Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This paper represents the review on vibration analysis of hybrid composites. As we know that vibration and composite materials are two main growing research topics now-a-days. Almost all the structural components subjected to dynamic loading in their working life and vibration affects working life of the structure so it is very important in designing a component to reduce the structural vibration and its amplitude. Composite material applications are wide in the aerospace, civil, marine, and automotive industries due to their high specific stiffness and strength, excellent fatigue resistance, long durability and many other superior properties compared to ordinary composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers have high strength and light weight properties. But CFRP suffer from high frequency vibrations at low operating conditions. In this paper studying the hybridization of high stiffened CFRP with basalt fiber to reduce vibrations under cantilever boundary condition.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Study on Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Laminated CompositesPremier Publishers
This paper represents the review on vibration analysis of hybrid composites. As we know that vibration and composite materials are two main growing research topics now-a-days. Almost all the structural components subjected to dynamic loading in their working life and vibration affects working life of the structure so it is very important in designing a component to reduce the structural vibration and its amplitude. Composite material applications are wide in the aerospace, civil, marine, and automotive industries due to their high specific stiffness and strength, excellent fatigue resistance, long durability and many other superior properties compared to ordinary composites. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers have high strength and light weight properties. But CFRP suffer from high frequency vibrations at low operating conditions. In this paper studying the hybridization of high stiffened CFRP with basalt fiber to reduce vibrations under cantilever boundary condition.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Abstract In the last decades the composites have been widely used in the construction, automobile and aerospace industries. Among them,
Natural fiber composites are emerging as low cost, lightweight and superior alternatives to synthetic fiber composites. This study
related to the development of bio-degradable composites using Epoxy resin and Sisal/Jute fibers. The fibers are chemically
treated at different percentages of NaOH i.e.,3%, 6% and 9%. Tensile and flexural strength of the composites were determined
using UTM. The natural frequencies of the cantilever composite beam were determined analytically using Euler’s theory and
numerically using Ansys 15.0. From the results, the results agree close to each other.
Keywords: Sisal Fiber, Jute Fiber, Alkali Treatment, Modal Analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Influence of joint clearance on kinematic and dynamic parameters of mechanismIOSR Journals
Kinematic joints for dynamic analysis of multi-body mechanical systems assumed ideal or perfect.
However, in a real mechanical kinematical joint clearance is always present. Such clearance is necessary for
the component assemblage and to allow the relative motion between the connected bodies. This clearance is
inevitable due to the manufacturing tolerances, material deformations, wear, and imperfections. The presence of
such joint clearance degrades the performance of mechanical systems in virtue of the contact and impact forces
that take place at the joint. Contact analysis is a computational bottleneck in mechanical design where the
contact changes. Manual analysis is time-consuming and prone to error. To address these problems, a
geometrical contact analysis method based on kinematic simulation, using CAD software is developed. An
equivalent kinematic linkage mechanism is constructed according to contact position of pin and hole assembly.
Results of kinematic and dynamic analysis of a four bar linkage with joint clearance shows that the contribution
of joint forces at slower input speed also degrades the performance of mechanism
Evaluations of the Effect of Workshop/Laboratory Accidents and Precautionary ...IOSR Journals
A good number of scientist, engineers, laboratory or workshop users have lost their lives and the
lives of others due to accidents in the workshop caused by ignorance, neglect or carelessness. This paper focus
on the incident and prevalence rate of workshop and laboratory accidents in twenty (20) schools within Cross
River State, Nigeria. The investigation took place between January 2008 and December 2012 (a period of five
years). A total of 66 departments were investigated. The data was source with the help of the technologist and
head of Department of each of the schools. Based on these data, using descriptive analysis, multiple bar chart
and Trend analysis (Analysis of variance-SPSS) to show the growth and decline of laboratory or workshop
accidents across various departments over the years of study. The result revealed that the average number of
accidents occurred most in chemistry department; UNICAL and CRUTECH at 25 and 18 respectively, (table 1
and 2). And that of 18 secondary schools indicated that Bekwara Local Government Area was the highest
numbers of accidents (20.0) table 3, while Biase Local Government Area had the least (10.2), physics and
biology had recorded less accidents (table 3). In the two universities, computer/Maths statistic Department had
less laboratory accident due to not being exposed to heavy chemical. Hence, from this result, 40 workshop
safety and precautionary steps are release to avoid or minimize accidents in the laboratory or workshop towards
a healthy carrier.
