this ppt is helpful for BBA/B.tech//MBA/M.tech students.
the ppt is on simulation topic...its covers -
Meaning
Advantages & Disadvantages
Uses
Process
Monte Carlo SImulation
Advantages & Disadvantages
Its example
this ppt is helpful for BBA/B.tech//MBA/M.tech students.
the ppt is on simulation topic...its covers -
Meaning
Advantages & Disadvantages
Uses
Process
Monte Carlo SImulation
Advantages & Disadvantages
Its example
The assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem in which the objective is to assign ‘m’ jobs or workers to ‘n’ machines such that the cost incurred is minimized.
The transportation problem is a special type of linear programming problem where the objective is to minimize the cost of distributing a product from a number of sources or origins to a number of destinations.
Because of its special structure, the usual simplex method is not suitable for solving transportation problems. These problems require a special method of solution.
GAME THEORY
Terminology
Example : Game with Saddle point
Dominance Rules: (Theory-Example)
Arithmetic method – Example
Algebraic method - Example
Matrix method - Example
Graphical method - Example
The assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem in which the objective is to assign ‘m’ jobs or workers to ‘n’ machines such that the cost incurred is minimized.
The transportation problem is a special type of linear programming problem where the objective is to minimize the cost of distributing a product from a number of sources or origins to a number of destinations.
Because of its special structure, the usual simplex method is not suitable for solving transportation problems. These problems require a special method of solution.
GAME THEORY
Terminology
Example : Game with Saddle point
Dominance Rules: (Theory-Example)
Arithmetic method – Example
Algebraic method - Example
Matrix method - Example
Graphical method - Example
ReadySetPresent (Decision Making PowerPoint Presentation Content): 100+ PowerPoint presentation content slides. Successful and effective strategic decision making is a guarantee to increase productivity in every workplace. Decision Making PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: the 6 C’s of decision making, inherent personal and system traps, 10+ slides on decision trees, 10+ slides on decision making methods and tips, 4 slides on the GOR approach to decision making, 8 slides on common pitfalls in decision making, 4 slides on effective strategies in making decisions, 35+ slides on the 8 major decision making traps and how to effectively minimize each, 7 slides on different decision making perspectives, 25 slides on the 3 different types of analysis (grid analysis – paired comparison analysis, and cost/benefit analysis), 4 slides on utilizing planning and overarching questions, 4 modes of decision making and 6 factors in decision making and more!
The operation research book that involves all units including the lpp problems, integer programming problem, queuing theory, simulation Monte Carlo and more is covered in this digital material.
This ppt will explain you the Defintion ,detailed explanation of phases with necessory diagrams, Applications ,Limitations and scope of Operations Research
The series of presentations contains the information about "Management Information System" subject of SEIT for University of Pune.
Subject Teacher: Tushar B Kute (Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik)
http://www.tusharkute.com
This is a presentation from video on 'Introduction to Operations Research' available at the end of this presentations and directly at https://youtu.be/PSOW3_gX2OU
Topics like Organisations of Operations Research, History of Operations Research Role of Operations Research(OR), Scope of Operations Research(OR), Characteristics of Operations Research(OR), Attributes of Operations Research(OR).
This video also talks about Models of Operations Research
• Degree of abstraction
o Mathematical models
o Language models
o Concrete models
• Function
o Descriptive models
o Predictive models
o Normative models
• Time Horizon
o Static models
o Dynamic models
• Structure
o Iconic or physical models
o Analog or schematic models
o Symbolic or mathematical models
• Nature of environment
o Deterministic models
o Probabilistic models
• Extent of generality
o General model
o Specific models
CHAPTER Modeling and Analysis Heuristic Search Methods .docxtiffanyd4
CHAPTER
Modeling and Analysis: Heuristic
Search Methods and Simulation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Explain the basic concepts of simulation
and heuristics, and when to use them
• Understand how search methods are
used to solve some decision support
models
• Know the concepts behind and
applications of genetic algorithms
• Explain the differences among
algorithms, blind search, and heuristics
• Understand the concepts and
applications of different types of
simulation
• Explain what is meant by system
dynamics, agent-based modeling, Monte
Carlo, and discrete event simulation
• Describe the key issues of model
management
I n this chapter, we continue to explore some additional concepts related to the model base, one of the major components of decision support systems (DSS). As pointed out in the last chapter, we present this material with a note of caution: The purpose
of this chapter is not necessarily for you to master the topics of modeling and analysis.
