The document discusses Planck's quantum theory of blackbody radiation. It begins by explaining the failures of classical physics to accurately describe blackbody radiation. Planck introduced the idea that electromagnetic radiation exists in discrete quantized energy levels (quanta), with the energy of each quantum directly proportional to the radiation's frequency. This explained the experimental observations. Later, Einstein extended this idea by proposing that electromagnetic radiation itself consists of particle-like photons, with the energy of each photon determined by its frequency.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
Photoelectron spectroscopy
- a single photon in/ electron out process
• X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
- using soft x-ray (200-2000 eV) radiation to
examine core-levels.
• Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS)
- using vacuum UV (10-45 eV) radiation to
examine valence levels.
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2Dr.Pankaj Khirade
Wave function and its physical significance, Schrodinger time dependent equation, Separation in time dependent and time independent parts, Operators in quantum Mechanics, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Particle in one dimensional and three dimensional box (Energy eigen values). Qualitative analysis of potential barrier Tunneling effect). Simple Harmonic Oscillator (Qualitative analysis of Zero point energy)
Schrodinger equation and its applications: Chapter 2Dr.Pankaj Khirade
Wave function and its physical significance, Schrodinger time dependent equation, Separation in time dependent and time independent parts, Operators in quantum Mechanics, Eigen functions and Eigen values, Particle in one dimensional and three dimensional box (Energy eigen values). Qualitative analysis of potential barrier Tunneling effect). Simple Harmonic Oscillator (Qualitative analysis of Zero point energy)
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
The chapter contains fundamentals of Modern physics, the Quantumtheory explanation of Black body radiation photoelectric effect and Compton effect, and the beginning of the de-Broglie hypothesis, wave-like properties of matter, and its proof explained in detail. It is highly useful for first-year B.Tech and BE students.
3.1 Discovery of the X Ray and the Electron
3.2 Determination of Electron Charge
3.3 Line Spectra
3.4 Quantization
3.5 Blackbody Radiation
3.6 Photoelectric Effect
3.7 X-Ray Production
3.8 Compton Effect
3.9 Pair Production and Annihilation
60508_paticle like properties of waves.pptxClaireSadicon
Discussion of Properties of Waves
The particle-like properties of electromagnetic radiation
Classical Postulates
Einstein theory
Black Body Radiation
Stefan's radiation law
Wein's displacement law
Rayleigh-Jeans Formula
Planck’s Theory and Radiation Law
The Compton Effect
Bremsstrahlung and X-Ray Production
Pair production
Electron-Positron Annihilation
Classical Mechanics and it’s inadequacies, Planck’s Quantum theory, properties of electromagnetic radiation, dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Photoelectric effect, Blackbody radiation and related laws, Quantum Numbers and its types, Hund’s Rule, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, AufBau’s Principle or Building up Principle.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
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Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
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- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
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- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
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As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
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During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
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The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
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Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Phy 310 chapter 1
1. CHAPTER 1:
Blackbody Radiation
(3 Hours)
Dr. Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
(DR ATAR)
School of Physics & Material Studies
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia
Campus of Negeri Sembilan
72000 Kuala Pilah
Negeri Sembilan
064832154 / 0123407500 / ahmadtaufek@ns.uitm.edu.my
2. Learning Outcome:
Planck’s quantum theory
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
•
Explain briefly Planck’s quantum theory and
classical theory of energy.
•
Write and use Einstein’s formulae for photon energy,
E hf
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
hc
PHY310 - Modern Physics
2
3. Need for Quantum Physics
Problems remained from classical mechanics that the special theory of
relativity didn’t explain.
Attempts to apply the laws of classical physics to explain the behavior of
matter on the atomic scale were consistently unsuccessful.
Problems included:
– Blackbody radiation
• The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a heated object
– Photoelectric effect
• Emission of electrons by an illuminated metal
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
3
4. Quantum Mechanics Revolution
Between 1900 and 1930, another revolution took place in physics.
A new theory called quantum mechanics was successful in explaining
the behavior of particles of microscopic size.
The first explanation using quantum theory was introduced by Max
Planck.
– Many other physicists
developments
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
were
involved
PHY310 - Modern Physics
in
other
subsequent
4
5. Blackbody Radiation
An object at any temperature is known to emit thermal radiation.
– Characteristics depend on the temperature and surface properties.
– The thermal radiation consists of a continuous distribution of
wavelengths from all portions of the em spectrum.
At room temperature, the wavelengths of the thermal radiation are mainly
in the infrared region.
As the surface temperature increases, the wavelength changes.
