This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to the 21st century. It outlines key developments and contributions from civilizations including ancient China, India, Egypt, Babylonia, Greece, Rome, the Islamic world, and highlights important figures like Hippocrates. During each era, beliefs about the causes of illness and approaches to treatment are described. The document also includes a timeline and learning outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to ancient Greece. It discusses early medical practices during the Stone Age when illness was believed to be caused by evil spirits. Ancient medical traditions are then outlined for India, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. For each tradition, the document describes prominent medical figures, common medical beliefs, treatments such as herbal remedies and surgery, and important medical texts. The overall aim is to understand the development of medicine over 5000 years and its impact on human health.
This document summarizes the history of medicine from ancient cultures to modern times. It discusses early medical specialists and how their roles encompassed spiritual, social, and teaching duties. It also outlines the evolution of medical education and changing attitudes towards women in medicine. Significant contributors like Hippocrates, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister who advanced medical treatments and public health are recognized. Cultural beliefs about illness and traditional medical practices from various societies are also summarized.
History of medicine worldwide and EthiopiaShegayeYibabie
The document provides an overview of the history of medicine from pre-historic times to the present. It traces the evolution of thought around the causes of disease from supernatural to natural causes. Key developments include ancient Egyptian and Greek contributions to anatomy and medical practices, the establishment of medical schools in the Middle Ages, important discoveries and founders in the Renaissance and modern eras, and changing views on the causes of illness over time from gods to bacteria and viruses. The document also outlines some of the major medical traditions that developed globally including Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, and their core practices and texts.
History of medicine past to present and futureVani Jayaraman
This document provides a summary of the history of medicine from prehistoric times through the 19th century. It covers developments in various ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, Babylon, and Greece. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates and Galen in ancient Greece and advances made during the medieval, Renaissance, and early modern periods. Major developments highlighted include the germ theory of disease, anesthesia, antisepsis, and advances in fields like physiology, pathology, and public health in the 19th century.
The document traces the history and development of health and medicine from prehistoric times to the present, highlighting several important developments. In prehistoric times, people believed diseases were caused by demons and witch doctors used herbal remedies. During ancient times, childbirth and infancy were extremely dangerous, with 1 in 8 women and 1 in 4 babies dying. Hippocrates in ancient Greece was considered the father of modern medicine for establishing medicine as a science based on observation rather than superstition. Major developments included the invention of the microscope during the Renaissance, germ theory and antisepsis during the Industrial Revolution, and antibiotics and modern medical technologies in the 20th century. The future may include more advanced prosthetics, 3D
The practice of medicine in ancient civilizationsReed O'Brien
Lecture by Prof. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glasg), FRCP(Ire), FRCP(Lond), FACP, FAHA about the history of medicine in ancient civilizations; Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus Valley, and Africa.
History of Medicine (Prehistoric_egyptian_greek)Dr Alok Mishra
- Ancient Egyptian medicine was one of the earliest and most advanced systems of medical care. Egyptian physicians documented their knowledge in papyri, the most notable being the Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri.
- The Egyptians had knowledge of anatomy from mummification practices and some understanding of physiology. They believed disease was caused by supernatural forces. Treatment included herbal remedies, bandaging, setting bones, and some basic surgical practices.
- Medicine was a specialized field with physicians focusing on specific areas like the eyes or teeth. Imhotep in the 3rd millennium BC was considered the first physician and architect in Egypt. Egyptian medicine played a dominant role in ancient medicine for 2500 years.
Introduction to the history of medicineAnant Layall
During the prehistoric period from 3000 BC to 43 AD, people believed illness was caused by spirits and used charms and plant materials as treatments. In ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece and Rome, the first doctors developed but most beliefs were still based on superstition. The Middle Ages saw some medical progress but also decline as knowledge was lost, and life expectancy decreased. The Renaissance period saw a "rebirth" of learning from ancient times, though health did not improve much. The Industrial Revolution led to discoveries of disease causes and cures like vaccinations, improving life expectancy. The 20th century saw the most medical progress in history with causes of most diseases discovered and prevention and cures available.
This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to ancient Greece. It discusses early medical practices during the Stone Age when illness was believed to be caused by evil spirits. Ancient medical traditions are then outlined for India, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. For each tradition, the document describes prominent medical figures, common medical beliefs, treatments such as herbal remedies and surgery, and important medical texts. The overall aim is to understand the development of medicine over 5000 years and its impact on human health.
This document summarizes the history of medicine from ancient cultures to modern times. It discusses early medical specialists and how their roles encompassed spiritual, social, and teaching duties. It also outlines the evolution of medical education and changing attitudes towards women in medicine. Significant contributors like Hippocrates, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur, and Joseph Lister who advanced medical treatments and public health are recognized. Cultural beliefs about illness and traditional medical practices from various societies are also summarized.
History of medicine worldwide and EthiopiaShegayeYibabie
The document provides an overview of the history of medicine from pre-historic times to the present. It traces the evolution of thought around the causes of disease from supernatural to natural causes. Key developments include ancient Egyptian and Greek contributions to anatomy and medical practices, the establishment of medical schools in the Middle Ages, important discoveries and founders in the Renaissance and modern eras, and changing views on the causes of illness over time from gods to bacteria and viruses. The document also outlines some of the major medical traditions that developed globally including Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, and their core practices and texts.
History of medicine past to present and futureVani Jayaraman
This document provides a summary of the history of medicine from prehistoric times through the 19th century. It covers developments in various ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, Babylon, and Greece. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates and Galen in ancient Greece and advances made during the medieval, Renaissance, and early modern periods. Major developments highlighted include the germ theory of disease, anesthesia, antisepsis, and advances in fields like physiology, pathology, and public health in the 19th century.
The document traces the history and development of health and medicine from prehistoric times to the present, highlighting several important developments. In prehistoric times, people believed diseases were caused by demons and witch doctors used herbal remedies. During ancient times, childbirth and infancy were extremely dangerous, with 1 in 8 women and 1 in 4 babies dying. Hippocrates in ancient Greece was considered the father of modern medicine for establishing medicine as a science based on observation rather than superstition. Major developments included the invention of the microscope during the Renaissance, germ theory and antisepsis during the Industrial Revolution, and antibiotics and modern medical technologies in the 20th century. The future may include more advanced prosthetics, 3D
The practice of medicine in ancient civilizationsReed O'Brien
Lecture by Prof. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glasg), FRCP(Ire), FRCP(Lond), FACP, FAHA about the history of medicine in ancient civilizations; Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus Valley, and Africa.
