O6U Dentistry Faculty / Radiology II

1. Extraoral Techniques:
Radiography & Landmarks

2. Extra-oral Radiography
 Include all views made for the oro-facial
region with film positioned extra-orally.
 Used to visualize the skull and facial
structures, for detection of disease or injury
or to evaluate skeletal growth.
 All extra oral radiographs require screen film
and intensifying screen.

3. General Indications:
 Fractures of the skull and maxillofacial skeleton.
 Cases of Trismus.
 Detection of gross pathological lesions.
 Examination of TMJ., Maxillary sinuses, Salivary
Glands.
 Localization of foreign bodies.
 Multiple impactions and supernumerary teeth.
 Examination of facial bones and skull bones.

4. Mandibular Skull
Body Ramus PA
AP
Lat
. PA
. Water’s
. Reverse
Town’s
. AP
. SMV
.Town’s
.Trans-
orbital
. Lat Skull
. Lat Ceph
. Lat. TMJ
PROJETIONS

5. Lateral Oblique Jaw Projections

6. Mandibular projection
(body of the mandible)

7. Mandibular projection
(body of the mand)

9. Mandibular ramus projection

11. Indications of lateral oblique:
 Fractures of the mandible .
 Detection of gross pathological lesions.
 Examination of TMJ.
 Localization of Salivary gland stones.
 Impacted third molars specially in patients with
trismus and gagging sensation.

13. Skull projections

14. Lateral Skull Projection

15. 1. Lateral Head
Film parallel to
sagittal plane of
the head
The x-rays directed at right
angles to the plane of the film

18. A) True lateral view
 Indications:
 Lateral profile of the skull.
 Fracture of the outer and inner plates of
frontal sinuses.
 Relationship of the maxilla and mandible.
 Posterior displacement of maxillary fracture.
 Foreign bodies in the Oro-pharynx.

19. B) lateral Cephalometric view

22. Lateral
Head
holder
C1
C3
C2
C4
C5
C6Vertebral body
Intervertebral Disk
space
Frontal
sinus
(Huge)
Sphenoid sinus
Nasal
bone
Sphenoid sinus

23. Malocclusion
Ear cartilage
Occipital
bone
Orbital rim
Pharyngeal
space

25. C) Lateral TMJ views
 Trans-cranial.
 Trans-pharyngeal.

28. Postro-Anterior Projection (PA)

32. Indications:
 Localizing objects in mediolateral
direction.
 Examination of frontal sinus.
 Fractures in maxilla and mandible specially
in anterior region, angle of mandible, and
sub-condylar area.
 Large pathological lesions and impaction.

34. Zyqoma tangential PA skull projection

36. Water’s View
The Para-nasal Sinuses

38. Indications:
 Examination of para-nasal sinuses (frontal,
ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary).
 Floors and inferior border of the orbits.
 Zygomatic bone and arches.
 Detection of middle third facial fractures.
 Examination of nasal bones and nasal
cavity.
 Coronoid process fractures.

39. Waters’ Projection

40. Water’s
C-spine
Nasal septum
Frontal sinus
Orbital rim
Zygomatic
arch
Lateral wall
of the nasal
cavity
Air-fluid level
Ethmoid
sinus
Hyoid
bone
Maxillary
sinus

41. REVERSE-TOWNE PROJECTION

44. Indications:
* Suspection of condylar neck fracture.
* Intracapsular fractures of the TMJ.
* Condylar hypoplasia or hyperplasia.
*Displacement of the condyle.

46. 3. Antero-posterior views
A. True antero-posterior view.
B. Towen’s view.
C. Submento vertex view.
D. Trans-orbital TMJ view.

47. Submentovertex Projection(SMV)

49. Submentovertex Projection(SMV)

51. Indications:
Zygomatic arches fractures.
Lesions affecting the palate or
base of the skull.
Investigation of sphenoid sinus.

52. Submentovertix
Foramen
Ovale
Foramen
Spinosum
Foramen
lacerum
Foramen
Magnum
Occipital condyle
Carotid
canal
Jugular
fossa &
foramen
Mandibular condyle
Petrous ridge
Nasal
septum
Lateral wall of orbit
Mandible

53. SMV
Zygomatic
arch

54. Zygomatic
arch