Rather, the material is geared toward gaining familiarity with the important concepts
as they relate to DSS and their use in decision making. We discuss the structure and
application of some successful time-proven models and methodologies: search methods,
heuristic programming, and simulation. Genetic algorithms mimic the natural process of
evolution to help find solutions to complex problems. The concepts and motivating appli-
cations of these advanced techniques are described in this chapter, which is organized
into the following sections:
10.1 Opening Vignette: System Dynamics Allows Fluor Corporation to Better Plan
for Project and Change Management 436
10.2 Problem-Solving Search Methods 437
10.3 Genetic Algorithms and Developing GA Applications 441
10.4 Simulation 446
435
436 Pan IV • Prescriptive Analytics
10.5 Visu al Interactive Simulatio n 453
10.6 System Dynamics Modeling 458
10.7 Agents-Based Mode ling 461
10.1 OPENING VIGNETTE: System Dynamics Allows Fluor
Corporation to Better Plan for Project and Change
Management
INTRODUCTION
Fluor is an engineering and construction company with over 36,000 employers spread
over several countries worldwide . The company's net income in 2009 amounted to
about $680 million based on total revenue o f $22 b illion. As part of its operations, Fluor
manages varying sizes of projects that are subject to scope changes, design changes, and
schedule changes.
PRESENTATION OF PROBLEM
Fluor estimated that changes accounted for about 20 to 30 percent of revenue . Most
changes were due to secondary impacts like ripple effects, disruptions, and p roductivity
loss. Previously, the changes were collated and reported at a later period and the burden
of cost allocated to the stakeholder responsible. In certain instances when late su rprises
abou t cost and project schedule are attributed to clients, it causes friction between
clients and Fluor, w hich eventually affect future business dealings. .
Similar to Operation research history and overview application limitation (20)
Detail Description about Probability Distribution for Dummies. The contents are about random variables, its types(Discrete and Continuous) , it's distribution (Discrete probability distribution and probability density function), Expected value, Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution usage and solved example for each topic.
It gives detail description about probability, types of probability, difference between mutually exclusive events and independent events, difference between conditional and unconditional probability and Bayes' theorem
How to write research proposal?, How to write statement of the problem?, Difference between Research question and hypothesis?, Difference between internal and external validity. Difference between l
This slides gives knowledge about how to define a research question. what are the do's and don'ts while defining research question, steps to define a research questions.examples of research questions
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Topics
Quantitative Approach to Decision Making
History of Operation research
Overview of Operation Research
Definition of OR
OR Models
Application of OR
Advantages and Limitations of OR
3. Problem Solving and Decision Making
Problem solving can be defined as the process of identifying a
difference between the actual and the desired state of affairs and
then taking action to resolve the difference. Problem solving process
consist of seven steps.
1. Identify and define the problem.
2. Determine the set of alternative solutions.
3. Determine the criterion or criteria that will be used to evaluate the alternatives.
4. Evaluate the alternatives.
5. Choose an alternative.
6. Implement the selected alternative.
7. Evaluate the results to determine whether a satisfactory solution has been obtained.
4. Decision Making
Decision making is the term generally associated with
the first five steps of the problem solving process.
1. Identify and define the problem.
2. Determine the set of alternative solutions.
3. Determine the criterion or criteria that will be used to evaluate
the alternatives.
4. Evaluate the alternatives.
5. Choose an alternative.
5. Example
You would like a position that will lead to a
satisfying career. Suppose that your job search has
resulted in offers from companies in IBM, TCS, Exide
and Facebook
1. Identify and define the problem.
2. Determine the set of alternative solutions.
6. Step 3: Determine the criteria that will be used to evaluate the alternatives.
Criteria : Salary Factor (find the best solution with
respect to one criterion are referred to as single-
criterion decision problems.)
Alternatives Salary
IBM 45000
TCS 40000
Exide 48500
Facebook 52000
7. Multi criteria Decision Problems
Criterion: Salary, Potential for advancement and
job location. What decision you will take?
Alternatives Salary Potential for
Advancement
Job Location
IBM 45000 Average Good
TCS 40000 Excellent Average
Exide 48500 Good Excellent
Facebook 52000 Average Average
8. Decision Making
Assume we have taken first alternatives as best
decision by some method. (Decision making process
is complete)
Defined the problem.
Identified the alternatives.
Determined the criteria's.
Evaluated the alternatives.
Chosen an alternative.
