The document discusses obesity and its associated risks. It defines obesity as a chronic energy imbalance where calories consumed exceed calories expended. Individual behaviors, environment, and genetics all contribute to obesity. Excess weight gain is associated with increased risks of several health conditions like hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Untreated hypertension can damage vital organs and increase risks of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss.
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
Understanding and Addressing Food Addiction: A Science-Based Approach to Poli...Center on Addiction
Public health concerns about the escalating obesity epidemic and its far-reaching health consequences, coupled with a growing understanding of the shared features of addiction across its myriad forms, have prompted some scientists to explore the possibility that certain eating behaviors might best be explained through the lens of addiction.
The interest in applying an addiction framework to understanding certain eating behaviors and food-related disorders has grown in recent years. This is a result of a large body of research highlighting the considerable overlap in the characterizing symptoms, risk factors and underlying neurobiological characteristics between substance addiction and what can be thought of as food addiction. It also arises from an attempt to explore how certain types of addictive-like eating might account for pathology that cannot be explained within the context of the currently recognized eating disorders of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The growing interest in food addiction is also partially a result of an increasing awareness that lessons learned with regard to policy, prevention and clinical practice in relation to addictive substances might fruitfully be applied to the realm of food addiction.
PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a combined metabolic and hormonal disorder found in women. Incidences of PCOS appear to be rising and it is now being diagnosed more often.It is seen in as many as 25 to 30% of young women.Unfortunately, due to unfavorable lifestyle changes the number of incidences of PCOS and PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disorder) are on rise.
This Presentation Includes
1. What is PCOS?
2. Symptoms of PCOS
3. PCOS risk factors
4. Life Style Factors and PCOS
5. Testing PCOS
6. PCOS linked Infertility
7. Managing PCOS
8. Life Style Changes to manage PCOS
Obesity is one of the most common factor which underlies the pathophysiology of many other non- communicable diseases. In recent years, its prevalence has blown out of proportions. The term GLOBESITY signfies that. Newer pharmacological developments will definitely play a crucial role in containing this epidemic.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
Natural treatment for Irregular Periods,Overian Cysts & Pcos in Hindi Iपि सी ...Herbal Daily
Between 1 in 10 of childbearing age has PCOS. It can occur in girls as young as 11 years old.
PCOS can also lead to Acne, Excessive hair growth, Weight gain & Problems with ovulation.
In women with PCOS, the ovary doesn't make all of the hormones it needs for an egg to fully mature, which eventually increases the risk of infertility.
The juice of Ashoka leaves balances the hormones in the female body, manages the cysts in the ovaries and regulates the menstrual cycle naturally,Ashoka Haldi Garlic Ginger Lemon Apple Cider Vinegar Honey
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Prevalence of obesity.Body composition & body shape (body fat distribution ) and CVD risk .Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease.Fat-but-Fit Paradigm and CVD,The Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Metabolically Healthy but Obese ( MHO ) Phenotype and CVD.Obesity Paradox in Patients With CVD
Overweight And Obesity : Proven Health Risks, We All Should KnowSanjiv Haribhakti
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Obesity will have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. According to WHO, Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. For more info visit :- http://gisurgery.info/player_presentation.php?id=133
Understanding how intermittent fasting may not only help weight loss but have multiple other health benefits including life prolongation, preventing cancer and dementia
Non-communicalbe diseases and its preventionShoaib Kashem
Non communicable disease account for a large and increasing burden of disease worldwide. It is currently estimated that non communicable disease accounts for approximately 60% of global deaths and 43% of global disease burden. This is projected to increase to 73% of deaths and 60% of disease burden by 2020.
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Obesity and risk factor
1. Publication # 20
Obesity
And its Associated Risk Factors
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Division of Education
2. Obesity
An Overview
Overweight and obesity are both chronic
conditions that are the result of an energy
imbalance over a period of time.
The cause of this energy imbalance can be due
to a combination of several different factors and
varies from one person to another.
