This document summarizes the history of health science from primitive times through the 21st century. It describes early beliefs that illness was caused by spirits and the use of plants as medicine. It then outlines advances made by ancient Egyptians in record keeping and identifying diseases, ancient Chinese in developing acupuncture, and ancient Greeks like Hippocrates and Aristotle who studied anatomy and the causes of disease. The document continues by discussing developments during the Renaissance like the study of anatomy through dissection, the printing press making information more widely available, and inventions in subsequent centuries like the stethoscope, antibiotics, vaccines, x-rays, and modern approaches to medical care being discovered today.

1. Introduction to Health Science

2. PPrriimmiittiivvee TTiimmeess
• Illness caused by supernatural
spirits and demons
• Tribal witch doctors performed
ceremonies to drive out evil
spirits
• Herbs and plants used as
medicine

3. AAnncciieenntt EEggyyppttiiaannss
• Earliest people to keep
health records
• Identified diseases
• Used medicine to heal
disease
• Splinted fractures
• Used bloodletting

4. AAnncciieenntt CChhiinneessee
• First to use acupuncture
therapies
• Treated disease with
stone tools

5. AAnncciieenntt GGrreeeekkss
• Studied causes of disease
• Hippocrates
– The “Father of
Medicine”
– Hippocratic Oath
• “Code of Ethics”
• Aristotle
– Dissected animals

6. AAnncciieenntt RRoommaannss
• First to organize medical care
• Early hospitals in homes
• Developed sanitation system
• Claudius Galen (129-199 AD):
– Dissection is key to understanding
body
– Could only dissect animals
– Used pulse as a diagnostic tool

7. Dark and Middle AAggeess ((440000 -- 11440000 AADD))
• Study of medicine
stopped for over 1000
years
• Medicine practiced in
monasteries and
convents

8. Dark and Middle AAggeess ((440000 -- 11440000 AADD))
• Used herbal medicine

9. Plagues aanndd EEppiiddeemmiiccss dduurriinngg tthhee ddaarrkk aaggeess
• Bubonic Plague

10. Even today tthhee ppllaagguuee iiss ssttiillll rreemmeemmbbeerreedd......
–“Ring around the
rosies,
–Pocket full of
posies,
–Ashes, Ashes, we
all fall down!”

11. The Renaissance ((11440000 -- 11665500 AADD))
• Rebirth of Science
– Medical schools
– Study of the body
by dissection

12. The Renaissance ((11440000 -- 11665500 AADD))
• Leonardo da Vinci
– Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body

13. The Renaissance ((11440000 -- 11665500 AADD))
• The invention of the Printing Press
made books available to study.
Monks copying books in a Monastery prior
to the Renaissance

14. 1166tthh aanndd 1177tthh CCeennttuurryy
• William Harvey
– Pumping heart and circulation

15. 1166tthh aanndd 1177tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
– Invented the microscope

16. 1188tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Benjamin Franklin
– Invented bifocals
because he had
trouble seeing
– Electricity
– Many more inventions

17. 1188tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Edward Jenner
– Vaccination for smallpox

18. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Ignas Semmelweiss
– Cause of childhood fever
– Instituted hand washing
– Died from a cut he received during an
autopsy

19. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Rene Laennec
– Invented the stethoscope

20. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Florence Nightingale
– First school of nursing
– Started during the Crimean War
– Made nursing an honorable profession

21. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Clara Barton
– Established the American Red Cross

22. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Louis Pasteur
– Microorganisms cause disease

23. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Joseph Lister
– The first doctor to use antiseptic during
an operation to prevent infection

24. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Robert Koch
• The “Father of Microbiology”

25. 1199tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Wilhelm Roentgen
– Discovered x-rays

26. 2200tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Sigmund Freud
– His studies were the basis of psychology
and psychiatry

27. 2200tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Alexander Fleming
– Discovered Penicillin

28. 2200tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Jonas Salk
– Discovered a “killed” polio virus vaccine

29. 2200tthh CCeennttuurryy
• Albert Sabin
– Used a “live” polio vaccine

30. 2211sstt CCeennttuurryy
• New approaches to medical
care are being discovered
every year
• People are taught more
about wellness, and learn
more about health care

31. The Medical Profession hheellppss tthhoossee yyoouu lloovvee!!