Optical fibers transmit light through thin glass or plastic strands. They work using the principle of total internal reflection. Light traveling through the fiber's core at an angle greater than the critical angle will reflect off the cladding instead of passing through. This allows fibers to carry signals over long distances with minimal loss. Optical fibers have advantages over metal cables like greater bandwidth, lighter weight, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and ability to carry more data. Their main uses are in telecommunications, local area networks, cable TV, and medical endoscopy.
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
Bending losses of power in a single mode step index optical fiber due to macro bending has been
investigated for a wavelength of 1550nm. The effects of bending radius (4-15mm, with steps of 1mm), and
wrapping turn (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fiber and its influence on power
loss also has been investigated. Variations of macro bending loss with these two parameters have been
measured, loss with number of turns and radius of curvature have been measured.
This work founds that the Macro bending and wrapping turn loss increases as the bending radius and wrapping
turn increases.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Twenty Essential Knowledge of Optical Cable.pdfHYC Co., Ltd
An article about basic knowledge of optical fiber cable, including the wavelength, dispersion of optical fiber, insertion loss, return loss, fiber core diameter, types of optical fiber etc. Including What is the mode field diameter (MFD), What is Numerical Aperture (NA), What is the cutoff wavelength and so on.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Bending losses of power in a single mode step index optical fiber due to macro bending has been
investigated for a wavelength of 1550nm. The effects of bending radius (4-15mm, with steps of 1mm), and
wrapping turn (up to 40 turns) on loss have been studied. Twisting the optical fiber and its influence on power
loss also has been investigated. Variations of macro bending loss with these two parameters have been
measured, loss with number of turns and radius of curvature have been measured.
This work founds that the Macro bending and wrapping turn loss increases as the bending radius and wrapping
turn increases.
Optical Fiber Basic Concept Which May Help You To Understand More Easily. The Slide Is Specially For Engineering Background. Anyone can get easily understand by studying this material. Thank you.
Twenty Essential Knowledge of Optical Cable.pdfHYC Co., Ltd
An article about basic knowledge of optical fiber cable, including the wavelength, dispersion of optical fiber, insertion loss, return loss, fiber core diameter, types of optical fiber etc. Including What is the mode field diameter (MFD), What is Numerical Aperture (NA), What is the cutoff wavelength and so on.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. What is an Optical Fiber?
▶ An optical fiber is a wave guide through which EM waves of optical
frequencies can be made to travel through it for long distances.
▶ But, what is a wave guide?
▶ A waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic
waves or sound,or light with minimal loss of energy by restricting the
transmission of energy to one direction.
▶ (Ex: A coaxial copper cable)
3.
4. Optical Fibers are hair-
thin, transparent strands
through which light can be
transmitted.
A group of many such
optical fibers constitute a
Optical Fiber Cable.
5.
6. Advantages of Optical Fibers:
▶ 1.High Speed of communication(signals are transmitted at speed of light).
▶ 2.Minimum attenuation of signals(minimum losses).
▶ 3.Large Bandwidth of signals(More signals can be transmitted).
▶ 4.Low cost per cable length.
▶ 5.Can sustain adverse atmospheric conditions.
8. Principle of operation:
▶ It works on the principle of TIR(Total Internal Reflection).
▶ Total internal reflection(TIR) is an optical phenomenon that happens when a ray
of light strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical
angle with respect to the normal to the surface. (in simple terms: “when the
angle of incidence is greater that the critical angle, then the light ray is totally
reflected back into the original medium-this is TIR”)
9.
10.
11. Optical Fiber Construction:
An optical fiber consists of a central cylinder called CORE.
The CORE is surrounded by another cylinder called CLADDING.
Both CORE & CLADDING are encapsulated in a protective COATING called BUFFER JACKET.
The Refractive Index of CORE is always greater than CLADDING.
12. Conditions for the TIR to occur and the
light to propagate through the fiber
1. The refractive index of the core (n1)
should be greater than that of
cladding (n2)
2. At the core-cladding interface, the
angle of incidence must be greater
than the critical angle θC
13.
