1. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN
MESOPOTAMIA

2. MESOPOTAMIAN CONCEPTS OF
DISEASE AND HEALING
Spirits were blamed.
•Each spirit or god was held
responsible for only one disease.

3. TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL
MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
Ashipu and Asu

4. ASHIPU
Also accounted as
“sorcerer” or exorcist.
Diagnose the ailment, this
meant which god or
demon was causing the
illness.
Attempt to cure the patient
by means of charms and
spells that were designed
to drive out the spirit
causing the disease.

5. ASU
Also accounted as
“physician“
Dealt with empirical
applications of medication.
For example, when treating
wounds the asu generally
relied on washing,
bandaging, and making
plasters (a mixture of
medicinal ingredients
applied to a wound and
held on by a bandage)

6. • Medications were
ground and filtered
for ointments or
plasters to spread on
a piece of thin leather
to apply.
• Prescriptions
specified enemas,
laxatives, ointments,,
pills, powders, and
suppositories.

7. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN
LATINAMERICA

8. RURAL MEDICINE
Latin American rural medicine is
based on folk healing
developed from indigenous
beliefs and behaviors specific to
certain cultural groups and
settings.

9. SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE
While "scientific" medicine is based on the
theory of natural causation, many religious
and ethnic populations link magical or
supernatural intervention to the cause of an
illness. Ailments are grouped by:
-Natural causes
-Mystical causes
-Supernatural causes
-Magical causes

10. NATURAL CAUSES
- Injuries, physical
decline, stress and
virus/germs
resulting in
physiological
changes which are
scientifically
unchallenged.

11. MYSTICAL CAUSES
Karma, destiny,
taboo, soul lost
or putatively
mediated
conditions as a
response to
violations.

12. SUPERNATURAL CAUSES
Gods,
ancestors,
spirits or ghosts
who
vengefully
react to
provocation.

13. MAGICAL CAUSES
Sorcery and
witchcraft
with the
intent to
harm the
victim.

14. EXAMPLES
Natural folk diseases such as
"empacho," meaning intestinal
distress; Mystical folk diseases such as
"mal de oje," meaning evil eye, or
"susto," defined as a lost soul;
and Magical folk diseases of "mal
puesto," or "embujo," defined as hexing
and witchcraft.

15. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION IN
ANCIENT ROME

16. • Maby years ago, the Romans invaded
Greece and paid little attention to their
medical treatment and Greek doctors such
as Hippocrates.
• Hippocrates was considered the father of
modern medicine.
SHORT HISTORY OF ROMAN
MEDICINE

17. • He created to the concept of medicine in a
different field of science away from the
approach of philosophy and myth.
• The Romans relied on home-made
medicines that had been used in households
for generations.
HIPPOCRATES

18. HERBAL MEDICINES
Herbal medicine
were one of the ways
they tried to cure
illnesses. (e.g.
mustard seeds were
good for the stomach
aches and nettle tea
for rheumatism.)

19. ROMAN MEDICAL TOOLS
• The Romans made
advance in surgery and
mainly because it fix their
practical needs.
• The Roman Empire was
based on conquering
land with their highly
effective army so getting
their injured soldier out
fighting was the goal.

20. SAW
A saw for
cutting
through
bones.

21. SCALPEL
A scalpel
for slicing
open flesh.

22. PROBE
Before
operations,
these were
used to
explore the
wound.

23. CATHETERS
• Catheters were
used to drain
the bladder of
patients who
were having
difficulty going
to the loo!

24. ASCLEPIUS
• Asclepius is the Greek
god of healing and
was the only the
Greek gods the
Romans prayed to.
• His symbol is twin
snakes winding
around a staff
•

26. B Y R A U L A L B E R T D O L O R
MEDICATION AND
DENTISTRY IN INDIA

27. ANCIENT SURGERIES
Ancient India saw
great advancements
in medical science.
Some of these fields
were dental surgery,
and plastic surgery.

28. MEDICAL PRACTICES
• Around 800 B.C the first instances of
surgery were recorded. It was
considered as one of the eight branches
of Ayurveda.
• Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine –
is a system of Hindu traditional medicine
and is a form of alternative medicine.

29. MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
• The main medical practitioners were Charaka
and Shusruta.

30. CHARAKA 300 B.C.
- Father of Medicine.
- His renowned work,
the “Charak Samhita“,
is considered as an
encyclopedia
of Ayurveda.

31. SHUSRUTA
- Father of plastic
surgery,
- excelled in
ophthalmology
(removing
cataracts) and
restoration of
mutilated nose or
rhinoplasty.

32. CATARACT SURGERY
Cataract surgery: Cataract
surgery was known to the Indian
physician Sushruta (6th century
BCE). In India, cataract surgery
was performed with a special
tool called the Jabamukhi
Salaka, a curved needle used to
loosen the lens and push the
cataract out of the field of vision,
the eye would later be soaked
with warm butter and then
bandaged.

33. ANCIENT MEDICINE IN INDIA
AYUR-VEDA is the
oldest existing
medical system,
having its heritage in
ancient India. It is
recognized by the
World Health
Organization and is
still widely practiced.

34. HYGIENE
Hygiene is an Indian cultural value
and a central practice of ayurvedic
medicine. Hygienic living involves
regular bathing, cleansing of teeth,
skin the body with oil is also pre-
care, and eye washing. Occasional
anointing of scribed.

35. Over the following centuries, ayurvedic practitioners
developed a number of medicinal preparations and
surgical procedures for the treatment of various ailments
Hundreds of plant-based
medicines are used in
ayurvedic medicine—
including cardamom and
cinnamon
Sesame and sunflower oil are
used in ayurvedic medicine.
Both contain linoleate in
triglyceride form and may have
antineoplastic properties.

36. DENTISTRY
The first society to
use dental bridges
and appliances
were the Etruscans,
starting around 700
BC.
The image shows a similar dental bridge
created by the Egyptians that uses gold
wires to hold the teeth together