The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including types of research, the research process, and criteria for good research. It describes the main types of research as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. Criteria for good research include having a clear definition, explainable design, sufficient data, and validity and reliability checks.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Descriptive Research Design - Techniques and TypesSundar B N
This ppt includes Introduction to Descriptive Research, Meaning of Descriptive Research Design and Methods used in Descriptive Research, Types of Descriptive Research and DIFFERENCE B/W EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH.
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Descriptive Research Design - Techniques and TypesSundar B N
This ppt includes Introduction to Descriptive Research, Meaning of Descriptive Research Design and Methods used in Descriptive Research, Types of Descriptive Research and DIFFERENCE B/W EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
TOPIC OUTLINE: 1. The Normal Curve
a. Definition/Description
b. Area Under Normal Curve
2. Standard Scores
a. Z-Scores
b. T-Scores
c. Other Standard Scores
Karl Friedrich Gauss:
one of the scientist that developed the concept of normal curve.
Normal Curve
is a continuous probability distribution in statistics
Karl Pearson:
first to refer to the curve as “Normal Curve”
Asymptotic:
approaching the x-axis but never touches it
Symmetric:
made up of exactly similar parts facing each other
STANDARD SCORES
-is a raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale.
Z-scores
called a zero plus or minus one scale
Scores can be positive and negative
T-Scores
a none of the scores is negative. It can be called a 50 plus or minus ten scale. ( 50 mean set and 10 SD set )
Stanine: Standard Nine
(STAndard NINE) is a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.
In This Presentation we have discusesed What is Technical Writing and in which fields technical writing is used.
Four Basic types, Abstract, Informative Report, Lab Report, Research Report Project Reports are discussed
How to Research
Everybody who want to write research papers , articles , review paper are need to learn some rules for it . These slides will help them alot.
Detail Description about Probability Distribution for Dummies. The contents are about random variables, its types(Discrete and Continuous) , it's distribution (Discrete probability distribution and probability density function), Expected value, Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution usage and solved example for each topic.
It gives detail description about probability, types of probability, difference between mutually exclusive events and independent events, difference between conditional and unconditional probability and Bayes' theorem
How to write research proposal?, How to write statement of the problem?, Difference between Research question and hypothesis?, Difference between internal and external validity. Difference between l
This slides gives knowledge about how to define a research question. what are the do's and don'ts while defining research question, steps to define a research questions.examples of research questions
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
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Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Techniques to optimize the pagerank algorithm usually fall in two categories. One is to try reducing the work per iteration, and the other is to try reducing the number of iterations. These goals are often at odds with one another. Skipping computation on vertices which have already converged has the potential to save iteration time. Skipping in-identical vertices, with the same in-links, helps reduce duplicate computations and thus could help reduce iteration time. Road networks often have chains which can be short-circuited before pagerank computation to improve performance. Final ranks of chain nodes can be easily calculated. This could reduce both the iteration time, and the number of iterations. If a graph has no dangling nodes, pagerank of each strongly connected component can be computed in topological order. This could help reduce the iteration time, no. of iterations, and also enable multi-iteration concurrency in pagerank computation. The combination of all of the above methods is the STICD algorithm. [sticd] For dynamic graphs, unchanged components whose ranks are unaffected can be skipped altogether.
3. (i) Research
The systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation
or problem in order to generate new knowledge or
validate existing knowledge.
An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts
etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course
of critical investigation.
4. (ii) Types of Research
Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical
problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness,
and develop innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's
sake.
For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
• Improve agricultural crop production
• Treat or cure a specific disease
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation
5. (ii) Types of Research
Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest
in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to
create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that
result from basic research.
For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
6. (ii) Types of Research
Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study
of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining
cause and effect.
For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers blood pressure
levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
• Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music and then compare
the bp levels
• Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? And then compare
7. (ii) Types of Research
Descriptive research refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of
characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. Descriptive research, also
known as statistical research.
These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exists,
determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing
information.
For example,
• finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town.
8. (ii) Types of Research
Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the
members of the culture; it involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for
development of theories of cultural behavior.
It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethno genesis, composition,
resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture.
The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to understand what is happening
naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be
formed from the data.
9. (ii) Types of Research
An experiment research is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or
program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed.
Eg: bp level measure
10. (ii) Types of Research
Exploratory research is a type of research conducted for a problem that has not
been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research
design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
Historical research is research involving analysis of events that occurred in the
remote or recent past
11. (ii) Types of Research
On a broader perspective, all researches can be classified into two
basic approach to research:
• Qualitative Approach
• Quantitative Approach
12. Qualitative Approach
Qualitative approach is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or
impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and
symbols.
