Operations research is a scientific approach to problem solving and decision making that is useful for managing organizations. It has its origins in World War II and is now widely used in business and industry. Some key areas where operations research models are applied include forecasting, production scheduling, inventory control, and transportation. Models are an essential part of operations research and can take various forms like physical, mathematical, or conceptual representations of real-world problems. Models are classified in different ways such as by their structure, purpose, solution method, or whether they consider deterministic or probabilistic systems. Operations research techniques help solve complex business problems through mathematical analysis and support improved organizational performance.

1. Divya p j
II M com
Pg studies in commerce
Gfgcw, Holenarasipura
Under the guidance of
Sundar B. N.
Asst. Prof. & Course Co-ordinator
GFGCW, PG Studies in Commerce
Holenarasipura

3. Operations research is an Art and science.
It had its early roots in world war IInd
and is flourishing in business & industry
with aid of computer, primary
applications areas of operations research
include forecasting, production,
scheduling, inventory control, capital
budgeting and transportation.

4. And the operations research has so many
objectives like decision making and
improve its optimum solution,
integrating the systems, improve
objectivity of analysis, minimize the cost
and maximize the profit, improve the
productivity success in competition and
market leadership

5. Operations research is
a scientific study of
operations for the
purpose of making
better decision.
OR is an analytical
method of problem
solving & decision
making that is useful
in the management
of organizations.

6. A global meeting held in Geneva in April 2008
defined operations research as.
“Any research producing practically.
Usable knowledge which can improve
programme implementation regardless of
the type of research research falls falls with
in the boundaries of operations research”.

7. Model is the essence of operations research.
A model is an abstraction of idealized
representation of real life problem. Model is
a real life situation help us to study the
different behavior of the problem
corresponding to the descriptions of the
problem.

8. Models
of OR
1
Classification
by structure
2
Classification
by purpose
3
Classification
by nature &
environment
4 Classification
by behavior
5
Classification
by method of
solution
6
Classification
by use of
digital
computer

9. a. Iconic model :- it’s a physical representation of some item
either in an idealized form or on a different scale i.e., a
representation is an iconic model to the extent that its
properties are the same as processed by what it
represents. Expl > a globe is the iconic model of an earth.
b. Analogue model :- the models in which one set of
properties is used to another set of properties are AM.
After the problem is solved, the solution is representated
in terms of the original systems. Expl > computer is the
physical representation of variables or problem of
solution. & also graphs are very simple AM.
c. Symbolic model/mathematical model :- this model is one
which a set of mathematical symbols to describe in
equation to represent decision variables of the system.
Expl > letters, numbers.

10. a. Descriptive model :- it describes aspects of a
situation based on observations. Expl > survey,
opinion, questionnaire, or other availble data.
b. Predictive model :- it can make predictions
regarding certain events. Expl > based on survey
results.Television network such models attemps
to explain & predict yhe election results before
all the votes are actually counted.
c. Perspective model :- finally, when a predictive
model has been repeatedly succsussful, it can be
prescribe a source of action. Expl > LP is a
prescriptive or normative model because it
prescribes what the managers ought to do.

11. a. Deterministic model :- this model assume
conditions of complete & perfect
knowledge. Expl > LPTP AP are
deterministic models.
b. Probabilistic/stochastic model :- this
model is based on which managerial
decision can be made. Expl > insurance
company :probability/ descriptions.

12. a. Static model :- these models do not
consider the impact of changes that takes
place during the planning horizon. they
are the independent of time. In a static
model only one decision is needed for the
duration of a given time of period.
b. Dynamic model :- in this model time is
considered as one of the important
variables & admits the impact of changes
generated by time.

13. a. Analytical model :- this model have a specific
mathematical structure. & this can be solved by
known analytical or mathematical technique.
Expl > general LP model as well as the specially
structured transportation & assignment models
are analytical models.
b. Simulation model :- they also have a
mathematical structure but they can not be
solved by purely using ‘tools’ & ‘techniques’ of
‘mathematics'. Expl > computer assisted
experimentation on a mathematical structure of
a real time structure.

14. a. Analogue & mathematical model combined :-
sometimes analogue models are also expressed in
terms of mathematical symbols. Such models
belonging to both the type models. Empl > 1 of i & ii.
b. Function model :- this models are grouped on the
basis of the function being processed. Expl > like
computer programming (table).
c. Quantitative model :- such models are use to
measure the observations. Expl > degree of
temperature.
d. Heuristic model :-this models are mainly used to
explore alternative strategies , but this model is do
not clime to find the best solution to the problem.

15. Operations research and its models, methods are
used to solve complex problems of business
through mathematical analysis.This technique is
used in various fields in agricultures, production,
and business management.The effectiveness of
this methods is observed through improved
business operations and management systems.
It also supports is improved competitiveness of
the organizations through strategic decisions.

16. https://mathstudy.home.blog/2019/01/17/classif
ication-of-modelling-in-operations-research/.