This document discusses composites, which are materials made from two or more constituent materials with different physical or chemical properties. It describes different types of composites including fiber reinforced plastics, concrete, wood, and others. It focuses on fiber reinforced plastic composites, discussing different fiber types like glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers and how they are produced and used to reinforce plastic matrices. It also addresses properties of fiber reinforced plastics and equations for calculating properties of composite materials.
FIBER SELECTION
Factors to consider when choosing glass type include thermal properties; fiber cost, type of manufacturing process being used, and forms of reinforcement
FIBER SELECTION
Factors to consider when choosing glass type include thermal properties; fiber cost, type of manufacturing process being used, and forms of reinforcement
An insight to modern material used in aircraft and automobile known for its low weight and high strength. This gives an understanding of carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP), its properties, applications, processing technologies.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
This is a ppt which will give u a better understanding of fracture toughness of a material in short time. It also has great exposure to testing method that we do in our laboratory class in undergraduate courses. So good luck with slide.
An insight to modern material used in aircraft and automobile known for its low weight and high strength. This gives an understanding of carbon fiber reinforced plastics(CFRP), its properties, applications, processing technologies.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
This is a ppt which will give u a better understanding of fracture toughness of a material in short time. It also has great exposure to testing method that we do in our laboratory class in undergraduate courses. So good luck with slide.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Analysis Of Lpg Cylinder Using Composite MaterialsIOSR Journals
This paper aims is innovation of alternative materials of Liquid petroleum gas (LPG). So, the finite
element analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders made of Steel and Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
composites has been carried out. Finite element analysis of composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure is
performed. Layered shell element of a versatile FE analysis package ANSYS (version 11.0) has been used to
model the shell with FRP composites.
A number of cases are considered to study the stresses and deformations due to pressure loading inside the
cylinder. First, the results of stresses and deformation for steel cylinders are compared with the analytical
solution available in literature in order to validate the model and the software. The weight savings are also
presented for steel, Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composites LPG cylinders. Variations of stresses
and deformations throughout the cylinder made of steel and GFRP are studied.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Presentation on Composite Materials
Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Researcher at KAIST (Korea Advanced of Science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
SEMINAR 3 @ Study On Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical Properties and Bio-Degrada...Dr.M BALA THEJA
A composite is usually made up of at least two materials, out of which one is the reinforcement material called as fiber and the other is binding material(matrix).
The matrix or binder maintains the position and orientation of the fiber. The fibers provide strength, rigidity and bear the structural load
To Study the mechanical properties of coconut coir fiber reinforced with epo...IJMER
In this study the Mechanical Properties of Coconut coir Fiber is reinforced with epoxy resin
of different lengths (5mm,10mm,15mm) and coir fibers by treating the fiber with NaOH by fraction of
5 % are studied here. All samples were made using hand layup technique and specimens were prepared
as per ASTM standard D3039. The samples were tested according to ASTM D3039 standard using
Universal testing machine (UTM). The significant findings of the research showed that NaOH
treatment improved the tensile properties, ductility and hardness of the composite further Increase in
length of fibers was found to increase the tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength was found for
15 mm length of coir fibers
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
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2. INTRODUCTION
A composite material is a material system, a mixture or
combination of two or more micro or macro constituents
that differ in form and composition and do not form a
solution.
Properties of composite materials can be better-quality to
its individual components.
Examples:
- fiber reinforced plastics
- concrete
- asphalt
- wood etc.
2
3. EXERCISE 1
a.
b.
c.
d.
Give 2 examples of natural composite.
Give 3 special properties of composite materials.
Give 2 applications of composite.
Distinguish between cement and concrete.
3
4. FIBERS FOR REINFORCED PLASTIC COMPOSITE
MATERIALS
FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC is a composite
materials consisting of a mixture of a matrix of a plastic
material such as a polyester or epoxy strengthened by
fibers of high strength such as:
glass
carbon
arimid
The fibers provide the high strength and stiffness and the
plastic matrix bonds the fibers together and supports
them.