– It will glow red and eventually white.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
5
6. Blackbody Radiation, cont.
The basic problem was in understanding the observed distribution in the
radiation emitted by a black body.
– Classical
physics
didn’t
adequately
describe
the
observed
distribution.
A black body is an ideal system that absorbs all radiation incident on it.
The electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body is called
blackbody radiation.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
6
7. Blackbody Approximation
A good approximation of a black
body is a small hole leading to the
inside of a hollow object.
The
hole
acts
as
a
perfect
absorber.
The nature of the radiation leaving
the cavity through the hole depends
only on the temperature of the
cavity.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
7
8. Blackbody Experiment Results
The total power of the emitted radiation increases with temperature.
– Stefan’s law:
P = s A e T4
– The emissivity, e, of a black body is 1, exactly
The peak of the wavelength distribution shifts to shorter wavelengths as
the temperature increases.
– Wien’s displacement law
maxT = 2.898 x 10-3 m . K
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
8
9. Intensity of Blackbody
Radiation, Summary
The
intensity
increases
with
increasing temperature.
The amount of radiation emitted
increases
with
increasing
temperature.
– The area under the curve
The peak wavelength decreases
with increasing temperature.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
9
10. Rayleigh-Jeans Law
An early classical attempt to explain blackbody radiation was the
Rayleigh-Jeans law.
I λ,T
2π c kBT
λ4
At long wavelengths, the law matched experimental results fairly well.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
10
11. Rayleigh-Jeans Law, cont.
At short wavelengths, there
was a major disagreement
between the Rayleigh-Jeans
law and experiment.
This
mismatch
known as the
catastrophe.
became
ultraviolet
– You would have infinite
energy as the wavelength
approaches zero.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
11
12. Max Planck
1858 – 1847
German physicist
Introduced the concept of “quantum
of action”
In 1918 he was awarded the Nobel
Prize for the discovery of the
quantized nature of energy.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
12
13. Planck’s Theory of Blackbody
Radiation
In 1900 Planck developed a theory of blackbody radiation that leads to
an equation for the intensity of the radiation.
This equation is in complete agreement with experimental observations.
He assumed the cavity radiation came from atomic oscillations in the
cavity walls.
Planck made two assumptions about the nature of the oscillators in the
cavity walls.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
13
14. Planck’s Assumption, 1
The energy of an oscillator can have only certain discrete
values En.
– En = n h ƒ
• n is a positive integer called the quantum number
• ƒ is the frequency of oscillation
• h is Planck’s constant
– This says the energy is quantized.
– Each discrete energy value corresponds to a different
quantum state.
• Each quantum state is represented by the quantum
number, n.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
14
15. Planck’s Assumption, 2
The oscillators emit or absorb energy when making a transition from one
quantum state to another.
– The entire energy difference between the initial and final states in the
transition is emitted or absorbed as a single quantum of radiation.
– An oscillator emits or absorbs energy only when it changes quantum
states.
– The energy carried by the quantum of radiation is E = h ƒ.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
15
16. Energy-Level Diagram
An energy-level diagram
shows the quantized energy
levels
and
allowed
transitions.
Energy is on the vertical axis.
Horizontal lines represent the
allowed energy levels.
The double-headed arrows
indicate allowed transitions.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
16
17. More About Planck’s Model
The average energy of a wave is the average energy difference between
levels of the oscillator, weighted according to the probability of the wave
being emitted.
This weighting is described by the Boltzmann distribution law and gives
the probability of a state being occupied as being proportional to e E k T
B
where E is the energy of the state.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
17
19. Planck’s Wavelength Distribution
Function
Planck generated
distribution.
a
theoretical
expression
for
the
wavelength
2πhc 2
I λ,T 5 hc λk T
B
λ e
1
– h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
– h is a fundamental constant of nature.
At long wavelengths, Planck’s equation reduces to the Rayleigh-Jeans
expression.
At short wavelengths, it predicts an exponential decrease in intensity with
decreasing wavelength.
– This is in agreement with experimental results.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
19
20. Einstein and Planck’s Results
Einstein re-derived Planck’s results by assuming the oscillations of the
electromagnetic field were themselves quantized.
In other words, Einstein proposed that quantization is a fundamental
property of light and other electromagnetic radiation.
This led to the concept of photons.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
20
21. Planck’s quantum theory
Classical theory of black body radiation
• Black body is defined as an ideal system that absorbs all the
radiation incident on it. The electromagnetic (EM) radiation
emitted by the black body is called black body radiation.
• From the black body experiment, the distribution of energy in
black body, E depends only on the temperature, T.
