This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian medicine between 3000 BC and 500 AD. It discusses prominent figures like Imhotep who was considered the first physician, as well as ancient medical texts like the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus, and Edwin Smith Papyrus. These papyri contained case studies of wounds and treatments using herbal remedies. The document also describes Egyptian knowledge of anatomy, clinical examination techniques like palpation and percussion, dental practices, surgical instruments, common diseases, and examples of herbal remedies.
The practice of medicine in ancient civilizationsReed O'Brien
Lecture by Prof. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glasg), FRCP(Ire), FRCP(Lond), FACP, FAHA about the history of medicine in ancient civilizations; Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus Valley, and Africa.
The practice of medicine in ancient civilizationsReed O'Brien
Lecture by Prof. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Edin), FRCP(Glasg), FRCP(Ire), FRCP(Lond), FACP, FAHA about the history of medicine in ancient civilizations; Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Indus Valley, and Africa.
For anyone doing the History of Medicine at GCSE level or A-level, or for anybody who is just generally interested in medicine, this presentation on Claudius Galen of Pergamum details how, through hard work and determination, he was able to become the most influential figure in Western medicine and culture for over 1,000 years. The presentation also includes quotes from historians who have studied Galen, such as James Hannam, Susan P. Mattern and Jeanne Bendick.
There may be no greater tribute to a society's ingenuity and vision than Egypt's Great Pyramid of Giza. Originally standing 481 feet (147 meters) tall, the Great Pyramid towers over monuments like the Statue of Liberty and Big Ben [source: PBS]. Of course, the pyramids are only part of ancient Egypt's legacy.
Read here: http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/5-amazing-ancient-egyptian-inventions.htm#page=0
For anyone doing the History of Medicine at GCSE level or A-level, or for anybody who is just generally interested in medicine, this presentation on Claudius Galen of Pergamum details how, through hard work and determination, he was able to become the most influential figure in Western medicine and culture for over 1,000 years. The presentation also includes quotes from historians who have studied Galen, such as James Hannam, Susan P. Mattern and Jeanne Bendick.
There may be no greater tribute to a society's ingenuity and vision than Egypt's Great Pyramid of Giza. Originally standing 481 feet (147 meters) tall, the Great Pyramid towers over monuments like the Statue of Liberty and Big Ben [source: PBS]. Of course, the pyramids are only part of ancient Egypt's legacy.
Read here: http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/5-amazing-ancient-egyptian-inventions.htm#page=0
This is a timeline of major medical developments in history. The timeline begins in ancient times and continues on to current times. Today, healthcare is the largest industry in the world.
The presentation reveals the role of medical profession in ancient Egypt,the great advances in surgery and dentistry .The role of Egyptian medical papyri and herbal medicine in medical practice in enriching medical knowledge in various civilizations is illustrated .
Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the physical manipulation of a bodily structure to diagnose, prevent, or cure an ailment.
Ambroise Paré, a 16th-century French surgeon, stated that to perform surgery is, "To eliminate that which is superfluous, restore that which has been dislocated, separate that which has been united, join that which has been divided and repair the defects of nature.“
history of Medicine starting as early as 7000 BC. Herbal treatment for famous diseases. Essence behind mummification using necessary surgical instruments.
History of Pharmacy |L 3| Muslim's Contribution| Golden Era| Pharmacist Tayye...Tayyeb Mehmood
key points are:
Ancient Era (Beginning of time to 1600 AD)
Non-Muslim (Babylon, China, Egypt, Greek, Turkey)
Muslim Era or Golden Era
Empiric Era (1600 to 1940 AD)
Industrialization Era (1940 to 1970AD)
Patient Care Era (1970AD to present)
Biotechnology and genetic engineering
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Ancient medicine
1. Dr. Adel M. Farrag
MBBS, MS, MD
Pediatrician
ANCIENT MEDICINE
Mohammed Salman
2. ANCIENT MEDICINE
(3000BC – 500AD)
Egyptians : 3000 BC - 1000 BC
Greeks : 1000 BC - 500 BC
Romans : 500 BC -
500AD
2
3. HOW DID MEDICINE DEVELOP IN
ANCIENT EGYPT?