11. Analyzing the Problem
Qualitative Analysis : It is based primarily on
manager‟s judgment and experiences. (manager
might faced similar problem in past)
Quantitative Analysis: By applying management
decision science methodology and analyze the
problem. (some mathematical and statistical tools)
12. Why Quantitative technique
The problem is complex, and the manager cannot develop a good solution without
the aid of quantitative analysis. ( Ex: Schedule 10,000 workers for 1,00,000
operation)
The problem is especially important (e.g., a great deal of money is involved), and
the manager desires a thorough analysis before attempting to make a decision.
The problem is new, and the manager has no previous experience
The problem is repetitive, and the manager saves time and effort by relying on
quantitative procedures to make routine decision recommendations.
13. History of Operation Research
Operation research origins in World War II for military
services
Urgent need to allocate resources at efficient manner.
British and US called large number of scientists from discipline
were asked to do research on military operation.
Developed effective method to locate radar (Britain Air
Battle). Developed a better method to manage convoy and
antisubmarine operation(North Atlantic). Developed a method
to utilize resources efficiently( resource cost reduced one half).
14. Development of operation Research
Success of OR in the war spurred interest in outside
the military (business, industry and government)
Two factors played a major for rapid growth of OR
Continuous contribution by scientist's to improve the
techniques of OR
Computer Revolution
15. Overview of Operation Research
Define the problem and gather the data
Formulate a mathematical model to represent the
problem
Derive a solutions from the model
Validate the model
Implement
16. Define the problem
How to define the problem?
Study the relevant system (business, industry etc) and
develop a well defined statement of problem to be
considered.
It helps to determine objectives (Ex: Minimize cost of
operation, maximize the profit of company, maintain high
level of safety) , constraints (limited resources),
interrelationship, possible alternatives, time limits for making
decision and so on.
17. Model
Models are representations of real objects or situations and
can be presented in various forms. The purpose of any
model is that it enables us to make inferences about the real
situation by studying and analyzing the model
Iconic model : Physical replica of real objects (airplane, toy truck)
Mathematical model: Representations of a problem by a system
of symbols and mathematical relationships.
For example, the total profit from the sale of a product can be
determined by multiplying the profit per unit by the quantity sold.
P= 10X
18. Problem
How many bowls and mugs should be produced to
maximize profits given labor and materials constraints?
Product resource requirements and unit profit:
Total labor hours available is 40 hours and total clay is
120 lb.
20. Derive a solution from the model
Numerous algorithms are available to solve the problem
(ex: simplex algorithm)
A common theme in OR is search for an optimal or best
solution .
It also helps to conduct post optimality analysis (what if
analysis: what would happen to optimal solution if different
assumptions are made about future conditions)
It also helps to identify sensitive parameters of model
(sensitivity analysis)
21. Validate the model
Model may contains many flaws (missed out some
valuable information while defining the model). So
it won‟t give correct result.
One way of validating the model is to use a
retrospective test. (Reconstruct the past using
historical data and find shortcomings and require
modifications)
22. Implementation
Model developer or OR consultant explains about new
system to be adopted (For Ex: Developed a
computerized system for optimally scheduling and
deploying workforce)
Take frequent feedback and modify the model if
require.
Document the methodology clearly and accurately
enough so that work is reproducible.
23. Definition of OR
“Scientific approach to decision making that involves the operations
for organized systems. O.R. is concerned with optimal decision
making in and modelling of deterministic and probabilistic systems
that originate from real life,” – Hillier & Lieberman, Introduction to
Operations Research, 8th Ed., Holden- Day, 2005.
“Operations Research is the application of scientific methods to
decision problems. It has found wide use and acceptance in all areas
of business, government and industry.” – Saul L. Gass, College of
Business & Management, University of Maryland, 1979.
24. Definition of OR
“The use of analytic methods adapted from mathematics for solving
operational and business problems” – Computer Dictionary, Charles J.
Sippl and Charles P. Sippl, Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., Indianapolis,
1978.
“A scientific method of providing executive department with a
quantitative basis for decisions making operations under their
control.” – Morse & Kimball, Methods of Operations Research,
Columbia University Press for office of Naval Research, 1943 (9th
printing, 1963).
25. OR Models
Linear Programming:
It consists of a single objective function, representing either
a profit to be maximized or a cost to be minimized, and a
set of constraints.
the objective function and constraints are all linear functions.
Countless real-world applications have been successfully
modeled and solved using linear programming techniques.
26. OR Models
Network Flow Programming:
The class of network flow programs includes such problems
as the transportation problem, the assignment problem, the
shortest path problem, the maximum flow problem, the pure
minimum cost flow problem, and the generalized minimum
cost flow problem.
When a situation can be entirely modeled as a network,
very efficient algorithms exist for the solution of the
optimization problem.