Tailoring of composite cantilever beam for maximum stiffness and minimum weightIOSR Journals
As the natural resources goes on decreasing now a days and to meet the needs of natural resources conservation, energy economy most of the manufacturers and their sub contractors are attempting to reduce the weight of the members in recent years. In this approach they are searching for low cost, high strength to weight ratio materials. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials. Composite materials have the major advantage of high strength to weight ratio with continuously decreasing travel of cost in addition to other advantages like excellent corrosive resistance, superior torsional buckling and fatigue strength and high specific strain energy storage capacity. The present work aims at the suitability of composite materials usage, by the identification of optimal fiber orientation stacking sequence and tailoring for laminate thickness/width for maximum stiffness and minimum weight design of laminated composite beam. The structural response is evaluated from conventional metallic structure with optimization techniques for maximizing stiffness and minimum weight. These metallic optimum values are extended initially to composite beam to maintain strength with the developed of optimization algorithm. Later with topology optimization and by tailoring cross-sections algorithm of the beam is evaluated with optimal fiber orientations and stacking sequence to maintain strength as in additional advantage of less weight for composites. Tailoring is done based on gradual decrement in cross-section over the length in both thickness and width direction. Numerical results are presented for cantilever beam with different geometries showing the maximizing stiffness and with minimum weight. The results indicate that the devised strategy is well suited for finding optimal fiber orientations and laminate thickness/width in the tailoring design of slender laminated composite structure.
Objective function to Optimize Bending Stress at Critical Section of Asymmetr...IOSR Journals
Main objective of this paper is to optimize Bending stress at critical section, which is most important
parameter in gear design. It must be low as low possible. Bending Stress optimize by all affected Parameters of
asymmetric spur gear tooth at critical section of tooth. Objective function for bending stress at critical section
has been developed to minimize/optimize bending stress at critical section thickness of asymmetric spur gear
tooth. A programme has been developed in SciLab software with help of developed objective function to
optimize the bending stress at critical section of an asymmetric spur gear. Result obtains from SciLab
programme compared to ANSYS software and give comment on validation of developed objective function
Study of the Tribological behavior of as cast Al-4.2%Cu-Al2O3 compositeIOSR Journals
The research work is carried out on the study of tribological property of aluminium based metal matrix composite material, which is fabricated by using sol-gel technique. The composite material is prepared through liquid metallurgy method by using varying percentage of Alumina and aluminium and fixed percentage of copper 4.2%. Test sample billet is fabricated through casting method and has been examined the different mechanical behaviour such as Vickers Hardness Number, Ultimate Tensile Strength, 0.2% Proof Stress, etc.
From the study, it has been observed that with increase in the alumina content in matrix the ductility of composite show a contrary effect. The Pin-On-Disc test is used to evaluate the tribological property wear for composite material and it is observered that tendency of wear rate has improved. The weight losses of the specimen are measured and wear and friction characteristics are calculated with respect to time. Depth of wear track, sliding speed, bearing load friction coefficient and wear volume have been shown large sensitivity to the applied normal load and the testing time (or sliding distance). The XRD and SEM analysis are used to analyse the wear debris and track; and silent conclusion has been drawn
Bandwidth enhancement of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using slotsIOSR Journals
In this paper, a new design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) without slot, with slots
and array is proposed and analyzed. The designed antenna has been simulated using HFSS software. The
simulated results for return loss, radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed. The bandwidth of
proposed antenna is 2.4GHz-5.9GHz for VSWR(voltage standing wave ratio)<2><-
10dB return loss as an acceptable reference in wireless applications which cover worldwide interoperability for
microwave access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and other applications. Gain of 10dB is
achieved for antenna array.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
Recently natural fibres have been receiving considerable attention as substitutes for synthetic fibre
reinforcements due to their low cost, low density, acceptable specific strength, good thermal insulation
properties, reduced tool wear, reduced thermal and respiratory irritation and renewable resources. The aim of
this work is to develop chemically treated and chemically untreated fibre reinforced composite material with
optimum properties so that it can replace the existing synthetic fibre reinforced composite material for a suitable
application. In this work, polyester resin has been reinforced with jute fabric, so as to develop jute fibre
reinforced plastic (JFRP) with a weight ratio of 10:1:1 Hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the
composites where Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and cobalt Naphthalene were used as coupling agent and
accelerator respectively. The thickness of the composite specimen was obtained by laying up layer of fibre and
matrix. The untreated composites have been used and mechanical properties are compared with natural fibre and
jute fibre composite by using the Ansys method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 9, Issue 6 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 07-14
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber
reinforced in Epoxy Resin
E.chandana1*,
Dr.Syed Altaf Hussian2
,
1*
PG student, RGM college of Engineering &Technology, Nandyal- 518501, INDIA
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RGM college of Engineering &Technology, Nandyal- 518501, INDIA
Abstract: Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering
material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new
markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to
make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the
industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will
depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving
the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared
to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost,
biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing
composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to
determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were
prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%,
20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally
and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Keyword: Bamboo fiber, Epoxy, Thermal conductivity, guarded heat flow.
