This document discusses polymer matrix composites (PMCs), which consist of a polymer resin matrix reinforced with fibers. It defines resin as a solid or viscous material that forms a polymer after curing. The document discusses the types and advantages of resin matrices, including thermosetting and thermoplastic resins such as epoxy, phenolic, and polyimide resins. It also describes PMC manufacturing methods like resin transfer molding and injection molding and applications of PMCs in aerospace, automotive, construction, and medical industries due to benefits like high strength and stiffness to weight ratios.

1. Definition:
Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) is the material consisting of a polymer (resin) matrix
combined with a fibrous reinforcing dispersed phase.
Why we used the term “Resin” and what it mean????
Is it polymer???
Wikipedia answer it as ,
Polymer is a large molecule consisting of many repeating subunits. Resin is a solid or
viscous material which gives a polymer after curing. Resins can be synthetic or natural
and generally are mixtures of organic compounds. After polymerizarion or curing,
resins form polymers.
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Polymer Matrix Composite

2. Why we used Matrix Resin??
Advantage and functions of Matrix Resin:
1. Provide a uniform distribution of the structural and environmental load to
the reinforcing fiber through a good adhesion to and a strong interface
with the reinforcement .
2. Protect the surface of the composite against abrasion , wear and tear, and
corrosion , all of which can initiate fracture.
3. Absorb the impact loads and minimize stress concentrations by enhancing
the fracture toughness.
4. Resist high temperature and withstand repeated cycling of operation ,
especially under hygroscopic conditions and thus prevent or delay the
onset of microcracking in the composite.
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3. Types of Resins:
Chemically the Matrix Resins may be classified into two categories.
1. Thermosetting Resins and
2. Thermoplastic Resins
Thermosetting Resins:
Basically thermosetting resins are telechelic oligomers , which are hardened by heating and
cannot be remolded.
They form irreversible cross link during the curing process.
Thermosets cross link during the curing process to form an irreversible bond
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4. Common types of resins:
 Epoxy Resins
 Phenolic Resins ( PF Resins)
 Polyimides Resins
 Cyanate Resins
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5. Epoxy Resins
Epoxy resins may be broadly classified into
Bifunctional and Multifunctional types
Difunctional Epoxies:The most common matrixs of
this class is Diglycidyl ether or Bisphenol-A basic
structure of which given in the figure-a. Where n
varies between0.2 and 12 ,corresponding to a
number-average molecular weight (Mn) of about 400
to 4300.
Multifunctional Epoxies: The Epoxy-novolaks and the
Tetrafunctional epoxy resin TGDMA are typical
matrices of this class.The epoxy novolaks resulting
result from the reaction of Epichlorohydrin with the
novolak-phenolic,bearing 2 to 5 epoxy per molecule
on average as shown as figure-b and TGDMA formed
from the reacton of Methylene dianiline with
Epichlorohydrin shown figure-c.
Diglycidyl ether or Bisphenol-A
Epoxy-novolaks
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6. Phenolic Resins (PF Resins)
Phenol Resins are one of the oldest commercial
matrices identified with the composites industry.
Nowadays its used in special purpose such as
aircraft application.PF Resins are prepared in two
ways,
1.By an acid catalyzed reaction of phenol with less
than a molar ratio of formaldehyde (<0.85)
yielding a low melting thermoplastic solid known
as a NOVOLAK.
2.By a base catalyzed reaction of phenol with
excess formaldehyde (>3.0) to form a medium
molecule weight liquid ,which can be heat cured or
cure by acid or base to yield tightly cross linked PF
matrices. The overall reaction sequence is shown
figure-a
Crosslinked resin
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7. Polyimides
Polyimide as matrices offer unusually high heat resistance
exceeding 300 degree as well as excellent thermo-oxidative
stability.
Cyanate Ester
Cyanate ester resin matrices show better performance than
the epoxies especially in filament winding ,compression
molding and other operation.
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8. Thermoplastic Resin
Description:
Thermoplastic resins are raw, unshaped polymers that turn to liquid when
heated and turn solid when cooled. They can be repeatedly remelted and
remolded.
Catagories:
Polyaryl Ethers
Thermoplastic Polyimides
Polyarylene sulfides
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9. Polyaryl Ethers (PAE)
Polyaryl ethers are prepared from
diaryl halides, activated by Sulfone,
carbonyl or nitrile groups. Thus,
Polyaryl ether sulfones are obtained by
the nucleophilic displacement of
4,4′‐dichlorodiphenyl sulfone by
disodium bisphenet. The ether linkages
and isopropilidine groups provide the
system with flexibility and toughness
and help improve the processability at
lower temperature.
Figure: Chemical Reaction of Polyaryl Ether
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10. Thermoplastic Polyimides(TPI)
Polyamideimide commercially marketed as
Torlon, they are prepared by the reaction of
trimellitoyl acid and an aromatic diamine as
shown in the figure.
It is noted for a combination of toughness
and damage tolerance in the composites
along with strong adhesion to the fiber
reinforcement.