4
5. GLASS FIBER FOR REINFORCING PLASTIC RESINS
GLASS fiber are used to reinforce plastic matrices to
form structural composites and molding compounds.
Glass fiber reinforced plastic composite materials have
high strength-weight ratio, good dimensional stability,
good temperature and corrosion resistance and low
cost.
The most important types of glass used to produce glass
fiber for composites are:
i.
ii.
‘S” Glass = ‘S’ (high-strength) glasses used for military and
aerospace application.
‘E” Glass = ‘E’ (electrical glasses) cheaper than S glass
5
6. CARBON FIBERS FOR REINFORCED PLASTICS
CARBON fiber such as epoxy are characterized by having
a combination of light weight, very high strength and high
stiffness (modulus of elasticity).
Produced from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch.
Steps:
Stabilization: PAN fibers are stretched and oxidized in air at
about 2000C.
Carbonization: Stabilized carbon fibers are heated in inert
atmosphere at 1000-15000C which results in elimination of O,H
and N resulting in increase of strength.
Graphitization: Carried out at 18000C and increases modulus
of elasticity at the expense of strength
6
7. ARAMID FIBERS FOR REINFORCING PLASTIC
RESINS
ARAMID fiber is the generic name for aromatic polyamide fibers.
Trade name is Kevlar. There are two commercial type:
Kevlar 29:- Low density, high strength, and used for ropes and
cables.
Kevlar 49:- Low density, high strength and modulus and used for
aerospace and auto applications.
Hydrogen bonds bond fiber together.
Used where resistance to fatigue, high strength and light weight is
important.
7
8. COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Carbon fibers provide best combination of properties.
Due to favorable properties, carbon and aramid fiber reinforced
composites have replaced steel and aluminum in aerospace applications.
8
Figure 12.7: Stress-strain behavior of various types of reinforcing fibers.
9. Figure 12.8: Specific tensile strength (tensile strength to density) and specific
tensile modulus (tensile modulus to density) for various types of reinforcing
fibers.
9
10. MATRIX MATERIALS FOR FIBER REINFORCEDPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Two of the most important MATRIX plastic resins for
fiber-reinforced plastics are:
•
•
unsaturated polyester
epoxy resins
The polyester resin are lower in cost but are usually not as
strong as the epoxy resin.
10
11.
Fiberglass-reinforced POLYESTER resins:
Higher the wt% of glass, stronger the reinforced plastic is.
Nonparallel alignment of glass fibers reduces strength.
Carbon fiber reinforced EPOXY resins:
Carbon fiber contributes to rigidity and strength while epoxy matrix
contributes to impact strength.
Polyimides, polyphenylene sulfides are also used.
Exceptional fatigue properties.
Carbon fiber epoxy material is laminated to meet strength
requirements.
11
13. QUESTION 2
a.
Cite the general difference in strengthening mechanism
between large-particle and dispersion-strengthened
particle-reinforced composites.
b.
A undirectional Kevlar 49 fiber-epoxy composite contains
60% by volume of Kevlar 49 fibers and 40 % epoxy resin.
The density of the Kevlar 49 fibers is 1.48Mg/m3 and that of
the epoxy resin is 1.2 Mg/m3.
i.
ii.
What are the weight percentages of Kevlar 49 and epoxy
resin in the composite material?
(Answer: 64.9%, 35.1%)
What is the average density of the composite?
(Answer: 1.37 Mg/m3)
13
14. EQUATION FOR ELASTIC MODULUS OF LAMELLAR
COMPOSITE
Isostrain condition: Stress on composite causes uniform
strain on all composite layers.