•Wealthy country.
•Wars, Temples, Pyramids.
•Farmers.
•Trading with other Civilizations.
•Documentations
• Hieroglyphic language and medical papri.
• Walls of temples and tombs.
3
9. IMPHOTEP
2600 BC
•Became the God of medicine for Egyptians and Greeks at 500 BC
.
•Hippocrates appeared 1000 years following Imphotep.
•He was the engineer of the step pyramids in Saqqara.
•He was also an astronomer and architect.
9
10. THE MEDICAL PAPYRI
•The first medical texts, date from late 12th Dynasty to 20th Dynasty
(2000-1090B.C)
• Seven medical papyri:
•The Kahun Gynecological Papyrus
•The Ebers Papyrus
•The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
•The Hearst
•The Chester
•The Berlin
•The London
10
11. MEDICAL PAPYRI
The Kahun (1825 B.C)
•Gynecology.
The Ebers (1534 B.C)
•Internalmedicine and
•Herbal remedies.
The Edwin Smith (1600
B.C)
•Surgery and
•Surgical Instruments.
11
12. KAHUN GYNACHOLOGICAL PAPYRUS (1825 B.C)
Discovered in Lahun temple at Fayum city (near to cairo)
and is kept now in University of London .
Starting by a brief description of gynecological symptoms
and anatomy of reproductive organs.
Conception.
Contraception and vaginal applicants:
“crocodile dung + 45ml honey + sour milk”
Testing for pregnancy.
Methods for diagnosing the sex of the fetus.
A case report of a fistula between bladder and vagina
with incontinence of urine.
12
13. EBERS PAPYRUS (1534 B.C)
Found between the legs of a mummy in the Theben
necropolis and then later was purchased by an Egyptologist
George Ebers from an antique dealer at Luxor city.
The most lengthy of the medical papyri. constitutes a huge
roll of 20 meters long and 30 cm wide dealing mainly with
internal medicine, concentrating on diseases of the stomach,
anus, eye, skin, extremities and dental diseases as well as
some anatomical and physiological data.
Ebers papyrus includes 877 treatment recipes for different
diseases and more than 400 drugs were discribed.
13
14. EDWIN SMITH PAPYRUS (1600 B.C)
Considered the most important surgical documents in ancient
medicine. This papyrus appeared with a person called Mostafa
Agha at 1862 who sold it to an antique dealer Edwin Smith.
After his death, His daughter donated the papyrus to the New
York Academy of science.
The papyrus is 5 meters long and is chiefly concerned with
surgery, It described 48 cases of wounds in the Head, Neck,
Shoulders and chest but ended abruptly in a middle of a
sentence. For unknown reason!!
The papyrus discussed a vast majority of different bone
fractures and gave description of some of surgical instruments
used that time.
14
15. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-I
From the medical papyri:
“If you examines a man having a gaping wound in his head
penetrating the bone, smashing his skull and rending open
the brain of his skull, you should palpate his wound, you
should find that smash which in his skull like those
corrugations which form in molten copper, and something
therein throbbing and fluttering under fingers, like the weak
place of an infant’s crown before it becomes whole when it
has happened there is no throbbing and fluttering under
fingers until the brain of his skull is rent open and he
discharges blood from both his nostrils, and he suffers with
stiffness in his neck.”
15
16. CONCEPTS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Terms for external body parts Studies of battlefield injuries
Hieroglyphic terms for face Perforated skull of pharaoh Seqenera
16
17. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-2
FROM THE MEDICAL PAPYRI:
•“It is there that the heart
speaks.”