History of Medicine (Prehistoric_egyptian_greek)Dr Alok Mishra
- Ancient Egyptian medicine was one of the earliest and most advanced systems of medical care. Egyptian physicians documented their knowledge in papyri, the most notable being the Edwin Smith and Ebers papyri.
- The Egyptians had knowledge of anatomy from mummification practices and some understanding of physiology. They believed disease was caused by supernatural forces. Treatment included herbal remedies, bandaging, setting bones, and some basic surgical practices.
- Medicine was a specialized field with physicians focusing on specific areas like the eyes or teeth. Imhotep in the 3rd millennium BC was considered the first physician and architect in Egypt. Egyptian medicine played a dominant role in ancient medicine for 2500 years.
Introduction to the history of medicineAnant Layall
During the prehistoric period from 3000 BC to 43 AD, people believed illness was caused by spirits and used charms and plant materials as treatments. In ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece and Rome, the first doctors developed but most beliefs were still based on superstition. The Middle Ages saw some medical progress but also decline as knowledge was lost, and life expectancy decreased. The Renaissance period saw a "rebirth" of learning from ancient times, though health did not improve much. The Industrial Revolution led to discoveries of disease causes and cures like vaccinations, improving life expectancy. The 20th century saw the most medical progress in history with causes of most diseases discovered and prevention and cures available.
Periods and principles of history of medicineLadi Anudeep
This document summarizes the history of medicine across different periods and cultures. It discusses pre-historic, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Greek and Roman medicine. For each period, it outlines some of the key medical beliefs, practices and physicians of that time. The principles of Hippocrates, considered the father of modern medicine, emphasized taking a complete patient history and recognizing environmental factors rather than just supernatural causes of disease.
The document discusses prehistoric medicine and how the lifestyle of prehistoric people would have impacted it. Some key aspects it outlines are:
- The prehistoric period lasted from 500,000 to 20,000 years ago, before the development of written history
- Prehistoric people were nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in tribal bands and had low-level technology like stone and wood tools
- Their lifestyle gradually changed over thousands of years as some began farming and using metal tools like iron
- Their nomadic lifestyle and low technology would have presented challenges for developing medicine during this time period.
This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to the 21st century. It outlines key civilizations and eras that contributed to the development of medicine, including ancient Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Roman, Islamic, Renaissance, and modern medicine. For each era, it highlights some of the major medical concepts, practitioners, and texts. The document also includes timelines, images, and quotes to illustrate important contributions from different historical periods to our understanding of health, disease, and medical treatment.
Ancient Egyptian medicine was highly advanced, with specialists in different medical fields. Doctors had different levels of seniority and expertise. Two important medical papyri, the Edwin Smith and Ebers Papyri, document Egyptian anatomical knowledge, diagnoses, treatments, and surgical procedures from as early as 1600 BC. Egyptian medicine influenced later Greek traditions and was respected abroad. Magic and religious rituals sometimes accompanied medical treatments.
This document summarizes the history of health science from primitive times through the 21st century. It describes early beliefs that illness was caused by spirits and the use of plants as medicine. It then outlines advances made by ancient Egyptians in record keeping and identifying diseases, ancient Chinese in developing acupuncture, and ancient Greeks like Hippocrates and Aristotle who studied anatomy and the causes of disease. The document continues by discussing developments during the Renaissance like the study of anatomy through dissection, the printing press making information more widely available, and inventions in subsequent centuries like the stethoscope, antibiotics, vaccines, x-rays, and modern approaches to medical care being discovered today.
The document provides an overview of Islamic medicine between the 11th and 15th centuries. It discusses how Islamic ideas influenced the understanding of disease causation and led to advances in hospitals, surgery, anatomy, and chemistry. Key individuals mentioned include Rhazes, who distinguished between smallpox and measles, and Avicenna, whose Canon of Medicine was influential in Europe. Hospitals were established in Baghdad and other cities, and surgeons like Albucasis described various surgical procedures. While dissections were forbidden, observations challenged some of Galen's anatomical theories. Arab scientists also made advances in distillation and developed new drugs.
Ahrc History Of Medicine 1500 2000 LectureLitSciMed .
This document provides a chronological survey of Western medicine from 1500-2000, focusing on key periods and issues. It discusses the shift around 1800 that laid the foundations of modern medicine, moving from a humoral theory of the body to new models based on anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Major developments included the growth of scientific medicine in 19th century Paris focusing on hospitals, laboratories, and cellular pathology. The germ theory of disease and development of antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the late 19th/early 20th centuries.
The Romans initially paid little attention to Greek medicine and doctors like Hippocrates when they invaded Greece. However, Hippocrates was considered the father of modern medicine for establishing it as a science separate from philosophy and myth. Most Roman medical treatment occurred at home, where herbal remedies passed down for generations were used. Women played a key role in household medical care and treatment. When herbal remedies failed, some trained doctors could be consulted, though many doctors had little training. The Romans advanced surgery to treat soldiers, developing tools like saws, scalpels, probes, and catheters. While Roman medicine was primitive, the tools they developed led to modern medical instruments that save many lives today.
History of medicine with evolution of homeopathynabishaikh5
Dr. Nabi Mubarak's seminar presentation summarized the history of medicine from pre-historic times through the 18th century, including developments in Egyptian, Ayurvedic, Babylonian, Chinese, Greek, and homeopathic medicine. Key figures discussed included Hippocrates, who established medicine as a rational science based on observation rather than superstition, and Galen, who advanced Hippocratic traditions. The presentation concluded by noting Edward Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1789 and the invention of homeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796.
The document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian medicine. It discusses that medicine in Mesopotamia was influenced by spiritual beliefs, with diseases thought to be caused by spirits. Healthcare was provided by specialized practitioners like ashipu (exorcists) and asu (physicians). Treatments included charms, spells, herbal remedies, and some rational medical practices. Sources of information on Mesopotamian medicine include ancient medical texts, legal codes, and archaeological remains.