Individual behaviors, environmental factors, and
genetics all contribute to the complexity of the
obesity epidemic.
2012
CDC
3. Energy Imbalance
What is it?
Energy balance can be compared to a scale.
Weight Gain
Calories Consumed > Calories Used An energy imbalance arises when the number
of calories consumed is not equal to the
Weight Loss number of calories used by the body.
Calories Consumed < Calories Used
Weight gain usually involves the combination
No Weight Change
of consuming too many calories and not
Calories Consumed = Calories Used expending enough through physical activity.
2012
CDC
4. Energy Imbalance
Effects in the Body
Excess energy is stored in fat cells, which enlarge or multiply.
Enlargement of fat cells is known as hypertrophy,
whereas multiplication of fat cells is known as
hyperplasia.
With time, excesses in energy storage lead to obesity.
Fat cells
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
5. Fat Cell Enlargement
Hypertrophy
Enlarged fat cells produce the
clinical problems associated with obesity,
due to the following:
The weight or mass of the extra fat
The increased secretion of free fatty acids
and peptides from enlarged fat cells.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
6. Weight Classifications
A Review
Body mass index (BMI) is a
mathematical ratio which is calculated With a BMI of: You are considered:
as weight (kg)/ height squared (m 2). Below 18.5 Underweight
It is used to describe an
individuals relative weight for height, and 18.5 - 24.9 Healthy Weight
is significantly correlated with total 25.0 - 29.9 Overweight
body fat content. BMI is intended
for those 20 years of age and older. 30 or higher Obese
You can find tables on the web that have done the math and metric conversions for you.
http://www.pbrc.edu/Division_of_Education/Tools/BMI_Calculator.asp
or
http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi
2012
CDC
7. M rta lity a nd M rbid ity
o o
Associated with Obesity
The effects of excess weight on mortality and morbidity have been recognized
for more than 2,000 years. It was Hippocrates who recognized that “sudden
death is more common in those who are naturally fat than in the lean.”
Today, obesity is increasing rapidly. Research shows that many factors related
to obesity influence mortality and morbidity.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
8. Mortality
Weight, Fat Distribution, and Activity
The following factors have been shown to increase
mortality in individuals:
Excess body weight
Regional fat distribution
Weight gain patterns
Sedentary Lifestyle
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
9. Mortality
Excess Body Weight
Mortality associated with excess body weight increases as
the degree of obesity and overweight increases.
It is estimated that 280,000 to 325,000 deaths a year can
be attributed to obesity in the United States, more than 80%
of these deaths occur among individuals with a BMI greater
than 30 kg/m2.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
10. Mortality
Regional Fat Distribution
Android Gynoid
Regional fat distribution can contribute to mortality.
This was first noted in the beginning of the 20 th century.
Obese individuals with an android (or apple) distribution of body fat are at a
greater risk for diabetes and heart disease than were those with a gynoid
distribution (pear).
Android fat distribution results in higher free fatty acid levels, higher glucose
and insulin levels and reduced HDL levels. It also results in higher blood
pressure and inflammatory markers.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
11. Mortality
Weight Gain
In addition to overweight and central fatness,
the amount of weight gain after ages 18 to 20
also predicts mortality.
The Nurses’ Health Study and the Health
Professionals Follow-up Study showed that
a marked increase in mortality from heart
disease is associated with increasing
degrees of weight gain.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
12. Mortality
Sedentary Lifestyle
Sedentary lifestyle is another important component
in the relationship of excess mortality to obesity.
A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of death
at all levels of BMI.
Unfit men in the BMI range of less than 25 kg/m 2
had a significantly higher risk than men with a
high level of cardiovascular fitness.
Obese men with a high level of fitness had risks
of death that were not different from fit men with
normal body fat.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
13. M rbid ity
o
Associated with Obesity
Overweight affects several diseases, although
its degree of contribution varies from one
disease to another.