Pc = P f + P m
Pc = Load on composite
Pf = Load on fibers
Pm = load on matrix
Known; σ = P/A
Therefore;
σcAc = σfAf + σmAm
14
15. Since length of layers are equal,
σcVc = σfVf + σmVm
Where;
Vf and Vm = volume fractions
Vc = 1
Therefore;
σc = σfVf + σmVm
15
16. Since strains;
εc = εf = εm
Therefore;
c f V f mVm
c
f
m
Ec = EfVf + EmVm
(Rule of mixture of binary composites)
16
17. LOADS ON FIBER AND MATRIX REGIONS
Since σ = Eε and εf = εm
f Af
E f f Af
E f Af
EfVf
Pm m Am E m m Am E m Am E mVm
Pf
Pc = Pf + Pm
From above two equations, load on each of fiber and matrix
regions can be determined if values of Ef, Em,Vf, Vm and Pc
are known.
17
18. QUESTION 3
The composite consists of a continuous glass-foberreinforced-epoxy resin produced by using 60% by volume of
E-glass fibers having a modulus of elasticity of Ef = 7.24 x
104 MPa and a tensile strength of 2.4 GPa and a harded
eposy resin with a modulus of Em = 3.1 x 103 MPa and
tensile strength of 0.06 GPa. Calculate the composite
a.
i.
ii.
iii.
A modulus of elasticity (Answer: 44.64 GPa)
The tensile strength (Answer: 1.46 GPa)
The fraction of the load carried by the fiber for the following
composite material stresses under isostrain conditions.
(Answer: 0.97)
18
19. ISOSTRESS CONDITION
Stress on the composite structure produces an equal stress
condition on all the layers.
σc = σf + σm
εc = εf + εm
Assuming no change in area and assuming unit length of the
composite
εc = εfVf + εmVm
19
20. But;
c
Ec
, f
Ef
, m
Em
Therefore;
Ec
V f
Ef
Vm
Em
20
21. ELASTIC MODULUS FOR ISOSTRESS CONDITION
We know that
Ec
V f
Ef
Vm
Em
21
• Higher modulus values are obtained with isostrain loading for
equal volume of fibers
22. Dividing by σ;
V f Vm
1
Ec E f Em
V f E m Vm E f
1
Ec E f E m Em E f
Ec
E f Em
V f E m Vm E f
22
23. QUESTION 4
a.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity for a composite material
consisting of 60% by volume of continuous E-glass fiber and 40%
epoxy resin for the matrix when stressed under isostress
conditions (i.e. the material is stresses perpendicular to the
continuous fiber). The modulus of elasticity of the E glass is 72.4
GPa and that of the epoxy resin is 3.1 GPa.
(Answer : 7.3 GPa)
23
24. WOOD
Wood is naturally occurring composite with polymeric
material lignin and other organic compounds.
Nonhomogenous and highly anisotropic.
Consists of layers:
(a) Outer bark – provides protection
(b) Inner bark – moist and soft,
carries food
(c) Cambium layer – forms wood
and bark cells
(d) Sapwood – carries wood and sap.
(e) Heartwood – dead, dark and
provides strength
(f) Pith – Soft tissue at the center
(g) Wood rays
24
25. PROPERTIES OF WOOD
Moisture content: Water occurs in wood as absorbed in fiber walls
or in cell fiber lumen.
150% for softwood and sapwood.
Wood moisture content (wt%) =
Wt of water in sample
x 100
Wt of dry wood sample
Mechanical strength: Compressive strength parallel to the grain is 10
times higher than that perpendicular to the grain.
Wood in green condition is weaker than kiln-dried wood.
Shrinkage: Green wood shrinks if dried.
Shrinkage is more in transverse direction.
25
26. QUESTION 5
A piece of wood containing moisture weighs 165.3g and
after oven drying to a constant weight, weighs 147.5g.
What is its percent moisture content?
(Answer: 12.1%)
26
27. REFERENCES
A.G. Guy (1972) Introduction to Material Science,
McGraw Hill.
J.F. Shackelford (2000). Introduction to Material Science
for Engineers, (5th Edition), Prentice Hall.
W.F. Smith (1996). Principle to Material Science and
Engineering, (3rd Edition), McGraw Hill.
W.D. Callister Jr. (1997) Material Science and
Engineering: An Introduction, (4th Edition) John Wiley.
27