This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to early human anatomy studies in 500 AD. It discusses how prehistoric peoples used plants and herbs as early medicines. It then focuses on Hippocrates, considered the "father of medicine", and his significant contributions including establishing the Hippocratic Oath and separating medicine from superstition. Several of the earliest surviving Egyptian medical texts are also summarized, including the Kahun Papyrus, Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, and Ebers Papyrus. The document concludes with brief summaries of early human anatomy studies conducted by Alcmaeon of Croton and Herophilus between 500 BC and 280 BC.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
History of medicine, pre historic medicine, egyptian medicine, ayurveda, chinese medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medine, Medievial medicine, Future trends in medicine, medicine in 21st century, Medicine in 18th century, medicine in 19th century, Medicine in 20th century, Tech trends in medicine, Medicine pioneers, Dark age medicine, Babylonian medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medicine, Babylonian medicine, Prehistoric men believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies, WAY OF LIFE
Hunter Gatherers, Major Threats to Health, Egyptians believed gods, demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases, Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed mashed pig’s eyes blended with honey and red ochre for eye problems, The practice of medicine is very specialized among Egyptian, Each physician treats just one disease, Oldest surviving complete medical system in the World – A highlights the way of life that teaches how to maintain and protect health, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions.
Patients were treated with various therapies, While Ancient Civilizations were undoubtedly versed in the use of herbs as medicines, Extensive Written Records Appeared only During the Time of Greeks, The medical knowledge was acquired by Romans by Greek physicians who were brought into Roman empires, mostly as Slaves, Time of intellectual and societal stagnation throughout much of Europe, But the torch of academia continued to burn brightly in the Islamic world, Church taught that God sent illness & repenting would cure all evils many people at the time believed that pilgrimage would cure them
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
History of medicine, pre historic medicine, egyptian medicine, ayurveda, chinese medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medine, Medievial medicine, Future trends in medicine, medicine in 21st century, Medicine in 18th century, medicine in 19th century, Medicine in 20th century, Tech trends in medicine, Medicine pioneers, Dark age medicine, Babylonian medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medicine, Babylonian medicine, Prehistoric men believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies, WAY OF LIFE
Hunter Gatherers, Major Threats to Health, Egyptians believed gods, demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases, Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed mashed pig’s eyes blended with honey and red ochre for eye problems, The practice of medicine is very specialized among Egyptian, Each physician treats just one disease, Oldest surviving complete medical system in the World – A highlights the way of life that teaches how to maintain and protect health, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions.
Patients were treated with various therapies, While Ancient Civilizations were undoubtedly versed in the use of herbs as medicines, Extensive Written Records Appeared only During the Time of Greeks, The medical knowledge was acquired by Romans by Greek physicians who were brought into Roman empires, mostly as Slaves, Time of intellectual and societal stagnation throughout much of Europe, But the torch of academia continued to burn brightly in the Islamic world, Church taught that God sent illness & repenting would cure all evils many people at the time believed that pilgrimage would cure them
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxbradburgess22840
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
Introduction to pharmacognosy including definition of Pharmacognosy, History of Pharmacognosy, Scope and development of Pharmacognosy as well as some question on the topic Like Multiple choice question, short question and long question
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxbradburgess22840
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
Introduction to pharmacognosy including definition of Pharmacognosy, History of Pharmacognosy, Scope and development of Pharmacognosy as well as some question on the topic Like Multiple choice question, short question and long question
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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4. Re-interpreting&re-imaging
medicine
1History of medicine. 8000 BC: Prehistoric medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2023, from
https://www.abpischools.org.uk/topics/history-of-medicine/8000-bc-prehistoric-medicine/
What did medicine look like in prehistoric times?
● Shamans are to physicians as witch doctors are to
biologists
● Prehistoric cave artwork →believed in spirit
realm1
● Making concoctions to treat disease
5. Plants/herbs as medicine - contrary to today’s
western medicine:
● Papyrus & honey as foundation for
medical intervention
● Chamomile and yarrow in Neanderthal
diet2
● Grinding herbs to use as supplement in
food/water → working knowledge of
medicinal plants
● Q: To what extent did prehistoric
populations exercise their knowledge of
medicine?
Prehistoricrecordsofmedicine
2Hardy K, Buckley S, Collins MJ, Estalrrich A, Brothwell D, Copeland L, García-Tabernero A, García-Vargas S, de la Rasilla M,
Lalueza-Fox C, Huguet R, Bastir M, Santamaría D, Madella M, Wilson J, Cortés AF, Rosas A. Neanderthal medics? Evidence for
food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus. Naturwissenschaften. 2012 Aug;99(8):617-26. doi:
10.1007/s00114-012-0942-0. Epub 2012 Jul 18. PMID: 22806252.
Fig. 1 - Dental calculus in Neanderthal fossils circa
prehistoric times
7. Historyofhippocrates
- Born c. 460 BC in Kos, Ancient Greece and
died in c. 370 BC
- Little is actually known about Hippocrates,
even physical depictions of him are thought to
be fictitious
- Born into a family of priest-doctors but
ultimately decided to teach medicine to
outsiders , established School of Kos
- Did not believe in the superstitious and
supernatural aspects of former medical
practices, so he broke tradition
8. - Major Contribution: separating medicine’s former association with magic
and instead using critical analysis, rational, and genuine care for his
patients to provide the optimal treatments and care.
