Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Approach to different Demyelinating disorders in the Paediatric age-group. Namely- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, paediatric multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica. Approach, MRI features, differences, clinical features
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Approach to different Demyelinating disorders in the Paediatric age-group. Namely- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, paediatric multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica. Approach, MRI features, differences, clinical features
A brief description about Demyelination topics by Dr Sabu Augustine for MBBS Students in Medical school.
References from textbooks and other presentations.
Although, predominantly a disease of adults, its occurrence in children (0-16 years) is not so rare as once thought due to the advent of more accurate diagnostic techniques.
PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY-MRI SPOTTER WITH OTHER IMAGING SIGNSKannan Narayanan S
Atypical parkinsonism is a group of neurodegenerative disorders where parkinsonism is a prominent feature but differs from IPD by associated atypical features.
References-Harrison textbook of Internal medicine,Various sourcres
CONCEPT OF NODOPATHIES AND PARANODOPATHIES.pptxNeurologyKota
emergence of autoimmune neuropathies and role of nodal and paranodal regions in their pathophysiology.
Peripheral neuropathies are traditionally categorized into demyelinating or axonal.
dysfunction at nodal/paranodal region key for better understanding of patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
antibodies targeting node and paranode of myelinated nerves have been increasingly detected in patients with immune mediated neuropathies.
have clinical phenotype similar common inflammatory neuropathies like Guillain Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
they respond poorly to conventional first line immunotherapies like IVIG
This presentation briefs out the approach of dementia assessment in line with consideration of recent advances. Now the pattern of assessment has evolved towards examining each individual domain rather than lobar assessment.
This presentation contains information about Dementia in Young onset. Also it describes the etiologies, clinical feature of common YOD & their management.
Entrapment Syndromes of Lower Limb.pptxNeurologyKota
This presentation contains information about the various Entrapment syndromes of Lower limb in descending order of topography. It also contains information about etiology, clinical features and management of each of these entrapment syndromes with special emphasis on electrodiagnostic confirmation.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Approach to WHITE MATTER
DISEASES
PRESENTER- DR.PALLAV JAIN
DM RESIDENT(NEUROLOGY)
GMC,KOTA
2. Introduction
“White matter disease”- loosely defined term that includes
practically any disease process that has pathologic changes
limited to or predominantly within the WM.
Pathologic point of view
• Primary demyelination
• Secondary demyelination
• Dysmyelination
• Hypomyelination
3. Difference between white matter &
gray matter diseases
WHITE MATTER GRAY MATTER
Pyramidal signs Early and prominent Late
Ataxia Early and prominent Late
Dementia Late Early
Psychiatric symptoms Uncommon Present
EPS No Present
Eye involvement Primary optic atrophy
may be present
Retinal disease may be
present
Peripheral neuropathy may be associated No neuropathy
MRI shows subcortical WM
involvement
MRI shows cortical
involvement
5. Secondary demyelination
Demyelination associated with a known etiology
or a systemic disorder
Preferential destruction of WM (destruction of
both axons and myelin)
• Infectious-ADEM,PML,HIV
• Metabolic-CPM,Vitamin B12
• Vascular-Ageing,Hypertension
• Trauma
7. 1. Pathologically loss of
myelin
2. Inflammation
3. Asymmetrical
involvement
4. Cause – idiopathic or
secondary
5. Subcortical U fibres
involved
1. Myelin not formed
or altered
2. No inflammation
3. Symmetrical
involvement
4. Cause – Metabolic or
unknown
5. Subcortical fibres
usually spared
DEMYELINATION DYSMYELINATION
8. Clinical Approach- ADEM vs MS
ADEM typically follows a prodromal
viral illness
MS may or may not
ADEM may present with fever and stiff
neck
unusual in MS
Widespread central nervous system
disturbance, often with impaired
consciousness and/or encephalopathy
MS typically
is monosymptomatic and has a
relapsing-remitting course
9. When to suspect leukodystrophies
Common:
Slow/regression of mile stones
B/L symmetrical signs & symptom
Family H/o Mental retardation or early death
Early onset of visual failure
Progressive ataxia`
Spasticity
Behavioral changes,cognitive decline
Uncommon
Seizure, Myoclonus
Tremor or other involuntary movements
10. Approach to leukodytrophies
1.Are there any useful symptoms?
Head size: Macrocephaly
2.Is the disorder primarily WM, gray matter or both?