History of medicine, pre historic medicine, egyptian medicine, ayurveda, chinese medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medine, Medievial medicine, Future trends in medicine, medicine in 21st century, Medicine in 18th century, medicine in 19th century, Medicine in 20th century, Tech trends in medicine, Medicine pioneers, Dark age medicine, Babylonian medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medicine, Babylonian medicine, Prehistoric men believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies, WAY OF LIFE
Hunter Gatherers, Major Threats to Health, Egyptians believed gods, demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases, Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed mashed pig’s eyes blended with honey and red ochre for eye problems, The practice of medicine is very specialized among Egyptian, Each physician treats just one disease, Oldest surviving complete medical system in the World – A highlights the way of life that teaches how to maintain and protect health, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions.
Patients were treated with various therapies, While Ancient Civilizations were undoubtedly versed in the use of herbs as medicines, Extensive Written Records Appeared only During the Time of Greeks, The medical knowledge was acquired by Romans by Greek physicians who were brought into Roman empires, mostly as Slaves, Time of intellectual and societal stagnation throughout much of Europe, But the torch of academia continued to burn brightly in the Islamic world, Church taught that God sent illness & repenting would cure all evils many people at the time believed that pilgrimage would cure them
The document discusses medicine in ancient Egypt. It provides details on several physicians from ancient Egypt, including Imhotep, considered the first recorded physician, who lived around 2600 BC. It describes how the Egyptians had early understandings of anatomy and illnesses, keeping medical texts on papyrus that described techniques similar to modern practices. It also discusses early practices like mummification, herbal medicine, and the role of magic and religion in their medical system.
Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician born around 430 BC who is considered the father of modern medicine. He rejected superstition in favor of scientific observation and created standards for physicians. Hippocrates founded a medical school on the island of Cos and traveled throughout Greece practicing medicine. He authored around 70 medical works that comprised the Hippocratic Corpus, establishing medicine as a science based on theory and observation. Hippocrates studied anatomy, physiology and the causes of disease, believing illness was caused by imbalances of the four humors in the body. He is renowned for establishing high ethical standards through the Hippocratic Oath and writings on environmental influences, exercise and hygiene.
The document discusses the origins and branches of medicine. It notes that while acupuncture and herbal medicine include unscientific aspects, they can still provide relief to patients. The main branches of medicine are basic sciences, medical specialties, and interdisciplinary fields. It also outlines several types of medicines including analgesics to relieve pain, antibiotics to kill bacteria, psychotherapeutic medicines to treat mental illness, and hormones to control physiological processes.
The document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times through the Middle Ages. It discusses early medical practices like trepanning and the role of shamans. It profiles important early physicians like Imhotep, Hippocrates, and Galen and how they advanced medical knowledge. It describes the decline of medicine during the Dark Ages and its later emergence at Salerno. Key developments included the influence of Arabic medicine and the rise of university medicine in Europe.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of a basic doctor. It outlines that a basic doctor should be able to diagnose and treat common diseases, identify the underlying causes of health issues through community diagnosis, and effectively communicate with and educate patients and the community. A basic doctor must also know how to administer a health center and understand the major health problems in India such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, respiratory infections, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and nutritional deficiencies. The document provides examples of how doctors can inform communities about health risks, compile patient information to report issues to local health authorities, and work with other professionals and departments to improve healthcare.
Ancient Egypt had a sophisticated medical system for its time, with specialists in different fields of medicine. Egyptian doctors made many early advances, including keeping detailed medical records on papyrus, practicing circumcision and primitive forms of surgery, and recognizing cancer and other diseases. Ancient Egyptian medicine was also tied closely to religious beliefs, with priests sometimes serving as doctors and illnesses seen as punishments from the gods. Overall, Egyptian medicine laid the foundation for later medical traditions and set a high standard in the ancient world.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian medicine between 3000 BC and 500 AD. It discusses prominent figures like Imhotep who was considered the first physician, as well as ancient medical texts like the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus, and Edwin Smith Papyrus. These papyri contained case studies of wounds and treatments using herbal remedies. The document also describes Egyptian knowledge of anatomy, clinical examination techniques like palpation and percussion, dental practices, surgical instruments, common diseases, and examples of herbal remedies.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was home to several early civilizations including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Medicine in Mesopotamia was influenced by these groups, with cuneiform tablets providing information on healing plants and rituals. Priests played an important role in medicine and would use techniques like liver divination to predict outcomes. Strict hygiene rules were also in place, especially for priests and the king.
Medicine in different culture and ghe way of treatmentomarzaid13
This document provides an overview of medicine in different ancient cultures, including:
- Primitive medicine incorporated superstition, religion, magic and witchcraft. Disease was believed to be caused by evil spirits.
- Ayurveda and Siddha are two main systems of Indian medicine, while Unani-Tibb and Homeopathy originated elsewhere. Traditional Chinese Medicine uses Yin-Yang and acupuncture.
- Egyptian medicine reached its peak under Imhotep, featuring specialists in different body parts. Mesopotamian medicine incorporated magic, dreams, and divination of the liver.
- Greek medicine flourished under Hippocrates, who emphasized clinical observation over magic. His oath established medical ethics. Humorism
This document summarizes the history of medicine from primitive times to modern times in 3 main sections. It describes how primitive medicine was based on supernatural beliefs and focused on appeasing gods. It then discusses the development of Indian and Chinese medicine, highlighting important figures like Sushruta and theories like Ayurveda's tridosha. Finally, it reviews the evolution of medicine in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Middle Ages and the revivals and advances that have occurred since the Renaissance to modern times and the development of organizations like the WHO.
Periods and principles of history of medicineLadi Anudeep
This document summarizes the history of medicine across different periods and cultures. It discusses pre-historic, Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Greek and Roman medicine. For each period, it outlines some of the key medical beliefs, practices and physicians of that time. The principles of Hippocrates, considered the father of modern medicine, emphasized taking a complete patient history and recognizing environmental factors rather than just supernatural causes of disease.