I. Introduction
The word composite in the term composite material signifies that two or more materials are combined
on a macroscopic scale to form a useful third material. The key is the macroscopic examination of a material
where in the components can be identified by the naked eye. Different materials can be combined on a
microscopic scale, such as in alloying of metals, but the resulting material is, for all practical purposes
macroscopically homogeneous, i.e., the components cannot be distinguished by the naked eye and essentially
act together. The advantage of composite material is that, if will designed, they usually exhibit the best qualities
of their components or constituents and often some qualities that neither constituent possesses. The advantage of
composite materials over conventional materials are largely from their higher specific strength, stiffness and
fatigue characteristics, which enables structural design to be more versatile. By definition, composite materials
consist of two or more constituents with physically separable phases. However, only when the composite phase
materials have notably different physical properties it is recognized as being a composite material.
Reinforcement provides strength and rigidity, helping to support structural load. The matrix or binder (organic
or inorganic) maintains the position and orientation of the reinforcement. Thermoplastics occupy only a small
percentage of the advanced composite market, while other and epoxy thermoset materials contribute to more
than 70 per cent. Epoxy resins the most important matrix polymer when it comes to high performance. Natural
fibers such as bamboo, coir, jute, flux, sisal etc., are low density fibers available at low cost. Natural fibers are
renewable and also easily biodegradable. In spite of having several merits, natural fibers show lower modulus,
lower strength and poor resistance when compared with the composites reinforced with synthetic fibers such as
glass, carbon and aramid. To overcome these limitations and to obtain great diversity of material Composites
Materials are combinations of two phases in which one of the phases, called the reinforcing phase, which is in
the form of fiber sheets or particles and are embedded in the other phase called the matrix phase. The primary
functions of the matrix are to transfer stresses between the reinforcing fibers or particles and to protect them
from mechanical and environmental damage whereas the presence of fibers or particles in a composite improves
its mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness etc. A composite is therefore a synergistic combination of
two or more micro-constituents which differ in physical form and chemical composition and which are insoluble
in each other. Our objective is to take advantage of the superior properties of both materials without
compromising on the weakness of either. Composite materials have successfully substituted the conventional
materials in several applications like light weight and high strength. The reasons why composites are selected
for such applications are mainly due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, high tensile strength at elevated
temperatures, high creep resistance and high toughness. Typically, the reinforcing materials are strong with low
densities while the matrix is usually a ductile or tough material. If the composite is designed and fabricated
2. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
correctly it combines the strength of the reinforcement with the toughness of the matrix to achieve a
combination of desirable properties not available in any single traditional material. The strength of the
composites depends primarily on the amount, arrangement and type of fiber or particle reinforcement in the
resin. Fiber reinforced polymers offer advantages over other conventional materials when specific properties are
compared. That’s the reason for these composites finding applications in diverse fields from appliances to
spacecrafts. Natural fibers are largely divided into two categories depending on their origin: plant based and
animal based. Therefore, natural fiber can serve as reinforcements by improving the strength and stiffness and
also reducing the weight of resulting biocomposites materials, although the properties of natural fibers vary with
their source and treatments.
Fadhel Abbas Abdullah et al. [1] Investigated on natural composites of jute and white feature as there
raw material for finding thermal conductivity and concluded that increasing in volume in volume fraction of
natural fiber causes decreases in thermal conductivity.
Monika et al. [2] focused on Thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced composite by varying
volume fraction, fiber length concluded increase in volume fraction of fiber by decreases in thermal
conductivity.
II. Material And Methods
2.1 Material
High performance epoxy resin LY 556 and the curing agent hardener HY 951 system were used as the
matrix. Bamboo fibers were procured from Tripura state of India in the dried form. Some of these fibers were
soaked in 3moles of NaoH solution for 30 min. to remove any greasy material and hemi cellulose, washed
thoroughly in distilled water and dried under the sun for one week.