E k BT
(1.1)
where k B : Boltzmann'
s constant
T : temperature in kelvin
• If the temperature increases thus the energy of the black body
increases and vice versa.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
21
22. • The spectrum of EM radiation emitted by the black body
(experimental result) is shown in Figure.
Experimental
result
Rayleigh -Jeans
theory
Wien’s theory
Classical
physics
• From the curve, Wien’s theory was accurate at short
wavelengths but deviated at longer wavelengths whereas the
reverse was true for the Rayleigh-Jeans theory.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
22
23. • The Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien’s theories failed to fit
the experimental curve because this two theories
based on classical ideas which are
– Energy of the EM radiation is not depend on its
frequency or wavelength.
– Energy of the EM radiation is continuously.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
23
24. • In 1900, Max Planck proposed his theory that is fit
with the experimental curve in Figure at all
wavelengths known as Planck’s quantum theory.
• The assumptions made by Planck in his theory are :
– The EM radiation emitted by the black body is in
discrete (separate) packets of energy. Each
packet is called a quantum of energy. This
means the energy of EM radiation is quantised.
– The energy size of the radiation depends on its
frequency.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
24
25. • According to this assumptions, the quantum of the
energy E for radiation of frequency f is given by
E hf
where
(1.2)
h : Planck' s constant 6.63 10 34 J s
• Since the speed of EM radiation in a vacuum is
c f
then eq. (1.2) can be written as
E
hc
(1.3)
• From eq. (1.3), the quantum of the energy E for
radiation
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS is inversely proportional to its wavelength.
PHY310 - Modern Physics
25
26. • It is convenient to express many quantum energies in
electron-volts.
• The electron-volt (eV) is a unit of energy that can be
defined as the kinetic energy gained by an electron
in being accelerated by a potential difference
(voltage) of 1 volt.
19
J
Unit conversion: 1 eV 1.60 10
• In 1905, Albert Einstein extended Planck’s idea by
proposing that electromagnetic radiation is also
quantised. It consists of particle like packets (bundles)
of energy called photons of electromagnetic radiation.
Note:
For EM radiation of n packets, the energy En is given
by
(1.4)
En nhf
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
where
n : real numberPhysics
1,2,3,...
PHY310 - Modern
26
27. Photon
• Photon is defined as a particle with zero mass
consisting of a quantum of electromagnetic
radiation where its energy is concentrated.
• A photon may also be regarded as a unit of energy
equal to hf.
• Photons travel at the speed of light in a vacuum. They
are required to explain the photoelectric effect and
other phenomena that require light to have particle
property.
• Table shows the differences between the photon and
electromagnetic wave.
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
27
28. EM Wave
•
Photon
Energy of the EM wave
depends on the intensity of
the wave. Intensity of the
wave I is proportional to the
squared of its amplitude A2
where
2
•
Its energy is continuously
and spread out through the
medium as shown in Figure
9.2a.
•
Energy of a photon is
proportional
to
the
frequency of the EM wave
where
E f
IA
•
Its energy is discrete as
shown in Figure 9.2b.
Photon
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
28
29. Example 1 :
A photon of the green light has a wavelength of 740 nm.
Calculate
a.
the photon’s frequency,
b.
the photon’s energy in joule and electron-volt.
(Given
c
the
=3.00108
speed
m
of
light
s1 and
in
the
Planck’s
vacuum,
constant,
h =6.631034 J s)
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
29
30. Solution :
740 10 9 m
a. The frequency of the photon is given by
c f
3.00 108 740 10 9 f
f 4.05 1014 Hz
b. By applying the Planck’s quantum theory, thus the photon’s
energy in joule is
E hf
E 6.63 10 34 4.05 1014
E 2.69 10 19 J
and its energy in electron-volt is
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
2.69 10 19
E
E 1.66 eV
19
1.60 10 - Modern Physics
PHY310
30
31. Example 2 :
For a gamma radiation of wavelength 4.621012 m
propagates in the air, calculate the energy of a photon
for gamma radiation in electron-volt.
(Given the speed of light in the vacuum, c =3.00108 m s1 and
Planck’s constant, h =6.631034 J s)
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
PHY310 - Modern Physics
31
32. Solution :
4.62 10
12
m
By applying the Planck’s quantum theory, thus the energy
of a photon in electron-volt is
E
DR.ATAR @ UiTM.NS
hc
6.63 10 3.00 10
E
34
8
4.62 10 12
E 4.31 10 14 J
4.31 10 14
1.60 10 19
E 2.69 10 5 eV
PHY310 - Modern Physics
32