- Studying history helps understand how current predicaments relate to those of the past and what solutions have been tried.
- Early civilizations viewed disease through supernatural lenses and focused on religious practices rather than health. Medicine men used herbs, amulets, and ceremonies.
- Ancient medical traditions developed in places like India, China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, the Arab world, and Mesopotamia with varying theories of health involving humors or elements. Key figures advanced knowledge of anatomy, surgery, and clinical practices.
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
Community medicine let's think beyond diseaseDr.Jatin Chhaya
Introduction - Community Medicine
Concept of Hygeine, Public health, Preventive & Social Medicine and Community diagnosis..
Difference between Clinician and Epidemiologist..
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
From a seminar I gave in my first year MD in Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences.
Oxford Textbook of Public Health and Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Public Health by Maxcy, Rosenau and Last are my references.
Might help readers learn the evolution of the concept of public health.
This presentation describes the Evolution of Community Medicine from the word hygiene to public health to preventive and social medicine to community medicine . It is a very simple presentation which describes difference between doctor ,good doctor and a very good doctor. It also includes recent IAPSM ( INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE) definition of Community Medicine and what are the key functions of Community Medicine Specialist. it also describes concept of Socialized Medicine.
PYA Principal Kent Bottles, MD, who is also Chief Medical Officer of PYA Analytics, presented before healthcare information technology (IT) professionals at the Summit of the Southeast—Driving the Future of Technology held at Nashville Music City Center, September 16-17, 2014. Dr. Bottles’ presentation covered population health.
Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
Introduction to public health, definition, Preventive medicine vs public health, social medicine, community medicine, role of public health, public health practices, core activities
Community medicine let's think beyond diseaseDr.Jatin Chhaya
Introduction - Community Medicine
Concept of Hygeine, Public health, Preventive & Social Medicine and Community diagnosis..
Difference between Clinician and Epidemiologist..
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
From a seminar I gave in my first year MD in Shivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences.
Oxford Textbook of Public Health and Textbook of Preventive Medicine and Public Health by Maxcy, Rosenau and Last are my references.
Might help readers learn the evolution of the concept of public health.
This presentation describes the Evolution of Community Medicine from the word hygiene to public health to preventive and social medicine to community medicine . It is a very simple presentation which describes difference between doctor ,good doctor and a very good doctor. It also includes recent IAPSM ( INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE) definition of Community Medicine and what are the key functions of Community Medicine Specialist. it also describes concept of Socialized Medicine.
PYA Principal Kent Bottles, MD, who is also Chief Medical Officer of PYA Analytics, presented before healthcare information technology (IT) professionals at the Summit of the Southeast—Driving the Future of Technology held at Nashville Music City Center, September 16-17, 2014. Dr. Bottles’ presentation covered population health.
Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
Introduction to public health, definition, Preventive medicine vs public health, social medicine, community medicine, role of public health, public health practices, core activities
History of medicine, pre historic medicine, egyptian medicine, ayurveda, chinese medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medine, Medievial medicine, Future trends in medicine, medicine in 21st century, Medicine in 18th century, medicine in 19th century, Medicine in 20th century, Tech trends in medicine, Medicine pioneers, Dark age medicine, Babylonian medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medicine, Babylonian medicine, Prehistoric men believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies, WAY OF LIFE
Hunter Gatherers, Major Threats to Health, Egyptians believed gods, demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases, Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed mashed pig’s eyes blended with honey and red ochre for eye problems, The practice of medicine is very specialized among Egyptian, Each physician treats just one disease, Oldest surviving complete medical system in the World – A highlights the way of life that teaches how to maintain and protect health, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions.
Patients were treated with various therapies, While Ancient Civilizations were undoubtedly versed in the use of herbs as medicines, Extensive Written Records Appeared only During the Time of Greeks, The medical knowledge was acquired by Romans by Greek physicians who were brought into Roman empires, mostly as Slaves, Time of intellectual and societal stagnation throughout much of Europe, But the torch of academia continued to burn brightly in the Islamic world, Church taught that God sent illness & repenting would cure all evils many people at the time believed that pilgrimage would cure them
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxbradburgess22840
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
The practice of medicine in ancient civilizationsReed O'Brien
Lecture by Prof. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glasg), FRCP(Ire), FRCP(Lond), FACP, FAHA about the history of medicine in ancient civilizations; Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus Valley, and Africa.
