Periods and principles of history of medicine
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This document summarizes the history of medicine across different periods and cultures. It discusses pre-historic, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Greek and Roman medicine. For each period, it outlines some of the key medical beliefs, practices and physicians of that time. The principles of Hippocrates, considered the father of modern medicine, emphasized taking a complete patient history and recognizing environmental factors rather than just supernatural causes of disease.
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It was copied from greek medicine .net for personal reading..
it will help u 2 trace retrospectively to origin of medicine
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1) Many Islamic physicians made outstanding discoveries in medicine between the 8th and 15th centuries, building upon knowledge from Greek physicians like Galen and adding their own findings.
2) Central to Islamic medicine was the belief that caring for the sick was a duty according to the Quran and Hadiths, referred to as the "Medicine of the Prophet." This established guidelines for a holistic healthcare approach ensuring access for all.
3) Notable Islamic scholars mentioned include al-Razi, Ibn Sina, al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haitham, and others who made important contributions to fields like optics, surgery, pharmacology, and establishing the scientific method
gcse history medicine through time people
basic points on the people studied for gcse history medicine through time based on the ocr exam board
History of anatomy
The document discusses the history of human anatomy from ancient times to the Renaissance. It describes how early Greek thinkers like Alcmaeon, Empedocles, and Hippocrates began the intellectual development of anatomy by studying animal anatomy and making inferences about the human body. Aristotle made important contributions through his work in comparative anatomy and embryology. However, the greatest advances were made by Herophilus and Galen during the 3rd century BC in Alexandria, where they were the first to conduct formal human dissections and describe anatomical structures. The Renaissance brought a revival of anatomical study building on the work of these early pioneers.
Victorianism
The Victorian Era saw major social, economic, and technological changes in England. Industrialization moved many women into paid work and expanded the voting rights for males. Intellectually, Darwin's theory of evolution was influential and education was seen as a path out of poverty. However, living conditions were difficult, with long work days, child labor, unsafe housing, and lack of sanitation in cities. Women had limited roles and rights, though access to education was growing. Debates addressed women's place in society and politics.
History of community medicine complete
Community medicine has evolved from ancient practices that attributed disease to supernatural causes. Over time, scientific understanding developed, beginning with early civilizations in places like India, China, Egypt, and Greece. Major advances included germ theory and recognition that disease has environmental and social causes. This led to the rise of public health efforts and preventive medicine in the 19th century. Community medicine aims to address health problems facing entire populations and ensure equal access to healthcare for all.
History of medical ethics
Medical ethics in China can be traced back to ancient times when an independent medical profession developed during the Zhou Dynasty. Ancient physicians emphasized experience over magic and paid attention to prognosis and whether a patient was treatable. During the Han Dynasty, Confucianism shaped Chinese culture and medicine, emphasizing benevolence or universal love and treating all patients equally regardless of status. These traditional values of caring for patients and virtue continue to influence medical ethics in China today alongside introduced Western theories and standards.
Community and Public Health (Week 1)
The document provides an overview of community and public health in the Philippines. It defines public health as ecological and multi-sectoral in scope, aiming to improve community health through organized community efforts. The history of public health in the Philippines is then traced from the pre-American occupation period to the present day, noting the establishment of early hospitals and health programs under Spanish colonial rule. Major concepts of public health like health promotion, disease prevention, and community participation are also outlined.
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Periods and principles of history of medicine
- 1. PERIODS AND PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE -LADI ANUDEEP ISM-IUK
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Medicine is the science and art of healing. • It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. • All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for birth, death, and disease.
- 3. PERIODS OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE • PRE-HISTORIC MEDICINE • EGYPTIAN MEDICINE • MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE • INDIAN MEDICINE • GREEK & ROMAN MEDICINE
- 4. PRE-HISTORIC MEDICINE • Prehistoric medicine incorporated plants (herbalism), animal parts and minerals. • In many cases these materials were used ritually as magical substances by priests, shamans, or medicine men. • It is clear that prehistoric societies believed in both natural and supernatural means of variably causing and treating disease. • Plant materials (herbs and substances derived from natural sources), were among the treatments for diseases in prehistoric cultures.
- 5. EGYPTIAN MEDICINE • The Egyptian Imhotep (2667 - 2648 BCE) is the first physician in history known by name. The earliest known surgery in Egypt was performed in Egypt around 2750 BCE. • The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus treats women's complaints, including problems with conception • Medical institutions, referred to as Houses of Life are known to have been established in ancient Egypt as early as the 1st Dynasty. • Herodotus described the Egyptians as "the healthiest of all men, next to the Libyans", due to the dry climate and the notable public health system that they possessed. • According to him, “the practice of medicine is so specialized among them that each physician is a healer of one disease and no more.“
- 6. MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE • Vast number of diseases recognised • Collaboration between asipu (priest) and asu (physician) • The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the physician Esagil-kin- apli of Borsippa, during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069- 1046 BCE). • the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and etiology and the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
- 7. INDIAN MEDICINE( AYURVEDA) • It is ancient traditional medicine • AYS- long life ; Veda- system of knowledge • So it is knowledge of life or science of life • Eight branches of ayurveda are: • Internal medicine- KAYA CHIKITSA • Surgery- SHALYA TANRA • Ears, eyes, nose, throat- SHALAKYA TANRA • Paediatrics- KAUMARABRITHYA TANTRA • Toxicology- AGADA TANTRA • Purfication of genetic organs- BAJKARAMA TANTRA • Health and longevity- RASAYANA TANTRA • Spiritual healing- BHUTA VIDIA
- 8. GREEK & ROMAN MEDICINE • The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BCE. • Alcmaeon, author of the first anatomical work, worked at this school, and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established. • Temples dedicated to the healer- god Asclepius, known as Asclepieia, functioned as centres of medical advice, prognosis, and healing. • The Greek physician Hippocrates of Cos (c. 460 - c. 370 BCE), the "father of medicine", laid the foundation for a rational approach to medicine.
- 9. • The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of around sixty early medical works from ancient Greece strongly associated with Hippocrates and his students. • Herophilus of Chalcedon (325 - 280 BCE), working at the medical school of Alexandria placed intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation. • The Greek physician Galen (129 - 217 CE) was also one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations, including brain and eye surgeries. • Romans invented first surgical instruments
- 10. PRINCIPLES OF HISTORY OF MEDICINE • Principles of medicine combines classical clinical medicine with a rich understanding of the major environmental and cultural influences on health and disease, providing comprehensive guidance for anyone intending to practise medicine • Hippocrates is the father of history of medicine and his principles are: • States that we cannot say there is a supernatural cause for a disease because it is weird and unusual
- 11. • Disease is presented in the context of family and culture, and the effects of inequality and problems of limited resources are addressed. • include recognizing the importance of taking a complete history which includes environmental exposures as well as foods eaten by the patient which might play a role in his or her illness.