WM : spasticity, hyperreflexia, ataxia
Cortical Grey matter : seizure, dementia
Deep grey matter : Movement disorders, dystonia,
chorea
3.Involvement of Other organs:
liver, MSK, renal, eye, ear
11. 4. Is it primarily SUBCORTICAL or DEEP white
matter?
12. 5.Pattern - anterior, posterior, both?
Subcortical or deep WM cysts?
Thalamic /Brainstem
6. Myelination- Lack of or Delayed ?
7. MRS : Elevated NAA, lactate or other peaks
15. Clinical Approach
Neonatal or infantile
• Early: axial hypotonia
• Nystagmus or seizures.
• Late: spastic quadriparesis
Childhood :
• Delayed / regression of motor mile stones
• Progressive UMN signs
• Ataxia or dysarthia .
16. Adolescent or adult :
• Cognitive regression
• Psychiatric manifestation
• Behavioral abnormalities
• Motor manifestations are more subtle.
17. Head Size
• With macrocephaly:
Alexander & Canavan disease
Type 1 glutaric aciduria, GM2 Gangliosidoses, Zellweger
• With macrocephaly + subcortical cysts
Van der Knapp disease
• With macrocephaly + ataxia & decreased myelination
Vanishing white matter disease
21. Radiological approach
• Brain MRI investigation in a patient with a suspected patient
with white matter disease
• Imaging findings interpreted a/w history, examination findings
• May often be diagnostic even before these elements are
known in leukodystrophies
22. Primary demyelinating disease
Cerebral lesions in NMO
• Dorsal medulla(Area
prostrema) contagious with
upper cervical cord lesion
• Periependymal surfaces of
4th ventricle in
brainstem/cerebellum
• Hypothalmus,thalmus,peri
ependymal surface of 3rd
ventricle
• Large,confluent,U/L or B/L
subcortical or deep white
matter lesions
Cerebral lesions in MS
• Periventricular
• Corpus callosum
• Centrum semiovale
• Deep white matter
structures and basal
ganglia
23. MS VS ADEM
ADEM usually has more MRI lesions than
MS
larger bilateral but
asymmetric white matter abnormalities
ADEM lesions tend to have poorly defined
margins,
While MS lesions tend to
have better defined margins
The presence of brain lesions of about the
same age on MRI is most
consistent with ADEM
Presence of brain lesions of different ages
and/or the presence of black holes
(hypointense T1-weighted lesions)
suggests MS
Thalamic lesions are common in ADEM Rare in MS
Periventricular lesions common in ADEM Less common in MS
24. Leukodystrophies
• Sagittal T1, Axial T1, T2-weighted FLAIR sequences should be
obtained.
• T1 weighted imaging may be more sensitive to immature
myelin than T2 weighted imaging
• MR spectroscopy,Diffusion tensor imaging- sensitive
indicators of involvement of certain white matter tracts or
myelination but principally remain research tools.
25. • A single brain MRI(especially<1yr)-Not sufficient
• Distinguish between delayed myelination, hypomyelination
and the early stages of demyelination.
• Serial MRI scans are often required, usually with a minimum
of 6–12 months interval between studies.
• Ideally, at least one scan should be obtained after the age of
two years
26. What to look in MRI
• Presence or absence of hypomyelination
Hypomyelination-unchanged pattern of deficient myelination
on two MRI scans at least six months apart in a child older
than one year.
• Whether the white matter abnormalities are confluent or
isolated and multifocal
Multifocal changes-infection,vasculopathy,structural
chromosomal disorders
Bilateral, symmetric confluent-leukodystrophies
• Predominant localization of the abnormalities
• MRI features unique to disorders-cysts, contrast
enhancement, calcifications
32. • Canavan disease
• Megaencephalic
leukoencephalopathy
• Leukoencephalopathy
with brainstem and
spinal cord involvement
and
elevated white matter
lactate
• Vanishing white matter
disease
33. • Krabbe’s
• Alexander disease
• Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Leukoencephalopathy with
brainstem and spinal cord
involvement and
elevated white matter lactate
• CTX
34.
