This document provides an overview of the history of medicine from prehistoric times to ancient Greece. It discusses early medical practices during the Stone Age when illness was believed to be caused by evil spirits. Ancient medical traditions are then outlined for India, China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. For each tradition, the document describes prominent medical figures, common medical beliefs, treatments such as herbal remedies and surgery, and important medical texts. The overall aim is to understand the development of medicine over 5000 years and its impact on human health.
Concept of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Materia Medica is a Latin medical term
for the body of collected knowledge
about the therapeutic properties of
any substance(drug) used for healing with their sources, preparations, doses and use.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
Homoeopathic dynamisation in detail with recent techniques of potentisation is explained. Trituration and succusion is also discussed. All the terms available according to different author are published.
Sources & evolution of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Homoeopathic Materia Medica :
The Record book of the effects of drugs on human beings
Earlier materia medicas have details regarding the materials and methods which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines. There are different sources of materia medica such as plants, animal proving, clinical proving, toxicological findings, emperical methodas etc.
Hahnemann proposed the law of homeopathy in 1796: “Like Cures Like,” or in Latin, “Similia Similibus Curantur.” Homoeopathy is based on inductive method of reasoning.
Concept of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Materia Medica is a Latin medical term
for the body of collected knowledge
about the therapeutic properties of
any substance(drug) used for healing with their sources, preparations, doses and use.
Greece the territory of beginning of practice of healingHuzaifa Zahoor
Greek civilization emerged around 700 B.C.E. and continued until around 600 C.E. Greek doctors used rational thinking when dealing with medicine. This approach continues to influence medicine today.
Homoeopathic dynamisation in detail with recent techniques of potentisation is explained. Trituration and succusion is also discussed. All the terms available according to different author are published.
Sources & evolution of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Homoeopathic Materia Medica :
The Record book of the effects of drugs on human beings
Earlier materia medicas have details regarding the materials and methods which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines. There are different sources of materia medica such as plants, animal proving, clinical proving, toxicological findings, emperical methodas etc.
Hahnemann proposed the law of homeopathy in 1796: “Like Cures Like,” or in Latin, “Similia Similibus Curantur.” Homoeopathy is based on inductive method of reasoning.
History of medicine, pre historic medicine, egyptian medicine, ayurveda, chinese medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medine, Medievial medicine, Future trends in medicine, medicine in 21st century, Medicine in 18th century, medicine in 19th century, Medicine in 20th century, Tech trends in medicine, Medicine pioneers, Dark age medicine, Babylonian medicine, Greek medicine, Roman medicine, Babylonian medicine, Prehistoric men believed that illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
First physicians were witch doctors who treated illness with ceremonies, WAY OF LIFE
Hunter Gatherers, Major Threats to Health, Egyptians believed gods, demons and spirits played a key role in causing diseases, Ancient Egyptian doctors prescribed mashed pig’s eyes blended with honey and red ochre for eye problems, The practice of medicine is very specialized among Egyptian, Each physician treats just one disease, Oldest surviving complete medical system in the World – A highlights the way of life that teaches how to maintain and protect health, Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions.
Patients were treated with various therapies, While Ancient Civilizations were undoubtedly versed in the use of herbs as medicines, Extensive Written Records Appeared only During the Time of Greeks, The medical knowledge was acquired by Romans by Greek physicians who were brought into Roman empires, mostly as Slaves, Time of intellectual and societal stagnation throughout much of Europe, But the torch of academia continued to burn brightly in the Islamic world, Church taught that God sent illness & repenting would cure all evils many people at the time believed that pilgrimage would cure them
Tammy GingeryIliana MillerHumanities 10116 March 2018THE.docxdeanmtaylor1545
Tammy Gingery
Iliana Miller
Humanities 101
16 March 2018
THE AGES OF MEDICINE
For some of the more inquisitive people, the human body has continued to fascinate, bewilder us, and perplex us from the beginning of recorded time. As medical students develop their education, more reverence for the intricacies and complexity of the human body and the state in which the body all works in synchronization and harmony.