27. OR Models
Integer Programming:
Concerned with optimization problems in which some of
the variables are required to take on discrete values.
Situation like binary decisions such as yes-no, build-no
build or invest-not invest can be modeled easily.
28. OR Models
Nonlinear Programming:
When expressions defining the objective function or
constraints of an optimization model are not linear.
Indeed it can be argued that all linear expressions are
really approximations for nonlinear ones.
In general a nonlinear programming model is much
more difficult to solve than a similarly sized linear
programming model.
29. OR Models
Dynamic Programming:
DP model describes a process in terms of states,
decisions, transitions and returns. The process begins in
some initial state where a decision is made. The
decision causes a transition to a new state.
The process continues through a sequence of states until
finally a final state is reached. The problem is to find
the sequence that maximizes the total return.
30. OR Models
Stochastic Programming:
The mathematical programming models, such as linear
programming, network flow programming and integer
programming generally neglect the effects of uncertainty
and assume that the results of decisions are predictable and
deterministic.
Stochastic programming explicitly recognizes uncertainty by
using random variables for some aspects of the problem
31. OR Models
Stochastic Process:
In many practical situations the attributes of a system
randomly change over time. Examples include the
number of customers in a checkout line, congestion on a
highway, the number of items in a warehouse, and the
price of a financial security, to name a few. When
aspects of the process are governed by probability
theory, we have a stochastic process.
32. OR Models
Markov Chain:
the stochastic process can be described by a matrix
which gives the probabilities of moving to each state
from every other state in one time interval.
It illustrates how to construct a model of this type and
the measures that are available.
33. OR Model
Game theory:
The analysis of competitive situations (or situations of
conflict) using mathematical models
Fundamentally about the study of decision-making
Investigations are concerned more with choices and
strategies than „best‟ solutions.
It seeks to answer the questions:
What strategies are there?
What kinds of solutions are there?
34. Examples of OR in action
Scheduling: of aircrews and the fleet for airlines, of
vehicles in supply chains, of orders in a factory and of
operating theatres in a hospital.
Facility planning: computer simulations of airports for
the rapid and safe processing of travelers, improving
appointments systems for medical practice.
Planning and forecasting: identifying possible future
developments in telecommunications, deciding how much
capacity is needed in a holiday business.
35. Examples of OR in action
Yield management: setting the prices of airline seats and hotel rooms to
reflect changing demand and the risk of no shows.
Credit scoring: deciding which customers offer the best prospects for credit
companies.
Marketing: evaluating the value of sale promotions, developing customer
profiles and computing the life-time value of a customer.
Defense and peace keeping: finding ways to deploy troops rapidly.
36. Applications of OR
Yield Management at American Airlines:
American Airlines estimates the quantifiable benefit of $1.4
billion over a three-year evaluation period and expects an
annual revenue contribution of over $500 million to continue into
the future.
New Product Market Assessment by Assessor for 450 new
products:
Assessor has helped reduce the failure rate of new products in
test markets by almost half and saved the 100 client firms an
estimated $120 million.
37. Applications of OR
Package Routing and Aircraft Scheduling at United Parcel Service :
planning to buy 30 jets to handle a predicted increase in package
volume. After solving its scheduling problem, UPS determined it could
get by with just 18 to 26 new jets. At $60 million a jet, UPS saved
between $240 and $720 million.
Interactive Optimization System for GTE Telephone Network
Planning:
largest local telephone company in the United States. They applied OR
and made a new model which is Netcap. It improved productivity by
more than 500% and saved GTE an estimated $30 million per year in
network construction costs
38. Advantages of OR
Effective Decisions (Better and quicker decision. helps to evaluate risk and
return of alternatives)
Better Coordination (OR plays a major role in Overall approach. So it
easily coordinate the decision taken by different department in an
organization)
Facilitates Control (it helps to find out and correct the deviation in the
performances)
Improves Productivity (It helps to decide about the selection, location and
size of the factories, warehouses, etc. It helps in inventory control. It helps in
production planning and control. It also helps in manpower planning. It uses
mathematical and statistical techniques to improve overall productivity)
39. Limitations of OR
In the quantitative analysis of operations research, certain
assumptions and estimates are made for assigning quantitative
values to factors involved. If such estimates are wrong, the result
would be- equally misleading.
It is not a substitute for the entire process of decision making.
A knowledge of some concepts of mathematics and statistics is
prerequisite for adoption of quantitative analysis by the managers.
Intangible factors of human behavior cannot be quantified
accurately and all the patterns of relationships among the factors
may not be covered.