Quantum theory provides a framework to understand phenomena at the atomic scale that cannot be explained by classical physics. It proposes that energy is emitted and absorbed in discrete units called quanta. This explains observations like the photoelectric effect where electrons are only ejected above a threshold frequency. Light behaves as both a wave and particle - a photon. Similarly, matter exhibits wave-particle duality as demonstrated by electron diffraction. At the quantum level, only probabilities, not definite values, can be predicted. Quantum mechanics is applied to describe atomic structure and spectra.
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Lecture slides from a class introducing quantum mechanics to non-majors, giving an overview of black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Bohr model. Used as part of a course titled "A Brief history of Timekeeping," as a lead-in to talking about atomic clocks
origin of quantum physics -
Inadequacy of classical mechanics and birth of QUANTUM PHYSICS
ref: Quantum mechanics: concepts and applications, N. Zettili
Lecture slides from a class introducing quantum mechanics to non-majors, giving an overview of black-body radiation, the photoelectric effect, and the Bohr model. Used as part of a course titled "A Brief history of Timekeeping," as a lead-in to talking about atomic clocks
The wave-particle duality and the double slit experimentSatyavan65
From the Udemy online course "The weird World of Quantum Physics - A primer on the conceptual foundations of Quantum Physics": https://www.udemy.com/quantum-physics/?couponCode=SLIDESHCOUPON
The wave-particle duality and the double slit experimentSatyavan65
From the Udemy online course "The weird World of Quantum Physics - A primer on the conceptual foundations of Quantum Physics": https://www.udemy.com/quantum-physics/?couponCode=SLIDESHCOUPON
Quantum Mechanics: Electrons, Transistors, & LASERS. Paul H. Carr
Quantum Mechanics, QM, has enabled new technologies that impact our daily lives. Yet, there have been at least 14 different QM interpretations in the last century. “If you think you understand QM, you don’t,” said Richard Feynman. Our macroscopic language is inadequate to describe the wave-particle duality of microscopic QM particles. Mathematics works better. This talk illuminated the production of the play Copenhagen, in which German physicist Werner Heisenberg, who directed the German attempt to make an atom bomb, visited Niels Bohr in Denmark during WWII.
Thesis on the masses of photons with different wavelengths.pdf WilsonHidalgo8
It deals with the methods and calculations to measure the masses of photons with different wavelengths.
where I was able to create two experimental calculations to explain the measurements of the masses of the photons.
and I hope that this thesis competes with others, in order to obtain a physics prize.
The good news of the gospel is that the sacrifice of Jesus’ death is sufficient to bridge this separation between us and God. We know this because three days after his death Jesus rose bodily, coming alive again in a physical resurrection. Most of us do not know about the evidence for his resurrection. Jesus’ sacrifice was prophetically acted out in Abraham’s sacrifice and the Passover sacrifice. These signs pointing to Jesus were put there to help us find the cure.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
2. Problems with Planetary Atomic Model
The electron, in orbiting the nucleus,
undergoes an acceleration and should
therefore continuously emit
electromagnetic radiation
The predictions are completely wrong!!!
The successful model which came out of these
attempts is now called the Bohr model and will be
discussed in more detail later on
3. Photoelectric Effect
When light shines on a metal
surface, the surface emits
electrons.
For example, you can measure a current
in a circuit just by shining a light on a
metal plate
4. The current flow varies with the
wavelength of light such that there was a
sharp cutoff and no current flow for long
wavelengths.
The photocurrent increases when the
light intensity increases but the
wavelength is held constant.
5. Einstein successful explained the
photoelectric effect within the context of
quantum physics.
Einstein proposed that light delivers its energy in chunks;
light consists of little particles, or quanta, called photons,
each with an energy of Planck's constant times its
frequency.
E=hf
h: Planck’s constant
F: Frequency of Radiation
E: Energy
h = 6.6 x 10-34 J.s.
6. Each photon carries a specific energy related to its
wavelength, such that photons of short wavelength (blue
light) carry more energy than long wavelength (red light)
photons
Photons when they impact a metal, if their frequency is large
enough, can liberate an electron by overcoming the work
function of the metal
7. Light made of two colors (two frequencies) shines on a metal
surface whose photoelectric threshold frequency is 6.2 x 1014
Hz. The two frequencies are 5 x 1014 Hz (orange) 7 x 1014 Hz
(violet).
(1) Find the energies of the orange and violet photons.
