The document discusses various methods for generating terahertz radiation, focusing on backward wave oscillators (BWO) which produce microwaves in the terahertz range through electron beam interactions. It differentiates between various types of BWOs, such as m-type and o-type, emphasizing their operational principles and tuning capabilities. The BWO is highlighted for its inherent sensitivity and successful use as a phase- or frequency-locked oscillator in terahertz applications.

1. BWO
backward wave oscillator

2. 2

3. 3
How to Generate Terahertz Radiations
Photonics: (low power, non-coherent)
 Josephson effect
 Quantum cascade laser
 Far infrared laser
 Femtosecond laser
Electronics: (high power, coherent)
 Free electron laser
 Electron cyclotron maser - gyrotron
 Backward-Wave Oscillator
Generate THz radiations:

4. Wave Particle Interaction
• Parametric Devices
– Klystrons, Free-electron Lasers
• Slow-Wave devices
– Magnetrons, Cerenkov Masers, backward wave
oscillators
• Fast Wave Devices
– Cyclotron Resonant Masers (Gyrotrons)
• Plasma Devices
– Virtual Cathode Oscillators, Beam-Plasma
Interactions & Orbitrons

5. 5
ECM based Devices --- gyrotrons
gyro-monotron
high average power
gyro-BWO
continuous frequency tunability
The gyrotron is a coherent radiation source based on the
electron cyclotron maser (ECM) interaction

6. 6
Terahertz gyro-BWO

7. Lab arrangement

8. backward wave oscillator (BWO)
• A backward wave oscillator (BWO), also
called carcinotron (trade name) or backward
wave tube, is a vacuum tube that is used to
generate microwaves up to
the terahertz range.
• It belongs to the traveling-wave tube family.
• It is an oscillator with a wide electronic tuning
range

9. Operation
• An electron gun generates an electron beam that
is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
• It sustains the oscillations by propagating a
traveling wave backwards against the beam
• . The generated electromagnetic wave power has
its group velocity directed oppositely to the
direction of motion of the electrons.
• The output power is coupled out near the
electron gun.

13. Miniature O-type backward-wave oscillator tube produced by
Varian in 1956. It could be voltage-tuned over an 8.2 - 12.4 GHz
range and required a supply voltage of 600V.

14. THz Spectrometer:Superlattice Multiplier
THz-SL
Multiplier
SL Input
80 – 118GHz
5-8mW
SL Output
234 – >1060GHz

15. BWO
1.9 THz633 GHz
- dB
DC Bias
T
GUNN frequency
power
DC Bias
X 3
PLL 2
Ref 2
PLL 1
Ref 1
BWO ϕ
Prot. GUNN
HM
X
Synth.
HV
f
fc
c
336 MHz
24 MHz
6-7GHz 80-90GHz
8-10 V
±10 V
BS
Phase Lock Loop 1.9THz LO

16. Breadboard Construction
GREAT Heterodyne Receicer
Heat Sink
Bias
GUNN
QO
Harmonic
Mixer
Pump
Chopper
optics
PLL protectB
W
O
Locked !

17. e
Magnetic Field
H
Window
Radiation Out
Filament Filament + Cathode
Slow Wave Structure

18. M-type BWO
backward wave oscillator (BWO)
O-type BWO

19. M-type BWO

20. M-type backward wave oscillator
•
• The M-type carcinotron, or M-type backward wave
oscillator, uses crossed static electric field E and magnetic
field B, similar to the magnetron, for focussing an electron
sheet beam drifting perpendicularly to E and B, along a
slow-wave circuit, with a velocity E/B.
• Strong interaction occurs when the phase velocity of one
space harmonic of the wave is equal to the electron
velocity.
• Both Ez and Ey components of the RF field are involved in
the interaction (Ey parallel to the static E field).
• Electrons which are in a decelerating Ez electric field of the
slow-wave, lose the potential energy they have in the static
electric field E and reach the circuit.
• The sole electrode is more negative than the cathode, in
order to avoid collecting those electrons having gained
energy while interacting with the slow-wave space
harmonic.

21. O-type BWO
• The O-type carcinotron, or O-type backward
wave oscillator, uses an electron beam
longitudinally focused by a magnetic field, and
a slow-wave circuit interacting with the beam.
• A collector collects the beam at the end of
the tube.

22. O-BWO spectral purity and noise
• The BWO is a voltage tunable oscillator, whose
voltage tuning rate is directly related to the
propagation characteristics of the circuit.
• The oscillation starts at a frequency where the
wave propagating on the circuit is synchronous
with the slow space charge wave of the beam.
• Inherently the BWO is more sensitive than other
oscillators to external fluctuations. Nevertheless,
its ability to be phase- or frequency-locked has
been demonstrated, leading to successful
operation as a heterodyne local oscillator.