•“It is there that every
physician and every
priest of sekhmet places
his fingers ---he feets
something from the
heart.”
•“There are vessels in
him for every part of the
body.”
•“It speaks forth in the
vessels of every body
parts.”
17
19. CLINICAL EXAMINATION-I
From the medical papyri :
•Medical History.
“If you ask of him concerning his malady and he speaks not to you”
•Inspection:
“You should inspect his wounds.”
“His eyebrows are drown, while has face is as if he wept.”
Inspection in ancient medicine also included inspection of body discharges like urine, stool,
sputum or blood.
•Palpation:
“You should put your finger on it, you should palpate his belly”.
• Palpation of the pulse.
• Palpation of the fractures for crepitus
• Palpation of tumors; Ancient Egyptians learned how to differentiate between solid
tumor and an aneurysm.”
“Hemispherical swelling at the vessel, which increases in volume beneath the
fingers at each pulsation. It ceases to throb if one exerts pressure with the finger in
the direction of the current.
• Palpation for inguinal hernia;
“If you examini a swelling of the covering at of his belly’s horns above his pudenda (sex
organs) then place finger on it and examine his belly”.
19
20. Percussion :
“And examine his belly, and knock on the finger”.
“Place the hand on the patient and tap”.
Bed tests :
For hernias : “If you examine his that has come
out and has arisen by cough, it is a swelling of the
covering of his belly. It is a disease which I will
treat”.
For Cervical Vertebrac :
“Say to the patients: look upwards and
dawnwards,if he is not able to do this, he is
suffering from a dislocation of the vertebra of the 20
21. DENTAL MEDICINE
HESYRE
• Many dental procedures and dental prescriptions were found in many medical
papyri like treatment of pyorrhea, dental caries, abscesses, loose teeth and tooth
extraction, treatment of mouth ulcers and even jaw dislocation.
Study of Mummies:
• One mummy from the 4th dynasty (2625-2510 B.C)was found with surgically
produced holes to drain an abscess under the first lower molar teeth.
• Other mummy of the same period was found with a looses tooth fixed with a gold
wire bridge to a neighboring tooth.
• Another mummy of a relatively recent period ( Greco-Roman) was found with an
artificial teeth holding a maxillary bridge by asilver wire.
21
29. TREPHINING
• What is trephining?
• Even trephining was not mentioned in surviving
medical papyri but there are strong evidence of
surgically induced holes in skull of mummies.
• Evidences of trephining in skull of mummies.
• Procedures for trephining
1. Using hammer and chisel.
2. Using a convex scraper with a wide radius.
29
30. EXAMPLES FOR REMEDIES IN MEDICAL
PAPYRI:
For Constipation:
“ Berries of castor oil tree, chew and swallow down with beer in order to clear
out all that in the body”.
“ If not effective then add: ¼ leaves of castor oil. 5/6 dates of male palm, 1/6
cyprus grass, 1/16 stalk of poppy plant, 1/16 coriander, ½ cold beer-keep moist,
strain and take for 4 days”.
For diarrhoea:
“ 1/8 green onion, 1/8 freshly cooked gruel, ¼ oil and honey, 1/16 wax, 1/3
water-cook and take for 4 days”.
For migraine:
“ Fish siluris (an electric fish) in fat and oil”.
For cough:
“ Inhalation at honey, milk, caroob, eolocynth and date”.
30
31. PATTERN OF DISEASE
Diseases commonly effecting Egyptians
•Parasitic Diseases
-found in the mummy of Nakht
•Bacterial and Viral Infections Tuberculosis
-found in the spine of Nesparehan, a priest in 21st Dynasty
-hump-backed individuals in pre-dynastic period
-bas-relief painting from serving girl with hump-backed
31
33. Small pox
•Diseases of the eye-Trachoma, Distortion of the eyelid
*Night blindness-cured with roasted and crushed ox liver
*Cataracts-treated with a mixture of tortoise brain and honey
33