An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
OTDR(OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER)Shail Mishra
OTDR, OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER, How to calculate link budget, Basic of Wavelength, FTTH Network, Working Principle of OTDR, OTDR BASIC PARAMETER.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam
. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons.
The output power is coupled out near the electron gun.
OTDR(OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER)Shail Mishra
OTDR, OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER, How to calculate link budget, Basic of Wavelength, FTTH Network, Working Principle of OTDR, OTDR BASIC PARAMETER.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam
. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons.
The output power is coupled out near the electron gun.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the working principle of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on their energy level diagrams. The material also attempts to explain the different types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, apart from comparison between different optical amplifier types. The material will be of interest to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This presentation & video explains electromagnetic spectrum, frequency, band, bandwidth and how these concepts are used in mobile technology. We also look at antennas for smartphones including 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the working principle of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on their energy level diagrams. The material also attempts to explain the different types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of Thulium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, apart from comparison between different optical amplifier types. The material will be of interest to KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This presentation & video explains electromagnetic spectrum, frequency, band, bandwidth and how these concepts are used in mobile technology. We also look at antennas for smartphones including 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
Over view of Transmission Technologies & Optical Fiber Communication Naveen Jakhar, I.T.S
Topics covered in this presentation:
GENERAL: History of Transmission Systems
Optical fiber communication,
History of OFC
Advantages
Applications
ITU-T Recommendations
Fiber optic principle
Windows of operation
Trends in OF Communication
Fiber classification
OF Cable Types
Optical Fiber transmission impairments
Optical Sources and Detectors
Optical Link Characterization and Design
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
3. CONTENTS
Brief Introduction
History
Optical fiber construction
Critical angle & Total Internal Reflection
Types of fibers/transmission modes
Acceptance angle & acceptance cone
Numerical Aperture
V-Number
Dispersion & its types
Attenuation and Losses in Fiber
Fiber optic communication
Fiber Vs Copper Cable
Fiber VS Co-axial Cable
Disadvantages
Applications
References
4. BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Optical fiber is flexible, transparent fiber
made of silica or plastic slightly thicker than a
human hair
It is a form of guided or wired non conducting
medium
Its working is based on principle of Total
Internal Reflection
It permits transmission over longer distances
and at higher bandwidths than other forms of
communication
5. HISTORY
In 1870, Tyndall introduced concept of Total
Internal Reflection with a demonstration.
In the same year, Alexander Graham Bell,
developed a optic voice transmission, which he
named the photo phone.
6. HISTORY (contd.)
Later around 1954, Brien, Hopkins & Kapany
achieved low loss transmission through 75 cm
bundle of thousand fibers
Jun-ichi Nishizawa, was the first to propose the use
of optical fibers for communications in 1963
Kao and Hockham were first to reduce attenuation
in optical fibers below 20 (dB/km), making it a
practical communication medium which earned Kao
the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.
7. OPTICAL FIBER
CONSTRUCTION
Core
Glass or plastic with a higher index of
refraction than the cladding
Carries the signal
Cladding
Glass or plastic with a lower index of
refraction than the core
Buffer
Protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
Jacket
Holds one or more fibers in a cable
8. CRITICAL ANGLE & TOTAL
INTERNAL
REFLECTION
Critical angle is angle of incidence in denser
medium for which angle of refraction in rarer
medium is 90 degrees.
Total internal reflection-If angle of incidence in
denser medium is increased beyond critical angle
, then ray of light is reflected back completely into
denser medium.
10. TYPES OF FIBERS (contd.)
Multimode step-index fiber
the reflective walls of fiber move light pulses to
receiver
Multimode graded-index fiber
acts to refract light toward center of fiber by
variations in density
Single mode fiber
the light is guided down center of an extremely
narrow core
12. SINGLE MODE FIBER
Advantages:
Minimum dispersion: all rays take same path,
same time to travel down the cable. A pulse can
be reproduced at the receiver very accurately.
Less attenuation, can run over longer distance
without repeaters.