Qualitative research techniques include focus groups, interviews, and observation
(1. to uncover pattern, trends; 2. insight for hypothesis; 3. understand reason and
motivation)
Ex : How was your experience today? Ans: great, fine, boring and terrible
How is the feedback so far ?
13. Quantitative research
Quantitative approach refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical
or computational techniques. It is further sub classified in to
Inferential approach
Experimental approach
Simulation approach
14. Quantitative Approaches
Inferential Approach
Infer characteristic or relationship of population from
sample. For ex: what is the average height of dehradun
people?
Experimental Approach
Some variables are manipulated and observed their effect
on other variables. Ex: BP level measure (listening music)
15. Quantitative Approaches
Simulation Approach
Simulation is the imitation of operation of real world process
or system over time.
Useful to represent operation of real world system and its
dynamic process.
Useful for understanding future condition of system.
So many application like queuing at work, staffing
requirements etc.
16. (iii) Research Process
a) Define Research Problem
b) Review the literatures
c) Design research
d) Collect Data
e) Analyze the data
f) Interpret and report
17. a) Research Question
Something you want to know about your discipline, or about a specific area
within your discipline.
Not a topic, fragment, phrase, or sentence. It ends with a question mark!
Clear and precisely stated. It is not too broad, nor is it too narrow.
Open-ended, as opposed to closed. It cannot be answered in a sentence or
phrase.
18. Examples of Research questions
Is television going to survive in digital eye or will it become obsolete
like digital camera?
19. Examples of Research questions
Does negative news interest people more than positive news?
20. Examples of Research questions
What are the factors motivate young people to commit violence?
21. b) Literature review
The review of the literature is defined as a broad,
comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical
review of scholarly publications, unpublished
scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials,
and personal communications
22. Purposes of Literature review
Determine if proposed research is actually needed.
Even if similar research published, researchers might suggest a need for similar studies or
replication.
Narrow down a problem.
It can be overwhelming getting into the literature of a field of study. A literature review
can help you understand where you need to focus your efforts.
Generate hypotheses or questions for further studies.
23. Purposes of Literature review
Background knowledge of the field of inquiry
Facts
Eminent scholars
Parameters of the field
The most important ideas, theories, questions and hypotheses.
Knowledge of the methodologies common to the field and a feeling for
their usefulness and appropriateness in various settings.
24. Different source of Literature review
Locate different types of resources.
Decide which resources might be suitable.
Select most appropriate resources.
Revise research questions if necessary
26. Save the information
Keep a record of the literature you collect
Record where and when you retrieved the
information
27. c) Research Design/Methodology
The research design is the master plan specifying the
methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing
the needed information.
28. Research Design
Research
Design
Statistical design ( no
of item, gathering
info)
Observational design
(Observational
condition)
Sample design
(Method of selecting
item for study)
Operational
design
(techniques)
29. Research Design
Sample design: this deals with the technique of selecting items and thus requires
careful observation for the given research study.
Observational design: this relates to the conditions under which the experiments are
to be conducted.
Statistical design: this concerns the question of how many items are to be observed,
and how are the collected data and information going to be analyzed.
Operational design: this deals with the methods by which the procedures specified
in the sample, observational and statistical designs can be conducted.
30. d) Data Collection
Data collection is one of the most important stage in conducting a
research.
Data collection starts with determining what kind of data
(Qualitative or Quantitative) required followed by the selection
of a sample (sampling design) from a certain population
31. Need of Data Collection
To get information for analysis.
To get idea about real time situation.
For comparison between two situation
32. Types of Data
Primary Data
•Data is collected by
researcher himself
•Data is gathered
through questionnaire,
interviews,
observations etc.
Secondary Data
Data collected,
compiled or
written by other
researchers eg. books,
journals, newspapers
34. The most common
data collection instrument
Survey
Questionnaire
Useful to collect
quantitative and qualitative
information
Should contain 3 elements:
1. Introduction – to explain the objectives
2. Instructions – must be clear, simple language & short
3. User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions
35. Observe verbal &
non-verbal communication,
surrounding atmosphere,
culture & situation
Observations
Need to keep
meticulous records of
the observations
Can be done through discussions,
observations of habits, rituals,
review of documentation,
experiments
36. e) Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics are methods for organizing and summarizing
data.
For example, tables or graphs are used to organize data
Inferential statistics are methods for using sample data to make
general conclusions (inferences) about populations.
38. iv) Criteria of Good Research
Research should be defined clearly.
Research should be explained clearly, which permits for further
development in same area by other researchers.
Research Design should be carefully planned to yield result that are as
objective as possible.
Data should be sufficient to analyze.
Validity and reliability of data should be checked carefully.
Researcher should be frank about flaws in design, estimation and findings.
Research should be systematic. ( follows sequences with well defined set of
rules. Rules out guessing not creative thinking)