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This document discusses panoramic imaging and provides information on its indications, principles, focal trough, limitations, advantages, and disadvantages. The key principles discussed are that panoramic imaging involves rotating the x-ray beam and film around two centers of rotation to produce an image, and that there is a focal trough or zone of optimal focus and detail where objects appear sharp. While it provides a broad view of facial bones and teeth, it has limitations such as poor anatomical detail and overlapping structures.
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brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
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11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
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3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
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7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
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Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
Clinical Digital Photography in Orthodontics
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- 1. Dr KIRAN KUMAR K R Professor DEPARTMENT OF ORAL MEDICINE & RADIOLOGY NAVODAYA DENTAL COLLEGE
- 2. CONTENTS Indications Principles of OPG Focal Trough Limitations Advantages Disadvantages
- 4. INDICATIONS To establish site, size and extent of lesions. e.g. cyst, tumour.
- 5. To detect the middle 1/3rd of fracture of face and mandibular fractures. To investigate TMJ dysfunctions.
- 6. To evaluate development anomalies. To evaluate tooth development and mixed dentition.
- 7. To assess the underlying bone before CD construction.
- 8. To assess impacted/supernumerary teeth. To assess the age estimation.
- 9. Prior to any surgical procedure. To assess the progress of lesions and post operative bony healings.
- 10. To evaluate vertical height of alveolar bone before placing implants. To assess the alveolar bone loss in PDL disease.
- 11. To assess the orthodontic treatment
- 12. LIMITATIONS Not suitable for patient who cannot stabilize head. Not suitable for children under 5 years. Not suitable for handicapped patients.
- 13. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY
- 14. Paatero and Numata -The first to describe the principles of panoramic radiography . Movement of the film and objects(A,B,C,D) about two fixed centers of rotation.
- 16. +
- 18. Vertical dimension of panoramic image is unaffected by the horizontal rotation of the beam. The vertical dimension of panoramic image is result of conventional radiographic projection. Focal spot in x-ray tube anode serves as a functional focus for vertical aspect.
- 19. Slight negative angulation of beam so, x-ray beam will pass beneath the occipital portion of skull. Angle is -4 to -7°.
- 23. PROJECTION IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE Stationary sources compared with moving source.
- 24. The horizontal dimension of the panoramic image is affected by the horizontal rotation of the beam X-ray appear to diverge from an intraoral source although they really originate outside the patient at the focal spot of the x-ray tube. This apparent intraoral x-ray source – “center of rotation” or “Effective focus of the projection” for the horizontal dimension of the x-ray image. Center of rotation serves as “functional focus”
- 25. Movement of the film and x-ray source about one fixed center of rotation.
- 26. Movement of the film and x-ray source about a shifting center of rotaton.
- 27. Movement of x-ray source and beam.
- 28. MOVEMENT PATTERN OF XRAY BEAM
- 33. IMAGE LAYER OR FOCAL TROUGH It is a zone in an object defined as containing those object points depicted with sufficient detail to be distinguished. The vertical and horizontal dimensions match only when the object lies within a particular plane – central plane or sharply depicted plane .
- 34. FOCAL TROUGH
- 36. Objects outside this sharply depicted plane but still within the image layer will always be somewhat distorted in shape and will appear unsharp or fuzzy.
- 37. PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE LAYER FORMATION
- 38. WIDTH OF IMAGE LAYER
- 39. POSITION OF IMAGE LAYER
- 40. ADVANTAGES Broad coverage of the facial bones and teeth Broad anatomical coverage in a single film. The procedure -simple and rapid. The procedure – patient’s convenient Low patient radiation dose (FMX=170.7, OPG =24.3 microSV ) Less time required > IOPAR Useful - trismus & gagging patient. Infection control minimum Useful as a teaching or visual aid.
- 41. Useful for mass screening. Decrease superimposition of anatomical structures. Helps- localization of object along with IOPAR/occlusal Easy to compare condylar heads.
- 42. DISADVANTAGES Poor anatomical details. Overlapping of proximal surfaces of premolars. Overlapping of cervical spine in lower anterior region. Poor visualization of areas of diagnostic interest( if they are outside focal trough)
- 43. Not useful in detecting incipient caries > IOPAR. Ghost images, artifact, shadows can overlies-structures in focal trough. Artefacts can easily misinterpreted. Soft tissue & air shadows can overlies the required hard tissue. OPG machine is costly!