14. Optical Fiber Classification:
▶ Optical Fibers are classified into 3 categories:
Optical Fibers
Based on type of
material
Based on Mode of
propagation
Based on Refractive
Index
15. Optical Fibers
Based on type of
material
Based on Mode of
propagation
Based on Refractive
Index
1.All Glass Fibers
• 2.All Plastic Fibers
3.Glass Core Plastic clad Fibers
• 4.PCS(Polymer clad silica ) Fibers
1.Single Mode Fiber
2.Multi Mode Fiber
1.Step-Index Fiber
2.Graded Index Fiber
16. Single Mode Fibers
▶ Single Mode cable is a glass fiber with a relatively narrow diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that
has only one mode of transmission (Only one path for the light propagation), used to transmit one
signal per fiber (in telephone and cable TV)
▶ Single Mode Fiber gives higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode.
▶ It Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow width.
▶ Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode.
17. SINGLE MODE FIBER
Advantages:
Minimum dispersion: all rays take same path, same time
to travel down the cable. A pulse can be reproduced at the
receiver very accurately.
Less attenuation, can run over longer distance without
repeaters.
Larger bandwidth and higher information rate
Disadvantages:
Difficult to couple light in and out of the tiny core
Highly directive light source (laser) is required
Interfacing modules are more expensive
18. Multi-Mode Fiber
▶ Multi-Mode Fiber has more than one path (mode) for the propagation of light with a
larger diameter in the range 50-100 micron for the light to propagate.
▶ Multimode fiber gives a high bandwidth at high speeds over medium distances.
▶ Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes and hence leads to signal
distortion resulting in incomplete data transmission.
▶ Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers.
19.
20. Step-index & Graded Index fibers
A step-index fiber is one which has a uniform refractive index within the core and a sharp
decrease ( a s t e p c h a n g e ) in refractive index at the core-cladding interface so that
the cladding is of a lower refractive index.
A gradient-index fiber is an optical fiber whose core has a refractive index that
decreases with increasing radial distance from the optical axis of the fiber in a parabolic manner.
Multi mode graded index fiber
21.
22. I. Singlemode Step-Index Fiber (SMSI Fiber)
Single-mode step-index Fiber
n1 core
n2 cladding
no air
Light
ray
Index of
refraction
22
23. II. Multimode Step-Index Fiber
Multimode step-index Fiber
n1 core
n2 cladding
no air
Index of
refraction
23
24. III. Multimode Graded Index Fiber
Variable
n
Index profile
Multimode graded-index Fiber
Index of
refraction
24
26. MULTIMODE FIBER
Multimode step-index Fibers:
🞑 inexpensive
🞑 easy to couple light into Fiber
🞑 result in higher signal distortion
🞑 lower TX rate
Multimode graded-index Fiber:
🞑 intermediate between the other two types of Fibers
27.
28. ACCEPTANCE ANGLE
Acceptance angle is maximum angle at which a light
ray enters into core and propagate through it in zigzag
path
Acceptance
angle
29.
30. ACCEPTANCE CONE
If all possible direction of acceptance angle are
considered at same time we get a cone corresponding to
surface known as acceptance cone
31. NUMERICAL APERTURE
It defines gathering capability of fiber mathematically expressed
as sine of acceptance angle
High Numerical Aperture increases dispersion hence low
Numerical Aperture is desirable
32.
33. V- NUMBER
No. of modes supported by optical fiber is obtained
by cut-off condition known as normalized frequency
or V-Number
Number of modes (N) = ½ V²
V- number can be reduced either by reducing numerical
aperture or by reducing diameter of fiber
34.
35. Numerical Aperture & Acceptance angle
▶ The Numerical Aperture (NA) is a maximum light gathering capacity of an optical fiber.
▶
▶ Where, n1 is the refractive index of core ,
▶ n2 is the refractive index of cladding.
▶ Acceptance angle (θ): It is the maximum angle made by the light ray with the fiber axis, so that
light can propagate through the fiber after total internal reflection.
