
reinforcing fibres being put in place individually, which is slow and
costly, they can be knitted or woven together to make a sort of cloth.
This can even be three-dimensional rather than flat. The spaces
between and around the textile fibres are then filled with the matrix
material (such as a resin) to make the product.
39. This process can quite easily be done by machines rather than by
hand, making it faster and cheaper. Connecting all the fibres together
also means that the composite is less likely to be damaged when
struck.
With the costs coming down, other uses for composites are beginning
to look attractive. Making the hulls and superstructures of boats from
composites takes advantage of their resistance to corrosion. The
Australian Navy’s new minehunters have composite hulls, since the
magnetic effect of a steel hull would interfere with mine detection.
Also in the pipeline are carriages for trains, trams and other 'people
movers', made from composites rather than steel or aluminium. Here
the appeal is the lightness of the composites, as the vehicles then use
less energy. And we are going to see more and more composites in
cars for the same reason.
44. Vacuum Bag Molding
Two sided mold set
Shapes both surfaces of the panel
Lower side is a rigid mold
Upper side is a flexiable membrane or vacuum bag
Bag made of silicone material or an extruded polymer film
Performed at either ambient or elevated temperature
Ambient atmospheric pressure acts upon the vacuum bag
Most economical way uses venturi vacuum and air compressor or a
vacuum pump
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53. Fibre-reinforced composite processing:-
Pultrusion
• Technique allowing industrial automated
continuous production of profiles from composite
materials of synthetic resins. Pultrusion allows the
development of various profiles, section and
variable thickness. The length of the pultruded
profiles is not limited.
Prepreg
It is the term for continuous fibre-
reinforcement preimpregnated with a polymer
resin that is only particularly cured. The final
Prepreg product (the thin tape consisting of
continuous an aligned fibbers embedded in
partially cured resin) is prepared for packing by
winding onto a cardboard core.
54. Fabrication From Prepreg
Actual fabrication begins with the lay up(i.e. laying of the Prepreg tape onto a tooled
surface).Usually a number of piles are lined up to provide the desired thickness. The lay up
arrangement may be unidirectional, but more often the fibre orientation is alternated to reduce
either a cross-ply laminated. Final curing is accomplished by simultaneous application of heat and
pressure. Some of its methods are:-
1.Helical winding 2.circumferential winding
3.Polar winding
55. Failure Of Composite Material
Composite can fail due to breaking of the fibre, micro cracking of
the matrix, de-bonding (i.e. separation of fibres from matrix),
delamination of laminated composite (i.e. separation of lamina
from each other).Some of the most common are:-
1) Failure under longitudinal compressive loading.
2) Failure under longitudinal tensile loading.
3) Failure under transverse compressive loading.
4) Failure under transverse tensile loading.
56. YOUR IDEAS ON THE COMPOSITES OF THE
FUTURE?
Can we innovate more towards the expanding sector of composite material, if
yes how?
How to introduce more life applications of composite material in daily
scenario?
Making the idea spread to the consumer.
Potential stock market enhancement of composite industries.