Larger bandwidth and higher information rate
Disadvantages:
Difficult to couple light in and out of the tiny core
Highly directive light source (laser) is required
Interfacing modules are more expensive
13. MULTIMODE FIBER
Multimode step-index Fibers:
inexpensive
easy to couple light into Fiber
result in higher signal distortion
lower TX rate
Multimode graded-index Fiber:
intermediate between the other two types of
Fibers
14. ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
Acceptance angle is maximum angle at
which a light ray enters into core and
propagate through it in zigzag path
Acceptance
angle
15. ACCEPTANCE CONE
If all possible direction of acceptance angle
are considered at same time we get a cone
corresponding to surface known as
acceptance cone
16. NUMERICAL APERTURE
It defines gathering capability of fiber
mathematically expressed as sine of acceptance
angle
High Numerical Aperture increases dispersion
hence low Numerical Aperture is desirable
17. V- NUMBER
No. of modes supported by optical fiber is
obtained by cut-off condition known as
normalized frequency or V-Number
Number of modes (N) = ½ V²
V- number can be reduced either by reducing
numerical aperture or by reducing diameter of
fiber
18. DISPERSION & ITS TYPES
Dispersion is the spreading out of a light
pulse as it travels through the fiber
It is of two main types:
Intermodal or Modal Dispersion
Intra modal or Chromatic Dispersion
19. INTERMODAL OR
MODAL
DISPERSION
Spreading of a pulse because different modes
(paths) through the fiber take different times
Only happens in multimode fiber
Reduced, but not eliminated, with graded-index fiber
20. INTRA MODAL OR CHROMATIC
DISPESRSION
Different wavelengths travel at different
speeds through the fiber
This spreads a pulse in an effect named
chromatic dispersion
Chromatic dispersion occurs in both single
mode and multimode fiber
It is of two types
1) Material Dispersion which is wavelength
based effect caused by glass of which fiber is
made
2) Waveguide Dispersion occurs due to
change in speed of wave propagating through
waveguide
21. ATTENUATION
Modern fiber material is very pure, but there is still
some attenuation
The wavelengths used are chosen to avoid absorption
bands
-850 nm, 1300 nm, and 1550 nm
-Plastic fiber uses 660 nm LEDs
22. LOSSES IN FIBER
Absorption Losses- due to material,
impurities & atomic defects in glass fiber
Geometric Effects- due to manufacturing
defects like irregular diameter of core
Rayleigh Scattering-
Change in local refractive index due to local
microscopic variation density
It is a scattering loss
23. FIBER OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
Input
Signal
TX, RX, and Fiber Link
Coder or
Converter
Transmitter
Light
Source
Source-to-Fiber
Interface
Fiber-to-light
Interface
Light
Detector
Amplifier/Shaper
Decoder
Output
Fiber-optic Cable
Receiver
24. FIBER OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
(contd.)
Light source:
Amount of light emitted is proportional to the drive current
Two common types:
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
ILD (Injection Laser Diode)
Source–to-fiber-coupler (similar to a lens):
A mechanical interface to couple the light emitted by the
source into the optical fiber
Light detector:
PIN (p-type-intrinsic-n-type)
APD (avalanche photo diode)
Both convert light energy into current.
Note- For long links,repeaters are used to compensate for
signal loss
25. FIBER VS COPPER CABLE
Smaller size & weight
Greater capacity
Faster communication
Transmit over Longer distances
Can be used for both analog & digital
transmission
Broader Bandwidth – more data per second
26. FIBER VS COPPER CABLE
(CONTD.)
Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
Low attenuation/transmission loss over long
distances
Electrical Insulator
Lack of costly metal conductor
Dielectric waveguide
Signal Security
27. FIBER VS CO-AXIAL
CABLE
More information carrying capacity with higher data
rates and fidelity
Greater transmission speed
Smaller in size and light in weight
Easier to handle and install
Immune towards environmental hazards &
electromagnetic interference
Higher Bandwidth
Economical
Low signal loss
28. DISADVANTAGES
Cumulative losses due to large size of fiber
couplers
Hazardous emissions like glass shards &
optical radiation
Requires technicians with special expertise for
installation & maintenance
29. APPLICATIONS
Used in Cable T.V. , HDTV, LANs & CCTV
systems
Used in Optic Fiber Communication for transmission
of analog & digital data
Used in Imaging Optics & Spectroscopy
Used in illumination applications
Used in various military applications
Fiber optic sensors & couplers
30. REFERENCES
Govind P. Agrawal, “Fiber Optic
Communication Systems”, John Wiley, 3rd
Edition,2004.
R J Hoss and EA Lacy, Fiber optics 2nd
edition (Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1993)
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic7.
htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_
communication