The best presentation you can ever have on Nursing History presentation with authentic material and proper references. Objectives Summary of ancient cultures Site of Health Care in Ancient Cultures Islam and Nursing The founder of Nursing Historical Perspective of Nursing in Mughal period Nursing Defined by different scholar Definition of Nursing by WHO Types of Nursing Educational Programs History of Nursing Education in Pakistan
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. • Studying history helps to understand how predicament is similar to someone
else's who came prior to us.
• We might also be able to examine what they did and assess if this is a path that
we want to take or something we wish to avoid.
• Studying history connects us to something larger than merely subjective
consciousness.
INTRODUCTION
• From time immemorial man has been interested in trying to
control disease. The medicine man, the priest, the herbalist and the
magician, all undertook in various ways to cure man's disease
and/or to bring relief to the sick. It has been truly said that
medicine was conceived in sympathy and born out of necessity.
3. Public Health according to Charles-Edward
Amory Winslow (1920)
“the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and
efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control
of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the
organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of
disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the
community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health”.
Health according to WHO “the state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of a disease or infirmity.”
Health according to Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
(1986)“resource for everyday life, not the objective of daily living. Health is a positive concept
emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities.”
4. ANCIENT ERA OF MEDICINE OR PRIMITIVE
MEDICINE
As centuries rolled on , civilisations' emerged in various regions , each civilisation
having its own characteristic culture and life style. Every civilisation had a different
hypothesis on health.
Health was considered as a state of balance between various humors of human
body, variously defined by various cultures.
Disease were believed to result from a state of imbalance caused by disturbance in the
relative proportion of these humors.
CERTAIN THEORIES OF ANCIENT ERA
DEMONISTIC THEORY - Indivisuals suffering from disease were possessed by demons
(Demons were usually evil).
FATALISTIC THEORY - God rewards or punishes indivisuals on basis of their good and
evil deeds.
CHARMS THEORY - Good spirits bring health & prosperity (Evils spirits bring
upon wrath).
5. • early civilization looked at diseases from a supernatural
perspective.
• pre-historic peoples apparently adopted “health-related
practices” not for health reasons but more for religious
purposes. After all, as mentioned previously, health or
disease is seen as a “divine act”.
Shamans – medicine man
The use of medicinal herbs, usually gathered by
most probably the women in the tribe.
The use of amulets, charms or spells that would
supposedly ward off evil spirits that would cause
the illness.
The conduct of ceremonies that would appease the
gods or supernatural beings and eventually revert
the curse that caused the ill-ness.
Giving advice to individuals on how to maintain an
illness-free life.
6. INDIAN MEDICINE
Dhanvantari : Hindu god of medicine.
Ayurveda: meaning “the science of life” is the indigenous system of Indian medicine
Ayurveda originated from Atharvaveda.
Siddha: practiced in Tamil speaking areas of south India.
Yoga: the key to a longer and healthy life is and was a basic component of health care
WORKING HYPOTHESIS
Tri – dosa: Vata (wind), Pita (gall), kapha (mucus)
LEADING PERSONALITIES
Atreya : first Indian physician &teacher
Charaka : Composed charaka samhita. Known
as “father of Indianmedicine”
Sushuruta : composed sushuruta samhita (which describes various operative
procedures & techiniques of plastic surgery). Knownas “father of Indian
Surgery”
7. CHINESE MEDICINE
WORKING HYPOTHESIS
Five fold system : EARTH, METAL, WATER, WOOD & FIRE (Each related to
five firm organs : Heart, Spleen, Lungs, Liver, Kidney
Celestial emperors: Qi (Spiritual power or energy)
Huang Ti : developed medical facilities
Nei Ching : a classic master of internal medicine
LEADING PERSONALITIES
EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
WORKING HYPOTHESIS
They believed that the natural history of disease starts with the
food consumed by an individual.