The document discusses prehistoric medicine and how the lifestyle of prehistoric people would have impacted it. Some key aspects it outlines are:
- The prehistoric period lasted from 500,000 to 20,000 years ago, before the development of written history
- Prehistoric people were nomadic hunter-gatherers who lived in tribal bands and had low-level technology like stone and wood tools
- Their lifestyle gradually changed over thousands of years as some began farming and using metal tools like iron
- Their nomadic lifestyle and low technology would have presented challenges for developing medicine during this time period.
This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to the 21st century. It outlines key civilizations and eras that contributed to the development of medicine, including ancient Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Roman, Islamic, Renaissance, and modern medicine. For each era, it highlights some of the major medical concepts, practitioners, and texts. The document also includes timelines, images, and quotes to illustrate important contributions from different historical periods to our understanding of health, disease, and medical treatment.
Ancient Egyptian medicine was highly advanced, with specialists in different medical fields. Doctors had different levels of seniority and expertise. Two important medical papyri, the Edwin Smith and Ebers Papyri, document Egyptian anatomical knowledge, diagnoses, treatments, and surgical procedures from as early as 1600 BC. Egyptian medicine influenced later Greek traditions and was respected abroad. Magic and religious rituals sometimes accompanied medical treatments.
This document summarizes the history of health science from primitive times through the 21st century. It describes early beliefs that illness was caused by spirits and the use of plants as medicine. It then outlines advances made by ancient Egyptians in record keeping and identifying diseases, ancient Chinese in developing acupuncture, and ancient Greeks like Hippocrates and Aristotle who studied anatomy and the causes of disease. The document continues by discussing developments during the Renaissance like the study of anatomy through dissection, the printing press making information more widely available, and inventions in subsequent centuries like the stethoscope, antibiotics, vaccines, x-rays, and modern approaches to medical care being discovered today.
The document provides an overview of Islamic medicine between the 11th and 15th centuries. It discusses how Islamic ideas influenced the understanding of disease causation and led to advances in hospitals, surgery, anatomy, and chemistry. Key individuals mentioned include Rhazes, who distinguished between smallpox and measles, and Avicenna, whose Canon of Medicine was influential in Europe. Hospitals were established in Baghdad and other cities, and surgeons like Albucasis described various surgical procedures. While dissections were forbidden, observations challenged some of Galen's anatomical theories. Arab scientists also made advances in distillation and developed new drugs.
Ahrc History Of Medicine 1500 2000 LectureLitSciMed .
This document provides a chronological survey of Western medicine from 1500-2000, focusing on key periods and issues. It discusses the shift around 1800 that laid the foundations of modern medicine, moving from a humoral theory of the body to new models based on anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Major developments included the growth of scientific medicine in 19th century Paris focusing on hospitals, laboratories, and cellular pathology. The germ theory of disease and development of antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the late 19th/early 20th centuries.
The Romans initially paid little attention to Greek medicine and doctors like Hippocrates when they invaded Greece. However, Hippocrates was considered the father of modern medicine for establishing it as a science separate from philosophy and myth. Most Roman medical treatment occurred at home, where herbal remedies passed down for generations were used. Women played a key role in household medical care and treatment. When herbal remedies failed, some trained doctors could be consulted, though many doctors had little training. The Romans advanced surgery to treat soldiers, developing tools like saws, scalpels, probes, and catheters. While Roman medicine was primitive, the tools they developed led to modern medical instruments that save many lives today.
History of medicine with evolution of homeopathynabishaikh5
Dr. Nabi Mubarak's seminar presentation summarized the history of medicine from pre-historic times through the 18th century, including developments in Egyptian, Ayurvedic, Babylonian, Chinese, Greek, and homeopathic medicine. Key figures discussed included Hippocrates, who established medicine as a rational science based on observation rather than superstition, and Galen, who advanced Hippocratic traditions. The presentation concluded by noting Edward Jenner's discovery of the smallpox vaccine in 1789 and the invention of homeopathy by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796.
The document provides an overview of ancient Mesopotamian medicine. It discusses that medicine in Mesopotamia was influenced by spiritual beliefs, with diseases thought to be caused by spirits. Healthcare was provided by specialized practitioners like ashipu (exorcists) and asu (physicians). Treatments included charms, spells, herbal remedies, and some rational medical practices. Sources of information on Mesopotamian medicine include ancient medical texts, legal codes, and archaeological remains.
History of medicine, pre historic medicine, egyptian medicine, ayurveda, chinese medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medine, Medievial medicine, Future trends in medicine, medicine in 21st century, Medicine in 18th century, medicine in 19th century, Medicine in 20th century, Tech trends in medicine, Medicine pioneers, Dark age medicine, Babylonian medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medicine, Babylonian medicine, Prehistoric men believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies, WAY OF LIFE
Hunter Gatherers, Major Threats to Health, Egyptians believed gods, demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases, Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed mashed pig’s eyes blended with honey and red ochre for eye problems, The practice of medicine is very specialized among Egyptian, Each physician treats just one disease, Oldest surviving complete medical system in the World – A highlights the way of life that teaches how to maintain and protect health, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions.
Patients were treated with various therapies, While Ancient Civilizations were undoubtedly versed in the use of herbs as medicines, Extensive Written Records Appeared only During the Time of Greeks, The medical knowledge was acquired by Romans by Greek physicians who were brought into Roman empires, mostly as Slaves, Time of intellectual and societal stagnation throughout much of Europe, But the torch of academia continued to burn brightly in the Islamic world, Church taught that God sent illness & repenting would cure all evils many people at the time believed that pilgrimage would cure them
The document discusses medicine in ancient Egypt. It provides details on several physicians from ancient Egypt, including Imhotep, considered the first recorded physician, who lived around 2600 BC. It describes how the Egyptians had early understandings of anatomy and illnesses, keeping medical texts on papyrus that described techniques similar to modern practices. It also discusses early practices like mummification, herbal medicine, and the role of magic and religion in their medical system.
Hippocrates was an ancient Greek physician born around 430 BC who is considered the father of modern medicine. He rejected superstition in favor of scientific observation and created standards for physicians. Hippocrates founded a medical school on the island of Cos and traveled throughout Greece practicing medicine. He authored around 70 medical works that comprised the Hippocratic Corpus, establishing medicine as a science based on theory and observation. Hippocrates studied anatomy, physiology and the causes of disease, believing illness was caused by imbalances of the four humors in the body. He is renowned for establishing high ethical standards through the Hippocratic Oath and writings on environmental influences, exercise and hygiene.