As far back as humans have existed, prehistoric data has shown that medicinal plants and herbs were used for treating various injuries and sickness. Even then, much like today, humans had to sample, test, taste, and finally learn (sometimes in deleterious ways) to discover medicinal healing properties of plants. Many of these medicinal factors are still just as important to making significant contributions to the more natural and ecological patient of today. Ancient humans used willow or willow bark for pain treatment. They discovered mint could ease gastric ailments. Garlic was good for the heart and fenugreek helped in the healing of pneumonia. Honey was used for burns and wounds. Current studies on honey have found that a dressing of honey is more effective than silver sulfadiazine dressings with burn victims due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Treatments such as acupuncture dateA back over 4000 years and is just now becoming recognized for its therapeutic qualities Much of the old archaic remedies are becoming new discoveries again.
Humanities oldest form of surgery was recently discovered by archeologists finding the boring of circular holes drilled at specific locations in buried skulls dating back 7000 years ago when civilizations engaged in trepanation. Prehistoric craniotomies were believed to be used during the stone age to treat conditions such as migraines, seizures, or possibly to release evil spirits of the sick and mentally ill.
.
One of the founding legacies of medicine came from the discoveries from Egyptians. Ancient papyri document that the Egyptians were centuries ahead of its time in the study of physiology and the structure of the human body and it is believed it was based upon the knowledge gained from the embalming process of the dead. The oldest prosthetic was discovered on an ancient 2,700-year-old Egyptian female mummy discovered in 2011. She had two prosthetic toes made of leather and wood. They also practiced suturing, dentistry, extracting teeth and making false prosthetic teeth. Ancient Egyptians in 1500 BC used blood, dead rodents, moldy bread, horse saliva, and human and animal excrement as cures for many diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, these techniques also led to tetanus and severe infections.
Thousands of years of sickness was attributed to “bad blood”. Ancient Sumerians and Egyptians began the process of “bloodletting” and this ritual survived until the time of classical Greece and Rome. Physicians would cut open a vein “Venesection” to drain the bad blood that was c.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PREHISTORIC MEDICINE (Stone Age)
ANCIENT MEDICINE
1. INDIAN MEDICINE (5000BC)
2. CHINESE MEDICINE(2700BC)
3. EGYPTIAN MEDICINE (2000BC)
4. MESOPOTAMINE MEDICINE(2000BC)
5. GREEK MEDICINE (460BC)
4. INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION OF HEALTH:-
According to WHO , “Health is a state of complete physical ,mental and social well being and not merely an
absence of disease or infirmity”.
Recently it include the ability to lead a “socially and economically productive life”.
DEFINATION OF DISEASE:-
According to Oxford Engish Dictionary , “Disease is a condition of a body or some part or organ of the body in which
its function are disrupted or deranged.”
DEFINATION OF ILLNESS:-
It is a subjective state of the person who feels aware of not feeling well.
DEVELOPMENT STUDY:-
Change over long period of time.
AIMS OF STUDYING HISTORY OF MEDICINE:-
TO KNOW THE change in history of medicine over 5000 years---- from about 3000 BC to present day and the effect of
medicine on people’s health during that period to till now.
5. PREHISTORIC
Prehistory refers since the beginning of universe.
In this period there were no written evidence of medical practice.
They believe that cause of death are evil sprit and anger ancestors.
They don’t know about the existence of medicine just know that human being get born and dies one day.
DISEASE
INFECTION POOR DIET
WAR
People die due
to
6. Medical knowledge and beliefs
Study finding have to rely on the finding of
archaeologist and Aborigines.
Aborigines is mostly seen in Australia, those people whose
lifestyles have not changed for thousands of years. By
examining their beliefs and practices we can get an insight
into prehistoric life.
7. Aboriginal beliefs and treatments
People follow their traditional culture believe that everyone has their own spirit inside themselves. If a
person becomes ill, it is because their spirit has left them, or an evil spirit has entered their body.
• Medicine Man who knows all about spirits and releases the spirit
from body and patient is cured.
• People wear charms to keep evil spirits away, and buried their cut-
off nails and hair and their excrement, probably to prevent spirits
casting spells on them.