LEADING PERSONALITIES
Imhotep : was considered a master in all fields of learning and medicine.
He developed a deep sense of sanitation among the Egyptians.
8. GREEK MEDICINEWORKING HYPOTHESIS
4 fold system : Blood, Phlegm, Black bile & Yellow bile
Each possessing properties of Heat, cold, moisture and dryness respectively.
Greek God of medicine APPOLO
The staff of Aesculapius -> CADUCACEUS
AESCULAPIUS
HYGEIA : Goddess of Hygiene -> PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
PANACEA : Goddess of Treatment ->CLINICAL MEDICINE
LEADING PERSONALITIES
ROMAN MEDICINEWORKING HYPOTHESIS
(Describing Warmth and cold)
LEADING PERSONALITIES
Galen : He produced some 500 treatise which were
studied for around 14 centuries.
Celsus : A surgeon who developed method for controlof Hemorrhage and Infection.
Galen - foundation for the study of Human Anatomy
9. ARABIAN MEDICINE
Rhazes : produced over 200 medical and philosophical treatise
Avicenna: Compiled the “canon of medicine” for general practitioners
Ibn. An. Nafis : Investigator and writer. He is known to conceive the idea of pulmonary circulation.
LEADING PERSONALITIES
Unani medicine, also called Unani tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic medicine, a traditional system of
healing and health maintenance observed in South Asia. The origins of Unani medicine are found in
the doctrines of the ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.
They developed UNANI system of medicine
MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE
WORKING HYPOTHESIS
Liver was considered as the seat of life. There were interpretations of dreams relating them to
disease.
Medical practice was rigidly codified, starting with Hammurabi's Code in the 18th century BC and
persisting to the late 1st millennium BC.
LEADING PERSONALITIES
Gula, also known as Nintinugga, Ninkarrak, Meme, Bau, and Ninisina, is the Mesopotamian
goddess of healing and the divine patroness of doctors and medicine-workers.
10. THEORIES OF THE MODERN ERA OF
MEDICINE
Miasmi - Toxic vapor or miasma emanated from decaying animal & vegetable
matter are diffused into the surrounding and spread al sort of disease.
Contagion/ GERM - This theory held that epidemics resulted from transmission of
germs.
Spontaneous generation Or Abiogenesis - Twas originally propounded by
Aristotle, who believed that living organisms directly emerged from non living
organisms. Later the theory was displaced by theory of biogenesis, i.e., “Life
originates from life” by Louis Pasteur.
11. 1500 BC LEVITICUS - It is believed to be the first written health code inworld. The book dealt with
personal and community responsibilities and included guidance regarding cleanliness of body, sexual
health behaviors & protection against contagious diseases.
THE CODE OF HAMMURABI - Created by the King of Babylon, is one of the earliest sets of laws found. It
focuses on theft, farming, Human rights, murder, death and injury. There was also a documented code for
physicians and health practices. There was also evidence of bathrooms and drains in homes as well as
written medical prescriptions
HIPPOCRATES 460 – 375 B.C. - Introduced Scientific methods to the study of medicine. His famous oath,
the "Hippocratic oath "has become the keystone of medical ethics. Hippocrates will always be regarded as
one of the “masters of the medicalart”.
THE ROMANIAN PRE-MATH - Also during this period, Greeks were active in the practice of
community sanitation. Romans improved upon Greek engineering in the building of aqueducts to
protect watersupplies. They alsocreated the first hospital.
MIDDLE AGE 500AD-1500AD - The Middle Ages, also knownas "The Dark Ages”. Health problems were
considered to have spiritual causes andsolutions. Bloodletting and alchemy werecommon practices. Most
importantly, the failure was to consider the role of the environment in health that led to epidemics and thus
resulting in inability to controlthem.
12. Black Plague
Also known as the Bubonic Plague, it
decimated one third of Europe’s population
over the span of 5 years.
The disease was caused by a bacteria, Yersinia
pestis, transmitted through flea bites.