Figure: Polyamideimide synthesis
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11. Polyarylene Sulfide
Polyphenylene sulfide is the typical resin
of this class , marketed by phillips
corporation under the trade name
RYTON.A semicrystalline polymer with
flame retardance. It is prepared by the
reaction of para dichlorobenzene with
sodium disulfide in polar organic
solvents.
Figure: Polyphenylene sulfide
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12. • Molecular composites may be regarded as rigid rod polymeric
materials as reinforcements , dispersed in a random coil polymer
matrix.
Molecular composite:
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13. Molecular entanglement ,as with Kevlar fibers and nylon-6 matrix.
Grafting , as with the flexible epoxy polymer grafted on to a Kevlar
backbone.
Block copolymerization effected between the hard and soft
segments.
How can we make molecular composite?
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14. Polymer Processing
Forming process for Thermosetting
matrix composites:
Resin transfer molding
Pultrusion
Hand layup and spray up techniques
Filament winding
Autoclave molding
Forming process for Thermoplastic
matrix composites:
Injection molding
Diaphragm forming
Film stacking
Thermoplastic tape laying
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15. Resin Transfer Molding
• In which fiber preform or dry fiber reinforcement is packed into a mold
cavity that has the shape of the desired part and then supply the matrix to
form the product.
• A close molding process.
• Molding unit has two halves namely upper half mold (core) and lower half
mold (cavity)
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16. Resin Transfer Molding
PROCESS :
i. Dry reinforcement that is known as preform is inserted into a heated matched
die mold.
ii. The heated mold is closed and the liquid resin is injected.
iii. The part is cured in mold.
iv. Finally mold is opened and part is removed from mold.
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17. Resin Transfer Molding
Advantages :
 Large complex shapes and curvatures can be made easily.
 High level of automation.
 Simpler than in manual operation.
 Takes less time to produce.
 Low volatile emission.
 Cost effective.
Disadvantages :
 Mold design is complex.
 Fiber reinforcement may move during resin transfer.
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18. Injection Molding
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19. Injection Molding
• Closed mold process.
• Polymer-fiber mixture in form od pellets is fed through a hopper.
• The material is then conveyed forward by a feeding screw and forced into a split mold,
filling its cavity through a feeding system with sprue gate and runners.
• Reciprocating screw since it not only rotates but also moves forward and backward
according to the steps of molding cycle.
• It acts as a ram in the filling step.
• Then retracts backward in molding step.
• Heating elements , placed over the barrel , soften and melt the polymer.
• The mold is equipped with a cooling system providing controlled cooling and
solidification of the material.
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20. Injection Molding
Advantages :
 Process can be fully automated.
 High productivity & quality.
 Price less low.
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21.  Application of PMCs
Aerospace & Military Aircraft:
 About 50% of advanced composites are used in aerospace industries in USA.
 The primary matrix materials used in this application are Epoxies, And the most common
reinforcements are Carbon/graphite(e.g.Kevlar), And high stiffness glass fibers.
 # So the Question is,, Why do they use PMCs?
 Compared to metals, the principle advantages in Aerospace applications are their superior
specific strength and stiffness, resulting in weight savings of 10 to 60 percent over metal
designs.
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22.  Application of PMCs
Aerospace & Military Aircraft:
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23. APPLICATION OF PMCs
• The principle motivation for introducing PMCs is cost savings, Because
the industry is mature and highly competitive
• Because of greatly improved corrosion resistance PMC automobiles
could last 20 or more years compared to the current average vehicle
lifetime.
• Because of light weight , the gasoline cost will be reduced.
Automobile Industry:
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24. APPLICATION OF PMCs
Automobile Industry:
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25. APPLICATION OF PMCs
Construction:
A potentially high volume market for PMCs lies in construction
applications specially in…Construction of
• Buildings
• Bridges
• Housings
• Lampposts
• Highway culverts etc.
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26. • The application of PMCs on Orthopedic devices
such as
 Hips
 Knees
 Bone plates
 Intramedullary nail is expected to be specially
significant.
APPLICATION OF PMCs
Medical device:
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27. Advantages And Disadvantages of PMCs
Advantages Disadvantages
► Good stiffness and strength.
► Low density.
► Relatively low cost.
► High corrosion resistance.
► Low efficient of thermal
expansion.
► Relatively mature technology.
► Excellent in-service experience.
► Light in weight.
► Low maximum working
temperature.
► Sensitivity to radiation and
moisture.
► Processing temperatures are higher.
► Required special processing
equipment.
► Thermoset resins have poor impact
resistance.
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28. In 21st century, we are in need of light but stronger materials. From
automobile to aerospace, medical, military technology and even in
household, we need heavy duty, corrosion resistance materials.
And the use of composite in these sectors are really good initiative
and day by day The field sector is getting stronger. Among all the
composites PMC have a strong place due to its specialization.
Conclusion
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29. References:
We took help from
Book
Composite Materials –S.C. Sharma
Website
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.quora.com/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/epoxy-resin
https://www.britannica.com/technology/polymer-matrix-composite-material
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11837-018-2917-x
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30. Thank you all for being with us
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