2.2 Composite Manufacturing
Composites are prepared as per the ASTM E-1530 standards. The foremost required resin mixture is
prepared by adding accelerator and catalyst 10% to resin at room temperature. The samples were prepared using
Hand –lay up technique was adopted to fill up the prepared mould with an appropriate amount of polymer resin
mixture and bamboo fiber. For making the composite, a molding box was prepared with leather as per the
ASTM standards with 200 mm X 100 mm X 3 mm mould cavity. Fiber and epoxy resin is mixed slowly and
filled in mold without any bubbles.Therfore at the time of curing a some compression pressure is applied on the
mold and the composite specimen were cured for 24 hrs .the specimen were also post cured at 70°c for 2 hrs
after removing from the mold.
2.3 Preparation of Test Specimens
Thermal conductivity testing samples were prepared in cylindrical shape as per ASTM E-1503 (50mm
diameter and 3 mm thickness) by changing the fiber loading fraction (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%).
Figure1: samples pieces for testing Thermal conductivity
2.4 Experimental test for Thermal conductivity
The specimens were tested by using guarded heat flow meter (Unitherm model 2022, ANTER Corp.,
Pittsburgh, PA).the following equation(1) is used for calculation of thermal conductivity
Q=
KA t1−t2
x
(1)
R=
t1−t2
q
(2)
K =
x
R
(3)
Where Q is the heat flux (W), K is the thermal conductivity (W/m-K), A is the cross- sectional area (m2), t1-t2
is the difference in temperature (K) and x is the thickness of the sample, R is the resistance of the sample
between hot and cold surfaces (m2-K/W).
3. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
Fig: 2 Experimental set up of Unitherm 2022
In Unitherm 2022 the heat flux transducer measures the Q value and the temperature difference can be obtained
between the upper plate and lower plate. Thus the thermal resistance can be calculated between the upper and
lower surfaces. Giving the input value of thickness and taking the known.
2.5 Theoretical test for thermal conductivity
To date, several models for determining the thermal conductivity of polymer composites have been
proposed. There are many types of composite systems in which a polymer is reinforced with unidirectional
arranged fibers. In those systems, the thermal conductivity of the composite is the highest. This is due to the
anisotropic nature of fibers; while the conductivity is good along the fiber, the heat flow across the fiber is poor.
On the other hand, if the alignment of fibers is perpendicular to the direction of thermal flux, the thermal
conductivity will be the lowest. The thermal conductivity of fiber and matrix have been evaluated by
extrapolating the linear regression of thermal conductivity values of the composite to 100% fiber and 0% fiber
and are found be 0.07W/mK and 0.368W/mK respectively. The behavior of the thermal conductivity of different
composites can now be explained using thermal conductivity values of the fiber. Further, the measured thermal
conductivity of composites was compared with series model (Rule of mixture) and E-S model. The expressions
for these two
2.5.1 Rule of mixture or Series model:
There are many types of composite systems in which a polymer is reinforced with fibres. In those
systems, thermal conductivity of composite is the highest. This is because the fibres are gathered in the polymer
to form a conductive block of polymer whose alignment of conductive block of polymer is perpendicular to the
direction of thermal flux the thermal conductivity will be the lowest (series model).
1
Kc
=
Vf
Kf
+
1−Vf
Km
(4)
Where Vf and Kf denote the volume fraction and the thermal conductivity of fiber, respectively, while km is the
thermal conductivity of matrix.
2.5.2 E-S model
A general expression for effective transverse thermal conductivities of unidirectional composites was
derived by Zou et al.The model was presented based on the thermal– electrical analogy technique for elliptical
filament and square packing array unit cell model (E-S model). The dimensionless effective transverse thermal
conductivity, ke, the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the composite, kc, to the thermal conductivity of matrix,
km, were expressed as a function of the ratio of thermal conductivities of filler to matrix, β, filler volume
fraction, Vf, and the geometry ratio of the filler, ρ=a/b, where a and b are the axial lengths of the ellipse along
the x-axis and y-axis, respectively
Ke =
Kc
km
= 1 −
1
c
+
π
2d
−
c
d2−c2d ln d +
d2−c2
c
(5)
C =
πρ
Vf
2
, d = ρ
1
β
− 1 , β =
Kf
Km
(6)
When ρ = 1 (i.e., a =b), the present model can be simplified as the cylindrical filaments in a square packing
array unit cell model.