- Hippocratic Oath: an oath sworn by doctors involving the use of
medicine and upholding standards involving patient care. There is a
classical and newly revised version that only includes the doctor and
patient while excluding the ‘gods.’
- Corpus Hippocraticum: approximately 60 medical works written by
Hippocrates and his pupils containing research, notes, lecture, and much
more on numerous medical topics.
Hippocrates’ContributionstoMedicine
9. Focus on the People: Hippocrates focused on
what factors led to certain symptoms and
diseases experienced by the patient. He
observed aspects of their lifestyle and helped
patient make changes in their diet, exercise and
other lifestyle changes. Contrary to Hippocrates’
methods, modern medicine focuses more on the
disease rather than the patient through
pharmaceuticals and surgical practices.
Hippocrates’approachtomedicine
11. 6 Papyri:
● Kahun Medical Papyrus
● Ramesseum IV and Ramessium V papyri
● Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
● The Ebers Medical Papyrus
● Hearst Medical Papyrus
Thought to be based on older texts dating possibly
from 3000 BC
Medicine described in these texts is thought to
influence the medicine of neighboring cultures
including ancient Greece
2000- 1500BC:theoldestsurvivingegyptian
medicaltexts
Kahun Medical Papyrus Source: University
College London
12. Named after the man who purchased it
in 1862
First medical document based on
objective observation
Excludes magical and religious
perception
Believed to be the oldest known
systemic written work on surgery
1700BC- Edwinsmithsurgicalpapyrus
One of the pages from the Edwin
Smith Surgical Papyrus Source:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
13. Originally intended to be a surgical textbook
Consists solely of surgical cases (48)
● Includes description of examination,
diagnosis, and treatment
Thought to be a copy of an older manuscript
dating back to approximately 3000-2500 BC
First written record of many terms of
neurosurgical interest
● Some of the oldest descriptions of the
brain and skull
1700BC- Edwinsmithsurgicalpapyrus
Hieroglyphic parchment copy of case No. 6
concerning a gaping wound in a man’s head
Source: Feldman and Goodrich (1999)
14. First systemic textbook on anatomy
Based on his work on animal dissections and was influenced by
Hippocratic medicine
Not much of the original text is recoverable today
The book covered topics such as
● Animal anatomy
● Dietetics
● Physiology
● Embryology
● Medical botany
300Bc- Diocleswritesthefirstknownanatomy
book
15. Written by Dioscorides, a Greek physician
of the Roman Empire
Covered botany and pharmaceuticals
Included over 600 kinds of plants, 35
animals and 90 minerals
Drew on previous writings, his own
experience as a physician, and local
traditions in the Mediterranean and Near
East
60AD- Demateriamedica
Source: Library of Congress
16. Gave medical uses for the taxa he
documented
● Internal applications and external
applications
● Which plant part to use such as the
seed, bark, or oil
● Taxa ranged widely in use with
dermatology, gynecology, and
gastroenterology being the most
common
60AD- Demateriamedica
Source: Staub et al. (2016)
17. Paleolithic and neolithic peoples would remove
holes 2-3 inches in diameter from skulls
● Relatively high survival rate from the
operation
● Scraping, boring, grooving, drilling, or use
of intersected cuts
Hippocratic corpus described a toothed
trepanning saw
Practiced in ancient Africa, China, South
America, and the Mediterranean
Still practiced in Africa
Trepanation:anearlysurgicalintervention
Trephined Skull Source:
Museum Wasserburg
Tumi knife Source: The
Metropolitan Museum of
Art
19. 500 BC- Alcmaeon of Croton
- First person known to do human dissections.
- Some say he was first to distinguish veins from arteries, but others
believed that he was only able to distinguish bigger more interior
vessels from smaller ones that were closer to the surface.
- Was the one to first suggest that the brain was the center of
intellectual activity.
- Discovered the Optic Nerve after believing that the sensory organs
were connected to the brain via channels.
- First to suggest an equality between the opposing powers that make up
the human body preserves health, whereas the monarchy of any one of
them leads to disease.
EarlyStudiesofHumanAnatomy
20. 280 BC- Herophilus
- First person to dissect a human body
- Studied the nervous system, also thought that the brain was the center
of the nervous system.
- Studied the ventricles (cavities) of the brain.
- Traced the sinuses of the dura mater, the membrane covering the brain,
to their junction.
- Classified nerve trunks as either motor or sensory after distinguishing
them from tendons and blood vessels.
- Went on to further dissect the eye, discovering the cornea, retina, iris,
and choroid coat.
- Had other discoveries about human body.
EarlyStudiesofHumanAnatomy
21. - More discoveries would be made that allow humans to better
understand the human body and medical treatment.
- Others would further distinguish the different parts of organs
and how they work.
- It would set up the framework of medical treatments that are
widely known throughout our history.
- The first medical school would be established, allowing others
to learn and make discoveries about the human body.
- Discovery of different treatments for disease/ailments would be
made.
FutureandPerspective
22. Duchan, Judy. “Judy Duchan’s History of Speech - Language Pathology.” Www.acsu.buffalo.edu,
www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~duchan/new_history/ancient_history/herophilus.html.
Huffman, Carl. “Alcmaeon (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).” Stanford.edu, 2017, plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/.
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