Additionally, the risk of developing a disease
often differs by ethnic group, and by gender
within a given ethnic group.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
14. Morbidity
Associated with Obesity
Individuals who are obese are at a greater risk of developing:
Obstructive sleep apnea Endometrial, prostate
Osteoarthritis and breast
Cardiovascular disorders cancers
Gastrointestinal
Complications of pregnancy
disorders Menstrual irregularities
Metabolic disorders Psychological disorders
CDC
2012
15. Cardiovascular Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at a greater risk of developing these cardiovascular disorders:
Hypertension
Stroke
Coronary Artery Disease
2012
16. Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN) is the term for high blood pressure.
Hypertension is identified when a blood pressure is
sustained at ≥140/90 mmHg.
High blood pressure is referred to as the “silent killer,”
since there are usually no symptoms with HTN.
Some individuals find out that they have high blood
pressure when they have trouble with their heart, brain,
or kidneys.
2012
NHLBI
17. Hypertension
The Dangers
Failure to find and treat HTN is serious, as untreated HTN can cause:
The heart to get larger, which may lead to heart failure.
Small bulges (aneurysms) to form in blood vessels.
Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow, which may lead to kidney failure.
Arteries in the body to harden faster, especially those in the
heart, brain, kidneys, and legs. This can cause a heart attack, stroke,
kidney failure, or can lead to amputation of part of the extremities.
Blood vessels in the eye to burst or bleed. This may cause
vision changes and can result in blindness.
2012
NHLBI
18. Hypertension
Blood pressure is often increased in overweight individuals.
Estimates suggest that control of overweight would eliminate 48%
of the hypertension in Caucasians and 28% in African Americans.
Overweight and hypertension interact with cardiac
function, leading to thickening of the ventricular
wall and larger heart volume, and thus to a
greater likelihood of cardiac failure.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
19. Hypertension
Prevalence in the Overweight
35 32.7 Age-adjusted prevalence
of hypertension in
30 27.0 27.7 overweight U.S. adults
25
Prevalence of HTN
22.1
20 BMI < 25
14.9 15.2
15 BMI > 25 & < 27
BMI > 27 & <30
10
5
0
Males Females
2012 Adapted from:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
20. Stroke
Normally, blood containing oxygen and
nutrients is delivered to the brain, and carbon
dioxide and cellular wastes are removed.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to
part of the brain is suddenly interrupted by a
blocked vessel or when a blood vessel in the
brain bursts.
Once their supply of oxygen and nutrients
from the blood is cut off to the brain cells,
they die.
2012
NINDS
21. Stroke
The symptoms of a stroke include:
Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body
Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Sudden trouble with walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination
Sudden severe headache with no known cause
2012
NINDS
22. Stroke
There are two forms of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic.
Ischemic stroke occurs when an artery to the brain is blocked.
Overweight and obesity increase the risk for ischemic stroke in men and women.
With increasing BMI, the risk of ischemic stroke increases progressively and is
doubled in those with a BMI greater than 30 kg/m 2 when compared to those
having a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2.
Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain erupts.
Overweight and obesity do not increase the risk for hemorrhagic strokes.
NINDS
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
23. Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a type of atherosclerosis that occurs when the arteries
supplying blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) become hardened and narrowed.
This hardening and narrowing is caused by plaque buildup.
As the plaque increases in size, the insides of the coronary arteries get narrower, and
eventually, blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced.
This is critical because blood carries much-needed oxygen to the heart.
2012
NHLBI
24. Coronary Arteries
Blood Flow
Angina
This is the chest pain or discomfort that occurs
When the heart muscle is not when the heart is not getting enough blood.
receiving the amount of oxygen
that it needs, one of two things
can happen: Heart attack
This is what happens when a blood clot develops
at the site of the plaque in a coronary artery.
Angina The result is a sudden blockage, which may
block all or most of the blood supply to the heart
Heart Attack
muscle. Because cells in the heart muscle begin to
die when they are not receiving adequate amount
of oxygen, permanent damage to the heart muscle
can occur if blood flow is not quickly restored.