(2) Find the amount of energy a photon needs to knock
electrons out of this surface.
(3) Do either the orange photons or the violet photons have
this much energy?
8. 1. The energy for the orange frequency is:
E = hf = (6.6 x 10-34) x (5 x 1014)
E = 3.3 x 10-19 J.
The energy for the violet light is:
E = hf = (6.6 x 10-34) x (7 x 1014)
E = 4.6 x 10-19 J.
2. The threshold energy is
E = hf = (6.6 x 10-34) x (6.2 x 1014)
= 4.1 x 10-19 J.
3. The blue photons have sufficient energy to knock
electrons out, but the orange photons do not.
9. The human eye can detect as few as 10,000 photons per second
entering the pupil. About how much energy is this, per second?
(Make an estimate)
Solution
10,000 = 104
The energy of 10,000 visible photons is:
(104) (hf) = 104 x (6.6 x 10-34 J-s) x (1015 Hz)
= 6.6 x 10-15 joules.
14. Classical Physics: Newtonian Physics
Modern Physics: Relativity, quantum physics,
and any other field that employs these theories.
15.
16. Quantum Physics: the “quantum” comes
from quantization: we need to understand
the origin of this.
The Photoelectric Effect
electrons
metal
light
Electron
detector
17.
18. Actual Experimental Observations:
[1] There is no delay between the light hitting the surface and
the electrons being ejected
[2] Electrons are ejected only if the incident light has a frequency
above some threshold value (i.e., it depend on the color of the light!!)
electrons
metal
light
Electron
detector
19.
20. # of electrons
ejected
Many emitted
electrons
Threshold frequency
No emitted
electrons
Red orange yellow green blue indigo violet ultraviolet
frequency
26. Energy
E1
This means that if a
particle is in some energy
state, if it is to give up
energy in the form of light,
it has to give up a definite
amount
Light with energy
equal to E1-E2!!
E2
Vibrating
particle
Same diagram as last
slide except “blown up”
to see the spacing
better.
27.
28. Einstein argued that the emission of the light must occur
in instantaneous bursts of radiation.
He then took this one step further: he said that all light had the
following properties:
[1] All radiation occurs as tiny bundles (particles).
[2] The bundles always move a lightspeed (c).
[3] They have zero rest-mass.
[4] The energy of a photon is given by
E = hf
h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 x 10-34 J x s
29.
30. How do we explain why there is a threshold frequency?
# of electrons
ejected
Many emitted
electrons
The electron must get this
much energy (E = hf) from the
photon.
This energy is different for
all metals and is called the
work function of the metal.
Threshold frequency
No emitted
electrons
0
Red orange yellow green blue indigo violet ultraviolet
frequency
31. Radiation: waves or particles?
Radiation is made up of particles called photons
Evidence of the wave nature from interference
Essentially, wave/particle duality employs the notion that
an entity simultaneously possesses localized (particle) and
distributed (wave) properties.
Close inspection shows that an interference pattern is formed
by individual photons hitting all over a screen!!!
Interference light were made up of waves.
Pattern "speckled“ individual particle impacts
32.
33. What is Light?
Is it a WAVE?
Remember the interference pattern with the laser going through
two apertures?
It definitely BEHAVES like a wave!
Is it a PARTICLE?
Photoelectric effect: It BEHAVES like a
particle.
So which one is it? Does it behave like a wave or a
particle?!!
34.
35. So which one is it? Does it behave like a wave or a
particle?!!
Answer: It behaves like BOTH! We call this the wave-particle duality
of radiation (light).
36.
37. What is the universe made of?
Matter and radiation (as far as we know
anyway).
How do matter and radiation interact with each other??
Examples:
Reflection
Refraction
Absorption
Photoelectric effect
Burning/melting (lasers) …
40. De Broglie, a Ph.D. student at the University of Paris in
1923, felt that if radiation exhibits wave-particle duality,
matter should have a dual nature too!!!!!
This was confirmed using a double-slit experiment with
particles of matter, such as electrons.
43. Every material particle has wave properties with a wavelength
equal to:
λ = h/ms (De Broglie)
m: mass of particle
s: its speed
h: Planck’s constant
44.
45. In-class Problem
Calculate the de Broglie Wavelength of a basketball (m = 1 kg) moving at a speed of 1
m/s. How does this wavelength compare with the size of an atom (~ 1 x 10-9m)?