The document discusses the origins and branches of medicine. It notes that while acupuncture and herbal medicine include unscientific aspects, they can still provide relief to patients. The main branches of medicine are basic sciences, medical specialties, and interdisciplinary fields. It also outlines several types of medicines including analgesics to relieve pain, antibiotics to kill bacteria, psychotherapeutic medicines to treat mental illness, and hormones to control physiological processes.
The document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times through the Middle Ages. It discusses early medical practices like trepanning and the role of shamans. It profiles important early physicians like Imhotep, Hippocrates, and Galen and how they advanced medical knowledge. It describes the decline of medicine during the Dark Ages and its later emergence at Salerno. Key developments included the influence of Arabic medicine and the rise of university medicine in Europe.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of a basic doctor. It outlines that a basic doctor should be able to diagnose and treat common diseases, identify the underlying causes of health issues through community diagnosis, and effectively communicate with and educate patients and the community. A basic doctor must also know how to administer a health center and understand the major health problems in India such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, respiratory infections, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and nutritional deficiencies. The document provides examples of how doctors can inform communities about health risks, compile patient information to report issues to local health authorities, and work with other professionals and departments to improve healthcare.
Ancient Egypt had a sophisticated medical system for its time, with specialists in different fields of medicine. Egyptian doctors made many early advances, including keeping detailed medical records on papyrus, practicing circumcision and primitive forms of surgery, and recognizing cancer and other diseases. Ancient Egyptian medicine was also tied closely to religious beliefs, with priests sometimes serving as doctors and illnesses seen as punishments from the gods. Overall, Egyptian medicine laid the foundation for later medical traditions and set a high standard in the ancient world.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian medicine between 3000 BC and 500 AD. It discusses prominent figures like Imhotep who was considered the first physician, as well as ancient medical texts like the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus, and Edwin Smith Papyrus. These papyri contained case studies of wounds and treatments using herbal remedies. The document also describes Egyptian knowledge of anatomy, clinical examination techniques like palpation and percussion, dental practices, surgical instruments, common diseases, and examples of herbal remedies.
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was home to several early civilizations including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Medicine in Mesopotamia was influenced by these groups, with cuneiform tablets providing information on healing plants and rituals. Priests played an important role in medicine and would use techniques like liver divination to predict outcomes. Strict hygiene rules were also in place, especially for priests and the king.
Medicine in different culture and ghe way of treatmentomarzaid13
This document provides an overview of medicine in different ancient cultures, including:
- Primitive medicine incorporated superstition, religion, magic and witchcraft. Disease was believed to be caused by evil spirits.
- Ayurveda and Siddha are two main systems of Indian medicine, while Unani-Tibb and Homeopathy originated elsewhere. Traditional Chinese Medicine uses Yin-Yang and acupuncture.
- Egyptian medicine reached its peak under Imhotep, featuring specialists in different body parts. Mesopotamian medicine incorporated magic, dreams, and divination of the liver.
- Greek medicine flourished under Hippocrates, who emphasized clinical observation over magic. His oath established medical ethics. Humorism
This document summarizes the history of medicine from primitive times to modern times in 3 main sections. It describes how primitive medicine was based on supernatural beliefs and focused on appeasing gods. It then discusses the development of Indian and Chinese medicine, highlighting important figures like Sushruta and theories like Ayurveda's tridosha. Finally, it reviews the evolution of medicine in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Middle Ages and the revivals and advances that have occurred since the Renaissance to modern times and the development of organizations like the WHO.
This document provides a historical overview of the evolution of medicine from antiquity to modern times. It discusses early beliefs in supernatural causes of disease and treatment by priests. It then covers developments in various ancient civilizations like India, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome. Key periods discussed include the Dark Ages, dawn of scientific medicine in the 16th century, sanitary awakening in the 18th-19th centuries, and rise of microbiology and discovery of antibiotics in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Major figures highlighted include Hippocrates, Galen, Jenner, Pasteur, Koch, Fleming and their seminal contributions.
The document provides a history of anatomy and medicine from ancient times to the Renaissance period. It describes early beliefs that illness was caused by demons or imbalances in bodily humors. Key figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen made important early observations and advances, though beliefs like bloodletting caused harm. During the Dark Ages, Islamic scholars advanced knowledge by translating Greek texts. The Renaissance period saw new universities and advances through dissection and the printing press.
This document provides a history of the development of nursing from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses how nursing originated in early cultures, with some assigning nursing roles to females and others to males. Nursing developed further in ancient Egypt, Greece, India, China, and Rome. During the Middle Ages, nursing was primarily provided by women in monasteries and convents. Modern nursing began in the 19th century with the work of Florence Nightingale and the establishment of nursing schools. The document also discusses the foundations of nursing in Islam based on teachings from the Quran and examples from the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of definitions of nursing. It discusses how nursing has been defined as an art, science, and profession. Key figures who contributed definitions are mentioned, including Florence Nightingale, Virginia Henderson, the Canadian Nurses Association, and the American Nurses Association. The definitions emphasize that nursing involves caring for individuals, families and communities to promote and maintain health as well as treat illness and injury. Nursing aims to help people achieve independence. The document also briefly outlines the history of health care and nursing in ancient civilizations including Babylon, Egypt, Hebrew, China, India, Greece and Rome. Nursing roles evolved from family caregiving to also being provided in early hospitals and monasteries.
The document provides a history of health care and nursing from ancient civilizations to the present. It discusses how nursing evolved from the first mothers caring for the sick to a more organized profession. Key events and figures mentioned include Florence Nightingale establishing modern nursing in the 19th century, the influence of religious orders on medieval nursing care, and Clara Barton founding the American Red Cross in the late 19th century. The definitions of nursing, patient, and nurse are also presented.