2012
NHLBI
25. Coronary Artery Disease
Heart Failure
Over time, CAD can weaken In this condition, the heart can’t pump blood
the heart muscle and effectively to the rest of the body. Heart
contribute to: failure does not mean that the heart has
stopped nor does it mean that it is about to.
It means that the heart is failing to pump
Heart Failure blood the way that it should.
Arrhythmias
Arrhythmias
Arrhytmias are changes in the normal
beating rhythm of the heart. They can be
either faster or slower than normal.
Some arrhythmias can be quite
serious.
2012
NHLBI
26. Coronary Artery Disease
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for CAD.
Abdominal fat distribution is believed to be related as well.
Data from the Nurses Health Study illustrated that women in the lowest BMI but
highest waist-to-hip circumference ratio had a greater risk of heart attack than
those in the highest BMI but lowest waist-to-hip circumference ratio.
Regional fat distribution appears to have a greater effect on CAD risk than BMI alone.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
27. Gastrointestinal Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these gastrointestinal disorders:
Colon Cancer
Gall stones
2012
28. Colon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a term used to refer to cancer that
develops in the colon or the rectum.
The colon (a.k.a. the large intestine) is about 5 feet long and its
role in the digestive system is to continue to absorb water and
mineral nutrients from food. Once this process of absorption is
complete, waste matter (feces) remains.
The rectum is the final 6 inches of the digestive system. Feces
are passed from the large intestine to the rectum, to exit the
body through the anus.
2012
American Cancer Society
29. Colon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S.
It is estimated to cause about 55,170 deaths during 2006.
2012
American Cancer Society
30. Colon Cancer
Findings Relating to Obesity
Colon cancer has been shown to occur more
frequently in people who are obese than in
people who are of a healthy weight.
An increased risk of colon cancer has been
consistently reported for men with high BMIs.
Women with high BMI are not at increased risk
of colon cancer.
There is evidence that abdominal obesity may be
important in colon cancer risk.
2012
NCI
31. Gallbladder Disease
Cholelithiasis is the primary hepatobiliary pathology associated with overweight.
Cholelithiasis is a condition characterized by the presence or formation of
gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
Normally, a balance of bile salts, lecithin, and cholesterol keep gallstones from
forming. However, if there are abnormally high levels of bile salts or, more
commonly, cholesterol, then stones can form.
NIH
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
32. Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
Obesity appears to be associated with the development of gallstones.
More cholesterol is produced at higher body fat levels.
Approximately 20 mg of additional cholesterol is synthesized for each kg of extra
body fat.
High cholesterol concentrations relative to bile acids and phospholipids in bile
increase the likelihood of precipitation of cholesterol gallstones in the gallbladder.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
33. Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
In the Nurses’ Health Study, when compared to those having a BMI of 24 or less,
Women with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 had a 2-fold increased risk for symptomatic gallstones.
Women with a BMI > 45 kg/m2 had a 7-fold increased risk for symptomatic gallstones.
The relative increased risk of symptomatic gallstone development with increasing BMI
appears to be less for men than for women.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
34. Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
Ironically, weight loss leads to an increased risk of gallstones--
because of the increased flux of cholesterol through the biliary
system.
Diets with moderate levels of fat that trigger gallbladder
contraction and subsequent emptying of the cholesterol content
may reduce the risk of gallstone formation.
Bile acid supplementation can be used to lower ones risk for
gallstone formation.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
35. Metabolic Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these metabolic disorders:
Diabetes Mellitus
Dyslipidemia
Liver Disease
2012
36. Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is strongly associated with
overweight and obesity in both genders and in all ethnic groups.
The risk for Type 2 DM increases with the degree and duration
of overweight in individuals.
The risk for Type 2 DM also increases in individuals with a
more central distribution of body fat (abdominal).
