pediatirc neuroimaging , primer for pediatricians interested in neuroimaging and basic stuff for radiologists.
included examples of normal and abnormal.
when to do what imaging
SWI , high susceptibility for blood products, iron depositions, and calcifications
makes susceptibility-weighted imaging an important additional sequence for the diagnostic
workup of pediatric brain pathologic abnormalities. Compared with conventional MRI
sequences, susceptibility-weighted imaging may show lesions in better detail or with higher
sensitivity
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
SWI , high susceptibility for blood products, iron depositions, and calcifications
makes susceptibility-weighted imaging an important additional sequence for the diagnostic
workup of pediatric brain pathologic abnormalities. Compared with conventional MRI
sequences, susceptibility-weighted imaging may show lesions in better detail or with higher
sensitivity
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Anatomy of Brain by MRI
In this presentation we will discuss the cross sectional anatomy of brain. Then we will discuss the Most common diseases to be evaluated by brain imaging.
In my opinion this presentation is a road map for beginars.
Carestream is committed to providing X-ray solutions that meet the unique needs of pediatric patients and governmental guidelines for pediatric imaging. Our products keep the needs of children in mind throughout the imaging chain. See how Carestream can help you meet your goals for X-rays for children.
For more information on Carestream solutions for Pediatrics visit: http://www.carestream.com/pediatrics
radiology part-1 contains some important radiological signs which are very important for entrance exams.....this ppt will help u in revising all signs in last minute.....all signs with images have been kept..... Hope its helps u....
Significance of Brain imaging in Psychiatry. Most of the major Psychiatric disorders are associated with statistically significant differences on various Neuroimaging measures, when comparing groups of patients and controls.
about basics of cartilage imaging.
how does normal cartilage look , how does diseased cartilage look.
what are advanced techniques in cartilage imaging
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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9. Neurosonogram
Refers to performance of high
frequency ultrasound across
open fontanelle.
Critical in premature babies.
Used mainly for intraventricular
hemorrhage , hydrocephalus ,
HIE assessment.
11. CT brain
Employs X rays and
computer to deliver cross
sectional images of body.
12. CT brain
For Against
Established technique to
detect brain pathology.
Widely available.
Less cost.
Very good to detect
hemorrhage , fracture etc.
Radiation risk.
Not as sensitive as MRI.
Not good in assessing White
matter disease.
13.
14. What is radiation risk..?
For a cumulative dose of 50-60 mGy (milli Gray a unit
of radiation absorbed dose) there is 3 fold increase in
brain tumors when performing brain CT , 3 fold
increase in leukemia when red marrow is exposed.
15. What is radiation risk..?
In a typical CT scanner , 2-3 head scans will give a
dose of 50-60 mGy to a child.
Berrington de González A, Mahesh M, Kim KP, Bhargavan M, Lewis R, Mettler F, Land C.
Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in
2007. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009; 169: 2071-7.
16. Why is radiation risk important to
children..?
Children live longer than adults , hence more time
for radiation effects to manifest. It takes 20-40 years
for cancer to manifest after exposure.
If not careful , children may get same dose as adults.
Children more sensitive to radiation.
Also increased risk of radiation induced cataract.
19. What`s so special about MRI..
Its unique multiecho
technique gives tremendous
insight to living body in
health and disease.
Two men watching a statue in a candle. Just imagine
there were multiple candles at different angles would
not picture be clear..? This is what MRI does.
20. What is T1 sequence..
T1 refers to time taken for
return of net magnetization.
A T1 weighted image is
produced by this property.
Practically , we need to
identify T1 weighted image.
Remember FLUID IS BLACK
on T1.
T1 image of brain
21. What is T2 sequence..
T2 image of brain
T2 refers to loss of transverse
magnetization.
A T2 weighted image is
produced by using this
property.
Practically we need to know
FLUID IS BRIGHT on T2
More than 100 different
sequences are there FLAIR
,STIR,CISS,SPACE,GRE,SSSFE ,
FSE,TSE………..
22. MRI BRAIN
For Against
Gold standard in detection
of pathology.
No radiation.
Images can be obtained in all
planes.
Children need sedation.
Not widely available.
23.
24. MRI slices
through brain ,
compared to an
expert slicing
through bread
cutting uniform
pieces !.
32. Case 1
9 year old with history of road traffic accident one
hour back.
Child is vomiting , also complains of headache.
Investigation of choice EMERGENCY CT BRAIN
35. Contd..
Neurosurgeon decided not to operate.
Child was managed conservatively , they also took 2
more CT brain scans.
Child was discharged with request to do brain
imaging after 6 weeks.
Which is the appropriate test..?
MRI brain is the more appropriate test here.
36. CT brain is the first modality in trauma.
It depicts hemorrhage and skull fractures well.
MRI is second line investigation in head trauma.
Fractures may be missed on MRI.
37. Case 2
5 year old child with headache , early morning
projectile vomiting.
You suspect an SOL.
MRI with contrast is the ideal test.
38. Posterior fossa midline tumor ,
most consistent with
medulloblastoma.
Also see hydrocephalus.
39. Case 3
7 year old boy with deterioration in school
performance , vision deterioration , reduced hearing.
? Leukodystrophy.
MRI brain is the investigation of choice.
40. Flair
Abnormality in posterior white
matter. Typical 3 zone
appearance on contrast scan.
MRI features consistent with
adrenoleukodystrophy.
41. Case 4
10 year old child with chronic headache.
Clinical examination- normal. Fundus- normal.
Parents insist on SCAN..
In this setting where clinical suspicion is low , both
MRI or CT may be used.
42. Case 5
First episode of right focal seizures followed by
generalized tonic clonic seizures.
Again MRI is the modality of choice
45. How accurate is MRI ..?
Depending upon signal , enhancement pattern MRI
gives approximate diagnosis.
One needs to be watchful , plan for histopathology
confirmation when warranted.
46. How does cysticercus look on
MRI..?
Demonstration of
scolex in a cyst is
considered key in
cysticercosis.
47. Case 6
Premature baby in NICU , you sudden notice sudden
drop in hematocrit , bulging fontanelle.
You are not inclined to shift baby out of NICU.
Bedside NEUROSONOGRAM is the ideal test.
53. Conclusion
Appropriate use of imaging is essential.
CT brain can be lifesaving., particularly in trauma. But
use it sparingly. Remember radiation effects.
MRI brain is modality of choice in most chronic
pediatric neuro conditions.
Less than 1 year think of neurosonogram.