Medical ethics examines the moral issues that arise in medicine. It has a long history dating back to ancient times when diseases were viewed as supernatural. Over time, medicine became more scientific and data-driven. In Ethiopia, modern medicine was introduced in the 16th century and hospitals were established starting in the early 20th century. There are several frameworks for analyzing medical ethics issues, including utilitarianism which focuses on producing the greatest benefit for the greatest number, deontology which emphasizes moral duties and rules, and virtue ethics which focuses on good character.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of nursing. It discusses nursing in ancient cultures such as Egypt, Greece, India, China, and Rome. Nursing roles evolved over time, with some cultures assigning nursing duties to women and others to men. Formal nursing education did not exist in ancient times. The document then covers the foundations of modern nursing in Germany and Britain in the 19th century, led by pioneers like Florence Nightingale. It also summarizes the development of nursing in the United States and graduate nursing programs in the 20th century. Finally, the role of nursing in Islam is discussed.
EVOLUTION OF MEDICINE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEAnujkumaranit
The evolution of medicine is a vast and complex journey that spans thousands of years. It began with ancient civilizations like Egypt, India, China, and Greece, where medicine was often intertwined with spiritual and religious practices. Hippocrates, often called the "Father of Medicine," laid the foundation for a more systematic and observational approach in ancient Greece.
The document summarizes medicine and treatments during the Dark Ages in Europe following the Black Death plague epidemic from 1346-1353 CE. Medical practices at the time were primitive and based on ancient humoral theory of balancing bodily fluids rather than science. Common treatments included bloodletting, herbal remedies, and prayer. The plague spread rapidly due to poor hygiene and sanitation practices and an estimated 50% of Europe's population died from the disease.
The document provides a historical overview of the development of nursing from pre-Christian times through the modern era. Early civilizations like Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, India, and Hebrew practiced various forms of basic healthcare and nursing. Nursing began as instinctive caregiving by mothers and communities. Over time, healthcare became more formalized with the establishment of medical systems, hospitals, and nursing roles by cultures and religious institutions. Major developments included Hippocrates establishing the foundation of modern medicine in Greece and Sushruta pioneering surgery techniques in ancient India. The modern nursing profession emerged in the 19th century influenced by figures like Florence Nightingale.
This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to the modern world. It summarizes key developments in different time periods, including ancient civilizations like Egypt and Greece establishing early medical practices based on supernatural beliefs and limited anatomical knowledge. During the Renaissance, individuals like Vesalius and Harvey increased anatomical and physiological understanding through dissection and experiments. The Industrialization and Enlightenment eras saw major advances from scientists discovering germ theory and identifying pathogens, as well as developments in anesthesia, antisepsis, and early antibiotics in the modern world.
This document provides historical background on the development of the pharmacy profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses how pharmacy originated in ancient cultures using plants and minerals for medicine. Key figures like Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna advanced early understandings of medicine and pharmacology. The profession evolved with the establishment of pharmacies, regulations, and the separation of pharmacy and medicine. Pharmacy further developed with advances in chemistry, standardization of medications, and expanded roles for pharmacists in patient care.
History of Pharmacy| L 2 |Ancient Era, Babylon | Pharmacy Lecture Series| Pha...Tayyeb Mehmood
key points:
Ancient Era (Beginning of time to 1600 AD)
Non-Muslim (Babylon, China, Egypt, Greek, Turkey)
Muslim Era or Golden Era
Empiric Era (1600 to 1940 AD)
Industrialization Era (1940 to 1970AD)
Patient Care Era (1970AD to present)
Biotechnology and genetic engineering
- Studying history helps understand how current predicaments relate to those of the past and what solutions have been tried.
- Early civilizations viewed disease through supernatural lenses and focused on religious practices rather than health. Medicine men used herbs, amulets, and ceremonies.
- Ancient medical traditions developed in places like India, China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Arab world, and Mesopotamia with varying theories of health involving humors or elements. Key figures advanced knowledge of anatomy, surgery, and clinical practices.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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1. Brief History of Medicine
Prof. Dr. Harlina Halizah Siraj
Dept of Medical Education
Faculty of Medicine UKM
2. Learning outcomes
At the end of this module, learners would be able to:
• Explain the importance of history generally and
medicine specifically.
• Illustrate the timelines that composed the history of
medicine.
• Elaborate briefly the significant medical contributions
of each civilization to mankind.
• Appreciate the in-depth values of human
achievements throughout history
3. Contents
Importance of history
Timeline for history in medicine
Brief review on :
Prehistoric medicine
Ancient Chinese medicine
Ancient Indian medicine
Ancient Egyptian medicine
Ancient Babylonian medicine
Greeks and Romans
Middle Ages
Islamic medicine
The Renaissance
18th and 19th century
20th century
21st century
4.
5.
6. Why do we need to learn history?
If you would understand anything, observe its beginning and
its development.
Aristotle
The value of history. ..is that it teaches us what man has done
and thus what man is.
R. G. Collingwood
In history, a great volume is unrolled for our instruction,
drawing the materials of future wisdom from the past errors
and infirmities of mankind.
Edmund Burke
Not just His-story, but also Her-story………….
7. Health & Sickness :
Fundamental Questions
• Why do some man become sick, while others remain
healthy?
• What causes sickness?
• Where does sickness come from?
• How do we stop/cure/treat sickness and then
prevent death?
8. Flow of a `Fragile' Life
HEALTHY
SICKNESS
Gets Better Worsens
DEATH
11. Timeline of Medical History
Prehistoric
8000 BC
Ancient
Egyptian
2000 BC
Greeks & Romans
400 BC – 300 AD
Ancient
Chinese
3000 BC
Ancient
Indians
3000 BC Modern Medicine
18th – 21st century
Middle Ages
(Dark Ages)
500 – 1400 AD
Islamic Medicine
700 – 1500 AD)
AD
Latin : anno domini
`In the year of our Lord‘
(Birth of Christ)
The
Renaissance
1400 – 1700 AD
Ancient
Babylonian
2000 BC
12. Timeline of Medical History
Prehistoric
8000 BC
AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
13. Prehistoric Medicine
• Believed in spirits and supernatural forces – good and
bad.
• Sickness – as a result of failure to comply to wishes and
likings of spirits and forces.
• Witch doctors ( Shamans) – mediators between man and
the spirits.
• Dispensed first medications – herbs, animal stuffs, blood,
human sacrifices.
• Archeological findings – primitive brain surgery –
trepanning.
14. Perak Man : the respected shaman
• 1991. USM archeological team
made a discovery of a burial
cave, Gua Gunung Runtuh,
Lenggong Perak Tengah.