• They even use herbal medicine to cure illness and disease
• Prehistoric people understood that some medical problems were the
result of natural causes, and would treat the problems using natural
remedies.
• Problem was believed to have supernatural causes
9. ANCIENT PERIOD(5000BC-499AD)
Health and illness were interpreted in a cosmological and anthropological perspective.
Medicine was dominated by magical and religious beliefs .
Henry Siegerist stated that every culture had developed a system of medicine
Dubos says that ancient medicine was the mother of sciences and played a large role in the integration of
early culture.
10. Indian medicine(5000BC)
Medical system that are truly Indian origin are :-
1. Ayurveda and
2. Siddha System(South Asia)
3. Other system of traditional medicine that came in India are Unani-Tibb and Homoeopathy
According to Ayurveda , God of medicine known as Dhanvantari.
Knowledge of Atharvanaveda is Ayurveda science.
(ITS ORIGIN IS TRACED FAR BACK TO THE VEDIC TIME , ABOUT 5000 BC)
IN ancient India , authorities in Ayurvedic medicine were Atreya , Charaka, Susrata and Vaghbatt .
Atreya(800 B.C):-1st Indian physician and teacher
Charaka(200 A.D):-He compiled various disease,there diagnosis by observation and treatment by herbal medicine in ,
“CHARAKA SAMHITA” mention 500 drugs.
Susruta(800B.C TO 400 A.D):-Father of Indian surgery. He compiled surgical knowledge at his time kla”SUSRUTA
SAMHITA” Which not only include surgery but also medicine ,pathology, anatomy, midwifery, ophthalmology hygiene
and bedside manner.
11. AYURVEDA:-yoga , massage ,diet , purification regimen , breathing exercise ,meditation and herbs are know to be
used at this time.
Significance in Ayurveda is the “tridosha theory of disease” which include vata(wind),pitta(gall) and kapha (mucus).
Equilibrium perfect balance between these 3 humor , then a person is said to be healthy.
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa reveal advance knowledge of sanitation,
Water supply and engeneering.
Law of Manu were a code of personal hygiene.
SHIDDHA SYSTEM:-oldest system in India
leterature is in tamil so practiced mostly in tamil speaking place
therapeutic in nature
system believes that all object in universe including human body are of 5 basic elements i.e,
earth , fire, water, air and sky.
12. Unani-Tibb system:-IT was introduced into India by the Muslim rulers about 10th century AD.
It is similar as Ayurveda beside the curative aspect, Unani medicine used for the promotion of health
and rejuvenation of vigor.
HOMOEOPATHY:-was propounded by Samuel Hahnemann of Germany introduced in India (1810 and 1839)
It is a system of pharmacodynamics based on “treatment of disease by use of small amounts of drugs that in
healthy person produces symptom similar to those of the disease being treated”
13. Chinese medicine(2700 BC)
World’s first organized body of medical knowledge.
God of Chinese medicine “Shennong”
It is based on two principal –the Yang and the Yin
Chinese doctor attempted to make diagnosis by studying the state of the pulse k/a sphygmology.
Hygiene, hydrotherapy , massage , drugs were used by physician.
They think Heart was consider place of wisdom and judgement while
Liver and lung associated with soul.
Chinese were early pioneer of immunization and they practiced variolation to prevent smallpox.
Great faith in traditional herb.
Chinese system of “Barefoot doctors” and accupuncture is well known throughout the world.
14. Egyptian Medicine(2000BC)
EGYPT is one of the oldest civilization .
Invented picture writing and record their doing on papyrus.
Evil gods and demons where responsible for disease.
People were amulet to ward off evil.
Prist was the one who use to treat the illness at ancient period.
Temple were use a place of workships ,medical school and hospital.
Mummification of body leds to increased understanding of anatomy of disease.
HESY RE Was the 1st physician and also did oral surgery for the 1st time.
15. They believed that disease was due to absorption from the intestine of harmful substance which give rise to
putrefaction of blood and formation of pus.
They believe pulse ‘the speed of the heart”
Disease was treated with cathartics ,enema, blood letting and wide range of drugs
.