35. Advance MR techniques
• Proton MRS, DTI-changes in metabolite levels and water
diffusion parameters
• Offer an opportunity to assess the degree of axonal loss
and demyelination in the leukodystrophies
Measurements of white matter metabolites
• Help assess disease progression
• Determine optimal candidates for treatment options
36. MRS
• MRS changes precede MRI changes, very sensitive tool for
monitoring disease activity and progression
• N-acetyl aspartate- evaluates axonal integrity
• Choline- active demyelination
• Lactate- increased in secondary LD
• Myo-inositol- glial marker, early indicator of demyelination
and gliosis
37. Alexander Disease Infantile form: myoinositol
elevations in white and gray
matter, decreased Nacetylaspartate
Canavan Disease Highly elevated Nacetylaspartate
Globoid Leukodystrophy
(Krabbe Disease
Choline and myoinositol
elevations,
decreased N-acetylaspartate
Leukoencephalopathy with Brain
Stem and Spinal Cord
Involvement and Elevated Lactate
Decreased N-acetylaspartate
and increased myo-inositol,
choline and lactate
Megalencephalic
Leukodystrophy with Cysts
Decreased ratio of Nacetylaspartate
to Creatine
38.
39.
40. METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY
• AR, Most common
• Deficiency of enzyme arylsulfatase
• Three types-late infantile, juvenile and adult
forms
• Age of onset 1 to 2 years
41. Diagnosis
• NCV- marked slowing
• High protein content of CSF
• Sural N Bx: pathognomonic deposits of sulfatides in Schwann
cells and macrophages
• Diagnosis-Deficient arylsulfatase A gene (ARSA gene) activity in
leukocytes or cultured skin fibroblasts.
• ARSA Pseudodeficiency (1%)
• Increase levels of urine sulfatides
42.
43.
44.
45. Adrenoleukodystrophy
• Defect of peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway
• Raised level of plasma VLCFA
• Mutations in the ABCD1 gene
Three main phenotypes
• Childhood cerebral forms
• Adrenomyeloneuropathy
• Adrenal insufficiency
48. Megalencephalic Leukoenphalopathy with subcortical
cysts:Vander knapp disease
• Remarkable for its relatively mild neurological signs and
symptoms in the setting of a very abnormal imaging study
• Delayed milestones, macrocephaly
• Slow neurological deterioration with dysarthria and ataxia
• Seizures in some
• In India, predominantly seen in the Agarwal community.
49.
50.
51. • Caused by deficiency of enzyme aspartoacylase.
• Excessive accumulation of N-acetyl aspartic acid in the brain
• Onset 3-6 months
• Progressive macrocephaly, severe hypotonia, persistent head lag
• Later hyperreflexic, hypertonic,Seizures and optic atrophy
• Most patients die in first decade of life
CANAVANS DISEASE
52.
53. Alexander Disease
• Macrocephaly ,frequently associated with hydrocephalus
• Frontal lobe predeliction.
• Classified into 3 forms- infantile, juvenile and adult.
• Mutations in GFAP
• Anterior to posterior progression with generalized gray and
white matter atrophy.
• Treatment- supportive. AED - to control seizures
54.
55. Vanishing white matter disease
• Chronic and progressive often exacerbated by infection or head trauma
• Mutations- eukaryotic translation initiation factor(eIF2B)
• Confluent cystic degeneration, white matter signal appears
CSF-like with progressive loss of white matter over time on
proton density and FLAIR images.
• Lab screening: elevated glycine in the CSF,serum and urine
• Prognosis: death 2nd decade
57. KRABBE’S DISEASE ( GLOBOID CELL
LEUKODYSTROPHY )
• Autosomal recessive
• Deficient enzyme-galactocerebroside beta galactosidase
• Early onset, rapidly progressive and invariably fatal disease of
infants
• Raised CSF protein,Decreased motor NCV
• HSCT -beneficial if performed before the onset of symptoms
60. Conclusion
• White matter disease are difficult to diagnose and patients
with these disorders typically undergo a large number of
expensive, time-consuming tests over a long time.
• MRI brain is central to the differential diagnosis of white
matter disease & should be interpreted in context of clinical
features
• Newer MRI techniques, genetic testing and advances in gene
therapy and HSCT will help us in treatment of these disorders.
61. REFRENCES
• Lynch DS, Wade C.Practical approach to the diagnosis of adult-
onset leukodystrophies: an updated guide in the genomic era.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019
• Scott Atlas.White matter imaging.MRI OF BARIN AND SPINE 5th
edition
• A clinical approach to the diagnosis of patients with
leukodystrophies and genetic leukoencephalopathies. Mol
Genet Metab. 2015 April ; 114(4): 501–515
• Deborah L. Clinical Approach to Leukoencephalopathies.2012
• Osborn brain and spine imaging 3rd edition
• www.uptodate.com