• It contained the 11,000-year-
old Perak Man, the region’s
best-preserved Stone Age
skeleton – and the only one
found with a genetic skeletal
disorder, Brachymesophalangia
type A2.
15. Perak Man : the respected shaman
• The skeleton’s foetal
position, surrounded
by a cornucopia of
objects, suggested to
archaeologists that his
deformity had elevated
him to a well-
respected shaman.
18. Timeline of Medical History
Ancient
Chinese
3000 BC AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
19. Ancient Chinese Medicine
• Dated 5,000 years ago, supporting documentation abut
2,000 years.
• Believed that man became sick if balance between
natural elements were not maintained ( Yin & Yang
concept) and the `chi’ or life energy was not flowing well.
• To cure / treat : to retain balance between all five
elements (wood, fire, earth, metal and water) and chi to
flow.
• Chinese physicians were also philosophers.
• Treatment : herbal, acupuncture
20. The first written documentation on traditional
Chinese medicine is the Hung-Di Nei-Jing (Yellow
Emperor's Cannon of Internal Medicine).
The oldest medical textbook in the world, 800 BC.
Contents :
Foundation for theories of Chinese medicine - previous
experience and theories of medicine,eg. the meridian
theory, physiology, pathology, prevention, diagnosis,
treatment, acupuncture.
21. QUOTES
A good healer cannot depend on skill alone.
A quote from the Yellow Emperor’s Classics of Medicine
The superior doctor should first adjust the patient’s
diet and life style. Only if that does not eliminate
disease should the doctor go on to administer
acupuncture and herbs.
Sun Si Maio,the greatest doctor of the Tang Dynasty
(618-907)
22. Timeline of Medical History
Ancient
Indians
3000 BC
AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
23. Ancient Indian Medicine
• Basis : Physical health is part of spiritual health.
• Ayurveda ( the science of living): a form of ancient
Indian science of medicine, with eight disciplines :
▫ Internal medicine
▫ Surgery & anatomy
▫ ENT
▫ Paediatrics
▫ Toxicology
▫ Spirit medicine
▫ Science of rejuvenation
▫ Aphrodisiacs
24. Ancient Indian Medicine
• Famous ayurvedic practitioner : Chakara
• Concept : health and disease are not predetermined
and life may be prolonged by human effort and
attention to lifestyle.
• A physician who fails to enter the body of a patient with the lamp of
knowledge and understanding can never treat diseases. He should first
study all the factors, including environment, which influence a patient's
disease, and then prescribe treatment. It is more important to prevent the
occurrence of disease than to seek a cure.
Chakara ( born 300BC)
25.
26. Timeline of Medical History
Ancient
Egyptian
2000 BC
AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
27. Ancient Egyptian Medicine
• Concept : Illness was due to evil spirits or poisons and
removing these from the body with prayers to the
gods would cure the disease.
• Documentation & prescription of medicine
• Medical procedures & process of mummification
28. Eber Papyrus – 1550 BC
• A 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long.
• The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies.
29.
30. Timeline of Medical History
Ancient
Babylonian
2000 BC AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
31. Ancient Babylonian (Mesopotamian) Medicine
• Revolved heavily around magic, with little scientific
process aside from diagnoses and prognoses –
though even these processes were saturated with
supernaturalism.
• Overall, Babylonian healthcare relied on magic and
incantations.
• This information is revealed primarily through
Assyrian copies of Babylonian texts thought to
originate in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC.
https://healthandfitnesshistory.com/ancient-medicine/babylonian-medicine/
32. Ancient Babylonian (Mesopotamian) Medicine
• Babylonian healthcare
system seems to have
been fairly well
standardized, subject to
some level of legal code.
• The Hammurabi Code (c.
2000 BC), inscribed on an
8-foot tall block of black
diorite, covers doctor
payment and
malpractice.
https://healthandfitnesshistory.com/ancient-
medicine/babylonian-medicine/
33. Hammurabi Code (2000BC) - Lines 218 to 221
• If the doctor has treated a man for a severe wound with lances of
bronze and has caused the man to die, or has opened an abscess of
the eye for a man and has caused the loss of the man’s eye, one shall
cut off his hands.
• If a doctor has treated the severe wound of a slave of a poor man
with a bronze lances and has caused his death, he shall render slave
for slave.
• If he has opened his abscess with a bronze lances and has made him
lose his eye, he shall pay money, half his price.
• If a doctor has cured the shattered limb of a gentleman, or has cured
the diseased bowel, the patient shall give five shekels of silver to the
doctor.
https://healthandfitnesshistory.com/ancient-medicine/babylonian-medicine/
34. Timeline of Medical History
Greeks & Romans
400 BC – 300 AD
AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
35. The Greeks
• Believed diseases were sent as a punishment
from the gods.
• Treatments were aimed at pleasing the gods.
• Important figures :
▫ Hippocrates ( Father of Medicine – Hippocrates
Oath ) Four humors – choleric, melancholic,
sanguine & phlegmatic.
▫ Galen - One of the first physicians to use
dissections to understand how the body works
36. Hippocrates Oath
• I swear by Apollo the physician, and Asclepius, and Hygieia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses as
my witnesses, that, according to my ability and judgement, I will keep this Oath and this contract: To hold
him who taught me this art equally dear to me as my parents, to be a partner in life with him, and to fulfill
his needs when required; to look upon his offspring as equals to my own siblings, and to teach them this
art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or contract; and that by the set rules, lectures, and every other
mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to
students bound by this contract and having sworn this Oath to the law of medicine, but to no others.
• I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and
judgement, and I will do no harm or injustice to them.
• I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give
a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.
• In purity and according to divine law will I carry out my life and my art.
• I will not use the knife, even upon those suffering from stones, but I will leave this to those who are trained
in this craft.
• Into whatever homes I go, I will enter them for the benefit of the sick, avoiding any voluntary act of
impropriety or corruption, including the seduction of women or men, whether they are free men or slaves.
• Whatever I see or hear in the lives of my patients, whether in connection with my professional practice or
not, which ought not to be spoken of outside, I will keep secret, as considering all such things to be private.
• So long as I maintain this Oath faithfully and without corruption, may it be granted to me to partake of life
fully and the practice of my art, gaining the respect of all men for all time. However, should I transgress this
Oath and violate it, may the opposite be my fate.