Best medical manuscript belonging
during Egypt time are :-
Edwin Smith Papyrus(3000-2500BC)
Ebers papyrus(1150BC)
EDWIN SMITH PAPYRUS:-
Oldest treatise on surgery ,give information about injury and wound, there prognosis and treatment accurately
describes partial paralysis following cerebral leisons in skull fractures.
Ebers Papyrus :-
was found with the mummy on the banks of the Nile ,is a ubique record of some 800 prescriptions based on 700
drugs(castor oils , tannic acid ,opium , turpentine , gentian ,senna , minerials and root drugs)
It give information mainly medical includes various disease ,drug driscriptions.it cover disease of abdomen , eyes ,skin
.lists cough treatments and list herbal , medical and animals remedies.
16. Disease reported in papyri are worms, eye disease, diabetes,rheumatic , polio and schistosomiasis(still
present in modern Egypt)
They had also some knowledge against smallpox, benefit of mosquito net and the association between
plaque and rat.
IMHOTEP
Was very famous he was an architect, prist, builder of step pyramind and physician.His saying were later
recorded and preserved
Ancient believe that he had great healing power and
Was founder of medicine.
He was known as “God of Medicine”
There were eye doctor, head doctor and tooth doctor during this period of time.
HOMER :- “GOD OF HEALTH”
17. MESOPOTAMINE(2000BC)
Land which lies between the two rivers name “Euphrates and Tigris river”k/a Aljazirah
Mesopotamine (Now part of Iraq),often called the “Cradle of civilization “
People believe on supernatural beings
In ancient mesopotamine ,basic concept of medicine where religious , taught
and practice by herb doctor , knife doctor and spell doctor.
Geomancy, the interpretation of dreams and hepatoscopic diviation are characteristic af there medical lore.
Sumerians, Babylonians and Assyrians were author of medical astrology.
Priscription was written on tablet in cuniform writing invented by sumerians.
The oldest medical prescription come from mesopotamine (2100BC)
18. BABYLONIAN CODE OF HUMMURABI :-
Laws relating to medical practice , include fee payable to physician for satisfactory service and penalties
for harmful .
19. Greek medicine(1500BC)
Greek made a distinction between therapeutic medicine and preventive medicine.
People believe on demons and deities.
In past it consist of prayers and sacrifice
The early leader of Greek medicine was Aesculpus(1200BC)
Aesculpius two daughters:-Hygiea and Panacea
Hygiea was worshipped as the goddess of health and Panacea as the goddess of medicine
Panacea and Hygiea give rise to dynasties of healer (curative medicine)and hygienist (preventive medicine).
Hygiea (prevention)is at present fashionable among the intellectualbut pancea was crush.
20. HIPPOCRATE(460-370 B.C):- “Father of Medicine”
He studied and classified disease based on observation and reasoning.
He challenged the tradition of magic in medicine,and initiate a new approach to medicine i.e,application of clinical
method in medicine.
His lectures and writing are compiled in form of all time classic “Corpus Hippocraticum”.It contain description of many
disease.
He is also known for his book “air , water and places” is considered a treatise on social medicine and hygiene.
He study the effect of various environment factor like Air ,water etc, on human health.
Hippocrates was also an epidemiologist. He distingished between disease which were epidemic and endemic.
They rejected the natural history of disease and looked upon disease as a natural process.
The greek believed that matter made up of four elements –earth ,air, fire and water
They represented in body by the four humor –phlegum, yellow bile, blood and black bile.
21. ROMAN MEDICINE(130A.D)
By the 1st century BC the center of civilization shifted to ROME.
Brought their medicine from Greek and were more practical minded people than GREEK.
Knee sense of sanitation.
Public health was born in Rome with development of baths, sewers and aqueducts.
Rome made fine roads, brought pure water ,drained marshes to combact malaria ,built sewage system
and establish hospital for sick people.
22. Galen was Romen medical teacher and was physician to Roman emperor.
His contribution were in field of comparative anatomy and experimental
physiology.
He state that health precedes disease , so we should be concerned how health
may be preserved and how one may best cure disease.
Galen observed the disease is due to 3 factor –predisposing , exciting and
environment a truly modern idea.
Galen was literally a”medical dictator of his time”.