▶ θ = sin-1(NA)
36. Attenuation
▶ Attenuation is the loss of optical power as light travels along the fiber.
▶ Attenuation in an optical fiber is caused by absorption, scattering, and bending
losses.
Signal attenuation is defined as the ratio of optical input power (Pi) to the optical output
power (Po).
Optical input power is the power injected into the fiber from an optical
source. Optical output power is the power received at the fiber end or
optical detector. The following equation defines signal attenuation as a
unit of length:
Length (L) is expressed in kilometers.
Therefore, the unit of attenuation is decibels/kilometer (dB/km).
38. ABSORPTION
▶ Absorption is defined as the portion of attenuation resulting from the
conversion of optical power into another energy form, such as heat.
▶ Absorption in optical fibers is explained by three factors:
▶ Imperfections in the atomic structure of the fiber material
▶ The intrinsic or basic fiber-material properties
▶ The extrinsic (presence of impurities) fiber-material properties
39. Scattering & Bending losses
▶ SCATTERING. - Basically, scattering losses are caused by the interaction of light with
density fluctuations within a fiber.
▶ During manufacturing, regions of higher and lower molecular density areas, relative
to the average density of the fiber, are created. Light traveling through the fiber
interacts with the density areas, Light is then partially scattered in all directions.
▶ BENDING LOSSES. - Bending the fiber also causes attenuation. Bending loss is
classified according to the bend radius of curvature.
42. •Micro-bend Losses are caused by small
discontinuities or imperfections in the fiber.
•Micro bending is a loss due to small bending or
distortions. This small micro bending is not
visible.
•The losses due to this are temperature related,
tensile related or crush related.
•Uneven coating applications and improper
cabling procedure increases micro bend loss.
External forces are also a source of micro
bends.
44. Working:
▶ Encoder: It is an electronic system that conerts analog information (voice/data/objects
etc.) into binary data. The binary data may be a series of electrical pulses.
▶ Transmitter
▶ It consists of two parts:
▶ 1.Driver ckt:It supplies electrical signals to the light source from the encoder in the
required sequential form.
▶ 2.Light source:It is an LED or a LASER diode which converts electrical signals to optical
signals.
▶ O/P from the light source is sent to an Optical Fiber.
45. ▶ Receiver: It consists of 3 parts:
▶ 1.Photo detector:It converts optical signals into equivalent electrical signals and
supplies them to amplifier.
▶ 2.Amplifier:It amplifies the signals and sends them to signal restorer.
▶ 3.Signal Restorer:It keeps all signals in sequential form and supplies them to decoder
in a suitable way.
▶ Decoder: It converts the received signals into analog information form.
46.
47. In Telecommunications totransfer data
In Local Area Networks to share internet connections.
In Cable TV and CCTV.
In Optical Fiber Sensors.
In Endoscopy to view internal body organs.
In decoration
48. APPLICATIONS
Used in Cable T
.V. , HDTV, LANs & CCTV systems
Used in Optic Fiber Communication for transmission of analog &
digital data
Used in Imaging Optics & Spectroscopy
Used in illumination applications
Used in various military applications
Fiber optic sensors & couplers
49. FIBER VS COPPER CABLE
🞑Smaller size & weight
🞑Greater capacity
🞑Faster communication
🞑Transmit over Longer distances
🞑Can be used for both analog & digital transmission
🞑Broader Bandwidth – more data per second
50. FIBER VS COPPER CABLE (CONTD.)
🞑Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference
🞑Low attenuation/transmission loss over long distances
🞑Electrical Insulator
🞑Lack of costly metal conductor
🞑Dielectric waveguide
🞑Signal Security
51. FIBER VS CO-AXIAL
CABLE
More information carrying capacity with higher data rates and fidelity
Greater transmission speed
Smaller in size and light in weight
Easier to handle and install
Immune towards environmental hazards & electromagnetic
interference
Higher Bandwidth
Economical
Low signal loss
52. DISADVANTAGES
Cumulative losses due to large size of fiber couplers
Hazardous emissions like glass shards & optical
radiation
Requires technicians with special expertise for installation &
maintenance