III. Result And Disscusion
3.1 Experimental test for Thermal conductivity
In this work composite material is fabricated using hand layup method. The experiment were conducted by
using guarded heat flow meter (Unitherm model 2022, ANTER Corp., Pittsburgh, PA )and Table 1 shows the
result of thermal conductivity for various weight fraction of fiber
4. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Table1: Variation of thermal conductivities for varying weight fraction of fiber
Fig3: Effect of weight fraction on thermal conductivities in Experimental model
3.2Theoretical test for thermal conductivity
The calculated thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber polymer composites as a
function of fiber content are presented in (fig 2) and (fig 3).It is observed that the theoretical model
overestimated the values of thermal conductivity with respect to the experimental model. This may be attributed
to the fact that some of the assumptions taken to the model are not practical. Further, in two theoretical models,
orientation of the fibers was assumed to be perfect, but in actual practice when liquid matrix is poured over
fibers some of the fibers may be misaligned to each other and table2 shows the result series model of thermal
conductivity by varying weight fraction of fiber and table 3 shows the result E-s model of thermal conductivity
by varying weight fraction.
Table2: Variation of thermal conductivities on varying weight fraction
Fig4: Effect of weight fraction on thermal conductivities
0.17
0.175
0.18
0.185
0.19
0.195
0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Experimentalmodel
weight fraction
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
thermalconductivity
weight fraction
s.no Fiber weight fraction(Wf)% Thermal conductivity(w/m-k)
1 10 0.197
2 20 0.195
3 30 0.1889
4 40 0.1880
5 50 0.184
6 60 0.173
S .no Fiber weight fraction(Wf)% Thermal conductivity (w/m-k)
Series model
1 10 0.216
2 20 0.168
3 30 0.144
4 40 0.130
5 50 0.120
6 60 0.113
5. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
Table3: Variation of thermal conductivities for varying weight fraction
Fig5: Effect of weight fraction on thermal conductivities
3.3Thermal Analysis by using Ansys software
In this study, Ansys software has been used in the finite element analysis to conduct the thermal analysis
of composite structure.The Finite Element Method (FEM), originally introduced by Turner in 1956, is a
powerful computational technique for approximate solutions to a variety of "real-world" engineering problems
having complex domains subjected to general boundary conditions. FEM has become an essential step in the
design or modelling of a physical phenomenon in various engineering disciplines. A physical phenomenon
usually occurs in a continuum of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) involving several field variables. The field
variables vary from point to point, thus possessing an infinite number of solutions in the domain. The FEM is
thus a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solutions to a large class of engineering problems
involving stress analysis, heat transfer, fluid flow etc. ANSYS is general-purpose finite-element modelling
package for numerically solving a wide variety of mechanical problems that include static/dynamic, structural
analysis (both linear and nonlinear), heat transfer, and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electromagnetic
problems. The main objective to applying thermal analysis is to figure out the temperatures and heat flow on
each node generated by ANSYS for numerical solution in composite structure.
3.3.1 Model Development
Bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin has investigated in two-dimensional. Two-dimensional model
have been developed for fiber–reinforced composites. For 2-D model, shape of the matrix material has been
chosen as infinitely long square prism; whereas shape of the fiber have been chosen as infinitely long cylinder.
The dimensions of the square of the matrix is fixed unity and the fiber dimension is varying as φ(20%).In the
numerical analysis of the heat conduction problem, the temperatures at the nodes along the surfaces is
prescribed as T1 (303k) ambient temperature and another side T2 (333k). The other surfaces parallel to the
direction of the heat flow are all assumed adiabatic. The temperatures at the nodes in the interior region and on
the adiabatic boundaries are unknown. These temperatures are obtained with the help of finite-element program
package ANSYS.
Formula for finding thermal conductivity:
𝐾 =
𝑞
𝐴
(7)
𝐴 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
(8)
Where q=Heat flux
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
thermalconductivity
weight fraction
s.no Fiber weight fraction(Wf)% Thermal conductivity (w/m-k)
E-S model
1 10 0.259
2 20 0.257
3 30 0.126
4 40 0.120
5 50 0.116
6 60 0.111
6. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
A=Thermal gradient
dt =temperature difference between surfaces
Meshing model:
Fig 6: Meshed 2-d Geometry
Fig 7: Nodal solutions for 2-d geometry model
Fig 8: Heat Flux for 2-d geometry model.