Solution:
λ = h/mv = (6.6 x 10-34 J·s)/(1 kg · 1 m/s) = 6.6 x 10-34 m (MUCH smaller than the atom!)
What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron (m = 9 x 10-31 kg) moving at a speed of
1 x 107 m/s?
Solution:
λ= h/mv = (6.6 x 10-34 J·s)/{(9 x 10-31 kg · 1 x 107 m/s)
= (6.6/9)(10-34)/ (10-31 · 107 ) ( J · s · kg · m/s)
= 0.7 x 10-10 m (about the same size as an atom!)
50. Since the wavelength of the electron is so small, the apertures have to be
very narrow for us to see the interference. The experiment originally
devised to observe this interference was to force electrons through a
metallic foil. The separation of atoms in the foil was the aperture size.
Electrons
Metal
foil
51. Note: J. J. Thompson discovered the electron in 1900 and
called it a “charged particle.”
In 1927, G. P. Thomson did the “electron interference”
experiment to show that electrons behaved like waves.
G. P. was J. J.’s son!
The wave theory of matter: Every particle has wave properties with a wavelength
equal to h/mv, where m is the particle’s mass, v its speed, and h is Planck’s
constant.
56. Screen
Given ONE photon, we cannot predict exactly where it will hit.
We can only predict the PROBABILITY that it will hit a certain place
on the screen: i.e., we can predict the pattern that many photons will
make!!
57. We can only predict the PROBABILITY that it will hit a certain place
on the screen: i.e., we can predict the pattern that many photons will
make!!
This is where Einstein had a problem with quantum mechanics,
and also the origin of his famous quote: “ … God does not play
dice with the universe.”
58. The pattern we observed can be predicted through the
application of quantum theory. Erwin Schroedinger
came up with an equation that predicts the “probability
wave” Ψ (psi). We call it a psi-wave.
This mathematical term psi, is used predict all kinds of
physical phenomena at the atomic level—from interference
patterns to light emitted from atoms.
A physicist will have had 2 to 3 full years of quantum mechanics
classes just to be functional with the theory!!
59. One of quantum theory’s main applications: describing the atom
One type of spectroscope:
aperture
screen
prism
Gas
tube
Why LINES?
60. What energy transitions are possible?
Energy
E4—E3, E4—E2, E4—E1
If these energy differences are:
E5
E4
E3
E2
E1
2 x 10-19J, 5 x 10-19J, 9 x 10-19J,
Respectively, what are the
frequencies of the emission lines
that we should see?
E = hf so f = E/h where
(f = frequency, h = 6.6 x 10-34 J·s)
For E4—E3,
f = (2 x 10-19J) / (6.6 x 10-34 J·s)
= 0.3 x 1015 Hz
f = 3.0 x 1014 Hz
Similarly,
f = 7.5 x 1014 Hz (for E4—E2)
f = 13.5 x 1014 Hz (for E4—E1)
61. Not only can these atom only
EMIT photons of a certain
frequency, but they can only
ABSORB light of a certain
frequency.
Energy
E5
E4
E3
E2
Photon
E1
62. To get atoms to EMIT light, we use the discharge tube. We had to
give it energy to “pump up” the electrons in the atoms so that they
could fall back into lower rungs on the ladder and emit photons.
aperture
prism
Gas
tube
screen
63. One of quantum theory’s main applications: describing the atom
aperture
screen
Volume of
atoms (gas)
prism
White
light
What should we
see??!!
64. Parts of the spectrum are absorbed, i.e., those
at frequencies of allowed transitions.
65. 4
3
2
1
A certain type of atom has only four energy
levels, as shown in the diagram. The "spectral
lines" produces by this element are all visible,
except for one ultra-violet line. The quantum
jump that produces the UV line is
(a) state 2 to 1.
(b) state 4 to 1.
(c) state 4 to 3.
(d) state 1 to 4
(e) impossible to determine without further
information.
66. 4
3
2
1
Continuing the preceding question, the total
number of spectral lines produced by this
element is
(a) 3.
(b) 4.
(c) 6.
(d) 10.
(e) impossible to determine without further
information.
67. Comparing a radio photon with an infrared photon,
(a) they both have the same wavelength, and the infrared
photon moves faster.
(b) the radio photon has the longer wavelength, and the
infrared photon moves faster.
(c) the radio photon has the shorter wavelength, but they
both move the same speed.
(d) the radio photon has the longer wavelength, but they
both move the same speed.
(e) the radio photon has the longer wavelength and it also
moves faster.