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
37. Obesity and Type 2 DM
In the United States
Among people diagnosed
15% with Type 2 diabetes,
55 percent have a BMI
BMI < 25 ≥ 30 (classified as obese),
BMI > 25 or BMI < 30 30 percent have a
55% 30%
BMI > 30 BMI ≥ 25 or ≤30
(classified as
overweight), and only 15
percent have a BMI ≤ 25
(classified as normal weight).
2012 Adapted from:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
38. Diabetes Mellitus
Findings Related to Obesity
The Nurses’ Health Study demonstrated the curvilinear relationship
between increasing BMI and the risk of diabetes in women:
Women with a BMI below 22 kg/m2 had the lowest risk of DM
At a BMI of 35 kg/m2, the relative risk of DM increased 40-fold or 4,000%
The Health Professionals Follow-up Study demonstrated a similar
relationship between increasing BMI and the risk of diabetes in men:
Men with a BMI below 24 kg/m2 had the lowest risk of DM
At a BMI of 35 kg/m2, the relative risk of DM increased 60-fold or 6,000%
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
39. Diabetes Mellitus
Findings Relating to Weightloss
Weight loss reduces the risk of developing diabetes.
In the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a weight
loss of 5-11 kg decreased the relative risk for
developing diabetes by nearly 50%.
Type 2 DM was almost nonexistent with a weight loss of
more than 20 kg (44 lbs) or in those with a BMI below 20.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
40. Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia is defined as
abnormal concentration of
lipids or lipoproteins in the
blood.
As BMI increases, there is an
increased risk for heart
disease.
This is because a positive
correlation between BMI and
triglyceride (TG) levels has
been demonstrated.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
41. Dyslipidemia
Findings Related to Obesity
HDL
An inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and BMI has been noted.
This relationship may be more important than the relationship between
BMI & TG levels.
Low level of HDL carries more relative risk for developing heart disease
than do elevated triglyceride levels.
Central fat distribution also plays an important role in lipid abnormalities.
Excessive body fat in the abdominal region leads to increased circulating
triglyceride levels.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
42. Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the term
given to describe a collection of liver abnormalities
that are associated with obesity.
In a cross-sectional analysis of liver biopsies of
obese patients, it was found that the prevalence of
steatosis, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis were
approximately 75%, 20%, and 2% respectively.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
43. Liver Disease
Fatty Liver
Steatosis is the term for “fatty liver” and it is not
actually a disease, but rather a pathological finding.
Most cases of fatty liver are due to obesity.
Other causes of fatty liver include:
Diabetes
Certain drugs
Intestinal bypass operations
Starvation
Protein malnutrition
Alcoholism
2012
The American Liver Foundation
44. Liver Disease
Fatty Liver
A gradual weight reduction can help to
reduce the enlargement of the liver due to
fat, and it can normalize the associated liver
test abnormalities.
It is important to limit the amount of alcohol
consumed in the diet. Alcohol can decrease
the rate of metabolism and secretion of fat
in the liver.
2012
The American Liver Foundation
45. Importance of a Healthy Liver
The liver is the largest organ in the body and it plays a vital role in performing
many complex functions that are essential for life:
The 300 billion cells of the liver control a process known as metabolism. During
metabolism, the liver breaks down nutrients into usable products. These products
are then delivered to the rest of the body through the bloodstream.
The liver also metabolizes toxins into byproducts that can be safely eliminated.
The liver also produces many important substances, such as: albumin, bile,
cholesterol, clotting factors, globin, and immune factors.
2012
Mayo Clinic
46. Other Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these metabolic disorders:
Obstructive sleep apnea
Osteoarthritis
Endometrial, prostate, and breast cancers
Complications of pregnancy
Menstrual irregularities
Psychological disorders
2012
47. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by repetitive upper airway obstruction during sleep
as a result of narrowing of the respiratory passages.
Patients having the disorder are most often overweight with associated peripharyngeal
infiltration of fat and/or increased size of the soft palate and tongue.