Translated by Michael North, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2002
37. The Romans – Public health hygiene
• The Romans realized that there was a link between
dirt and disease.
• To improve public health, they built aqueducts to
supply clean drinking water and sewers to remove
wastes safely.
• Improved personal hygiene helped to reduce disease
and Roman baths were places to socialise as well as
stay clean
38.
39.
40. Timeline of Medical History
Middle Ages
(Dark Ages)
500 – 1400 ADAD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
41. Middle (Dark) Ages
• The fall of the Roman Empire – lack of public hygiene
practices.
• People in Europe – lack of access to clean drinking
water, regular bathing or a sewage system.
• Starvation and disease were common.
• Medicine in the middle ages was dominated by
religion.
• Sickness - a punishment from God for sins
• Only way to cure someone was to pray for their
forgiveness.
42. Middle (Dark) Ages
• Doctors were usually priests or other religious scholars.
• Hospitals were set up in monasteries and other religious
establishments.
• The patients were given food and comforted by religious
nursing staff but little else was done to cure their illness.
43. Middle (Dark) Ages
• Traditional cures, using herbal remedies and potions
were seen as witchcraft and outlawed by the church.
• Laws stated that only trained and registered people
could practice medicine.
44. Middle (Dark) Ages
• Biggest challenge : Black death, or Bubonic
Plague. In 1347, an outbreak of bubonic
plague broke out in Istanbul.
• Traders soon carried the disease throughout
Europe and records show that in some areas it
killed up to 90% of the population. (49 million
people killed)
• Poor public hygiene, congested living
condition
45.
46. Timeline of Medical History
Islamic
Medicine
700 – 1500 AD)
AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
47. Islamic Medicine
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Arabic world was
the centre of scientific and medical knowledge.
Texts from Greece and Rome were translated into Arabic
and studied by Islamic scholars.
They developed and refined Hippocrate's theories and
Islamic physicians began to use the regulation of diet,
exercise and the prescription of medicinal herbs in the
treatment of their patients.
48. Islamic Medicine
Arabic pharmacists became
skilled in the formulation of
medicines from plants and
minerals.
Even though they did not know
about microbes, they used
alcohol to clean wounds which
healed better and did not
become infected.
49. Islamic Medicine
• Muslim practiced universal
healthcare :
▫ Hospitals were not just for the
wealthy and treated rich and poor
alike.
▫ Large hospitals were involved in
the training and licensing of
doctors and pharmacists.
▫ Officials tested medicines to certify
that they were safe and visited
pharmacists to make sure that
prescriptions were being made
correctly.
50. Islamic Medicine
• Records show that Muslim doctors performed many
different surgical operations including the removal of
varicose veins, kidney stones and the replacement of
dislocated limbs.
• They used sponges soaked in narcotic drugs which
were placed over the patient's nose as early
anaesthetics.
51. Islamic Medicine
• Most important medical books of
its time was written by the
physician Ali al-Husayn Abd Allah
Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna).
• His massive manuscript, called the
Laws of Medicine, was completed
around 1030 AD and translated
into Latin in the 12th Century.
• This encyclopaedia of medicine
contained five books detailing the
formulation of medicines,
diagnosis of disorders, general
medicine and detailed therapies.
54. Timeline of Medical History
The
Renaissance
1400 – 1700 ADAD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
55. The Renaissance
• The Renaissance was a period in European history during
which there was a revival in the ideas of ancient Rome
and Greece.
• Culture, art, science and medicine were studied by
aristocrats and scholars who prized themselves on their
education.
• Ideas flourished and the newly invented printing press
allowed books to be produced quickly.
(The printing press was a revolution in information technology and
resulted in ideas spreading around)
56. The Renaissance
Medical research was intensified during this
period.
Medicine remained dominated by the teachings of the
church but physicians began to learn more about the
human body.
They read books translated from Arabic medical texts
and began to study anatomy in a scientific and
systematic way.
57. The Renaissance
Andreas Vesalius and Leonardo Da Vinci dissected
human bodies and made the first anatomical
drawings.
The church did not permit the dissection of 'God
fearing bodies' so it was often the bodies of criminals
or 'sinners' that were used. Doctors learned about
anatomy from watching these dissections.
61. Timeline of Medical History
Modern
Medicine
18th – 21st century
AD
Latin : anno domini
In the year of our Lord
(Birth of Christ)
62. Modern Medicine :
18th - 19th century
• Two of the big medical advances of this time were:
▫ Vaccinations
▫ X-rays
• The study of microbes, or microbiology, was born and
the increased knowledge of pathogenic microbes led to
the development of new medicines to tackle infectious
diseases.
• The pharmaceutical industry was born
• Surgery – discovery of anaesthesia & antiseptic
71. Modern Medicine : 20th century
• Major advances in healthcare which include
development of:
▫ Antibiotics : Penicillin - the discovery and development
of antibiotics by Fleming, Florey and Chain.
▫ Insulin: Banting and Best's work to show that insulin can
be used to treat diabetes.
▫ Other medicines: pharmaceutical laboratories around
the world are constantly producing new treatments for
diseases.
▫ Imaging techniques
▫ DNA & human diseases
76. Modern Medicine : 21st century
• Human genome project
▫ It started in 1990 and completed in 2003.
• Genetic & medicine
▫ Genetic engineering
▫ Genetic manipulation & enhancement
• Ethic & medicine
▫ Dealing with the controversial issues
80. TO BECOME COMFORTABLE
WITH UNCERTAINTY IS ONE OF
THE PRIMARY GOALS IN THE
TRAINING OF A PHYSCIAN”
Sherwin B. Nuland
(1930 – 2014)
PBL 1
81. What’s next?
• Personalized
medicine is an
emerging practice
of medicine that
uses an individual's
genetic profile to
guide decisions
made in regard to
the prevention,
diagnosis, and
treatment of
disease.
88. Conclusion
Medicine continues to progress……..
Main duty of medical healthcare providers are
to preserve the nobility of the profession.
What I fear most for the future is a world which is
too technologically advanced, but too morally
backward’
Prof Dr. Mahmoud Fathalla (FIGO President – 1994 – 1997)