Fig: 9 Thermal Flux for 2-d geometry model
7. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Fig: 10 Vector Sum for 2-d geometry model
Fig: 11 Heat Gradient for 2-d geometry model
sample Φ (%)
weight % of fiber
Experimental
values(k)w/m-k
Ansys value(k)w/m-k
1 20 0.195 0.26
2 30 0.188 0.23
3 50 0.184 0.20
Table4: Thermal conductivity between ansys and experimental values
Fig13: Effect of thermal conductivity between Ansys and experimental values
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
20 30 50
Thermalconducitity
Weight fraction
ansys value
experimentalvalues
8. Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy Resin
www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Fig14: Effect of thermal conductivity on weight fraction
IV. Conculsion
In this investigation, partially biodegradable green composites with various weight fractions of bamboo
fibers were successfully developed at various fiber weight fractions and their thermal conductivity (k) were
determined experimentally and is validated by the result obtained by, theoretically and also using Finite element
Analysis.
The thermal conductivity of the composites has decreased with increases in weight fraction of fiber in
experimentally, theoretically and also in finite element analysis.
At 10%weight fraction of fiber, it was noticed that all the models (Experimental, rule of mixture model E-s
model) were showing high thermal conductivity.
The thermal conductivity experimental result values are as near to rule of mixture model. The %error
between the experimental model and rule of mixture is less when compare to the E-s model.
At 10% weight fraction of fiber only 0. 9%of error in rule of mixture model.
Bamboo fiber reinforced composite is lowest value of thermal conductivity among glass fiber reinforced
composite, coconut fiber ,carbon fiber
The result of this investigation indicates that the bamboo fibers composite is light in weight, economical
and possess good thermal insulating. Hence, the newly developed composite material can be used for the
application such as automobile like body panels ,corrosion of sensitive parts, drive train ,suspension
system ,electronic packages, aerospace like blades, interiors design, air frames, building construction like
rebar, seismic retrofits and sports goods.
Hence from this investigation we can conclude that experimental result values are as nearer to the
theoretical model and finite element analysis.
Acknowledgement
It is my privilege to express my thanks to my guide Dr. SYED ALTAF HUSSAIN, M.Tech, Ph.D.,
Professor in Mechanical Engineering, R.G.M College of Engineering and Technology, for his valuable guidance
and encouragement.
References
[1] Syed Altaf Hussian, V. Pandurangadu, .Mechanical properties of green coconut fiber reinforced HDPE polymer
composite.3(11),2011,9075-5462.
[2] Syed Altaf Hussian, V. Pandurangadu, Mechanical properties of short bamboo fiber reinforced polyester composites filled with
alumina particulate,2(3),2012,2250-3498.
[3] M.Mounika, k.Ramaniah .Thermal conductivity characterization of bamboo fiber reinforced polyester composite.3 (6)2012, 1109-
1116.
[4] Dr. Fadhel Abbas Abdullah, Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Natural Composite Materials as Thermal Insulation, 4
(2), 2011.
[5] Symington Mc, BanksWM, WestOpukuro Dravid, Pethrick, Journal of CompositeMaterials, 4(3)2009, 1083.
[6] Jonathan D.Mar, Efim Litovsky and Jacobs Kleiman, Journal of building physics ,32(2008)9.
[7] Yamashita yoshihiro, Yamada hiroaki, Thermal conductivity of plain weave fabric and its composite material made from high
strength fibers.
[8] Sreenivasan VS, Soman Sundram S, Naryanaswamy R, Material and Design, 32(2011)453.
[9] RavindraMangal,N.S.Saxena,M.s.Sreekala,S.Thomas,CompositesScienceandTechnology,66(2006),2719-2725.
[10] Serhat Durmaz,.Numerical study on the effective thermal conductivity of composite materials.
[11] Bhyrav Mutnuri, Aksogan Orhan, Thermal conductivity characterization of composite material. ANTEC 2006, May 7-11.
[12] Murali Mohan Rao K, Ratna Prasad AV, Material &design, 3(2010)508.
[13] E. Trujillo, L. Osorio (2010), Characterization of Polymer Composite Materials Based On Bamboo Fibres.
[14] Yibin Xu, Junichi Kinugawa and Koichi Yagi (2003). Development of Thermal Conductivity Prediction System for Composites.
[15] Ali M. Othman (2010), Experimental Investigations of the Effect of Some Insulating Materials on the Compressive Strength, Water
Absorption and Thermal Conductivity of Building Bricks.
[16] Kalaprasad G, Pradeep P, Mathew G, Composite Science &Technology, 60(2000) 2967.