The outbreak started in China and through
the trade routes the disease was brought to
Europe. According to historical records, the
Bubonic plague arrived in Europe by sea via
when Genoese trading ships that sailed
through the Black Sea docked at the port of
Sicily in Messina carrying the bodies of dead
seafarers. Those who were not yet dead were
gravely ill. And because they were covered
with black boils, the disease was called “Black
Death”.
13. “Dark Ages” or “Middle Ages”
Landlords or serfs replaced monarchs and villages which were once
part of huge city-states conglomerated to form what was known as a
feudal system. Landlords protected the villages and built forts which
later evolved into castles in order to provide defense from potential
invaders or plunderers.
Early Christian monks and philosophers preserved Roman and Greek
ideologies through preservation efforts most of which occurred within
monasteries.
these monasteries established hospices that would cater to traveling
pilgrims who would either get sick along the way.
Quarantine - quaranta giorni, meaning 'Forty days'
This was practiced as a measure of disease prevention related to
the Black Death.
Venice took the lead in measures to check the spread of plague,
having appointed three guardians of public health in the first
years of the Black Death (1348).
14. Industrial Revolution
Edwin Chadwick, Secretary of the England's
Poor Law Commission, wrote “Report on the
Inquiry into Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring
Population of Great Britain”. It revealed the
results of the Commission’s study on the
prevalence and causation of preventable
diseases, particularly of the working poor
in England.
Among the many challenges faced by
England during this time was the cholera
outbreak. Historians would argue that the
Cholera outbreak that started in 1831
eventually killed more people in England
than the Black Plague. Dr. John Snow finally
was able to elucidate how Cholera was
transmitted by tracing the source.
15. Post World War 2
1948 – WHO was established
1976 – Ebola virus was discovered
1977 – smallpox was totally
eradicated
1978 – Declaration of Alma Ata on
Primary health care (PHC)
1982 – UNICEF came up with GOBI
as an alternative to PHC
1980’s – HIV/AIDS
1997 – Avian Flu -A(H5N1)
1998 – Swine Flu
21st century – resurgence of vaccine
preventable diseases
16. COMMUNITY MEDICINE
With the emergence of Non-communicable diseases and due to their multifactorial etiology,
the concept of “MULTIFACTORIAL DISEASE CAUSATION” came into vogue.
So, measures like early diagnosis, identification of risk factors, limiting the development of
disability and rehabilitation of handicapped persons were included into the subject.
Thus the scope was broadened from – HYGIENE PUBLIC HEALTH PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL
MEDICINE COMMUNITY MEDICINE
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: Definition: (By Leavell and Clark) “The science and art of preventing
disease, prolonging life, promoting physical and mental health and efficiency.”
• James Lind conclusively showed in 1748 that scurvy can be prevented by the use of fresh citrus
fruits and vegetables.
• Edward Jenner discovered small pox vaccine.
• Thus the concept of ‘Preventive Medicine’ came.
• And the scope of Preventive Medicine was broadened from the general measures of health
promotion (hygiene) to specific measures of disease prevention (immunization).
17. CONCLUSION
The Era highlighted thevalue of a healthyand productive population, leading to advances in
occupational health.
A milestone in the history of public health is the Great Sanitary awakening which took place in England
& gradually spread to other countries.
Term Public Health came in to general use around 1840’s. It arose from need to protect the public from
the spread of communicable diseases In 1848 (Cholera in London).
A comprehensive piece of legislation was brought into force in England, the Public Health Act of 1875 ,
for the control of man’s physical environment.
Preventive medicine really dates back to the 18th century. It developed as a branch of medicine distinct
from Public Health. Preventive Medicine got a firm foundation after the discovery of causative agents of
disease and establishment of the Germ Theory of disease.
18. REFERENCE
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• Fee, Elizabeth. 1987. Disease and Discovery: A History of the Johns Hopkins
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• Goudsblom, Johan. 1986. "Public Health and the Civilizing Process." The Milbank
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• Winslow, C. E. A. 1923. The Evolution and Significance of the Modern Public
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