2012
American Academy of Family Physicians
48. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Common complaints are loud snoring, disrupted sleep,
and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Individuals with sleep apnea suffer from fragmented sleep
and may develop cardiovascular abnormalities because of
the repetitive cycles of snoring, airway collapse, and
arousal.
Because many individuals are not aware of heavy snoring
and nocturnal arousals, obstructive sleep apnea may remain
undiagnosed.
2012
American Academy of Family Physicians
49. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Findings Relating to Obesity
Obstructive sleep apnea affects around 4% of middle-aged adults.
Individuals having a BMI of at least 30 are at greatest risk for sleep apnea.
Weight loss has been shown to improve the symptoms relating to sleep apnea.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
50. Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis
40 million Americans currently have osteoarthritis.
It is a degenerative disease which frequently leads to chronic pain and disability.
For individuals over the age of 65, it is the most disabling disease.
Currently, only the symptoms of OA can be treated; there is no cure.
2012
NSLS
51. Osteoarthritis
Findings Relating to Obesity
The incidence of OA is significantly increased in overweight individuals.
OA that develops in the knees and ankles is probably directly related to
the trauma associated with the degree of excess body weight.
Osteoarthritis in other non-weight bearing joints suggests that there
must be some component of the overweight syndrome responsible
for altering cartilage and bone metabolism, independent of the
actual stresses of body weight on joints.
Areas of the body
most commonly
affected by OA
NSLS
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
52. Cancer
Findings Relating to Obesity
Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of:
esophageal, gallbladder, pancreatic, cervical, breast, uterine,
renal, and prostate cancers.
Obesity and physical inactivity may account for 25 to 30 percent of
several major cancers, including--- colon, breast
(postmenopausal), endometrial, kidney, and cancer of the
esophagus.
2012
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
53. Endocrine Changes
There are various endocrine changes associated with overweight.
Changes in the reproductive system are among the most common.
Irregular menses and frequent anovular cycles are common.
Rates of fertility may also be reduced.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
54. Endocrine Changes
Associated with Obesity
Common hormonal abnormalities associated with obesity
Increased cortisol production
Insulin resistance
Decreased sex hormone-binding globulin in women
Decreased progesterone levels in women
Decreased testosterone levels in men
Decreased growth hormone production
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
55. Psychological Disorders
Associations with Obesity
Obesity is associated with an impaired quality of life.
Higher BMI values are associated with greater adverse effects.
When compared to obese men, obese women appear to be at
a greater risk for psychological dysfunction.
This may be due to the societal pressure on women to be thin.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
56. Psychological Disorders
Weight Loss
Intentional weight loss has been
consistently associated with improved
quality of life.
Severely obese patients who lost 43 kg
through gastric bypass demonstrated
improved quality of life scores to such an
extent that their post-weight loss scores
were equal to or even better than
population norms.
J La State Med Soc .2005; 157 (1): S42-49.
2012
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
57. In Conclusion
The following conditions have been found to be associated with obesity:
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension Psychosocial Function
Gallbladder Disease Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Liver Disease Osteoarthritis
Cancer
Coronary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) These diseases have been found to be
associated with increased fat mass
Endocrine Changes
These diseases have been found to be
associated with increased metabolic
activity (secretion) of fat cells in obesity
2012
58. Pennington Biomedical Research
Center
Heli J Roy, PhD, RD, Associate Professor
Shanna Lundy, BS
Beth Kalicki, BS
Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Division of Education
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director
Steven Heymsfield, MD, Executive Director
2012
59. About Our Company
The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center.
Mission:
To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine.
The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:
Clinical Obesity Research
Experimental Obesity
Functional Foods
Health and Performance Enhancement
Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
Nutrition and the Brain
Dementia, Alzheimer’s and healthy aging
Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance
The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart
disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis.
The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public about research findings, training programs
and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues.
We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton
Rouge, Louisiana. If you would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000.
2012
60. References
CDC: Overweight and Obesity -- Contributing Factors. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/contributing_factors.htm
Bellanger T, Bray G. Obesity related morbidity and mortality.
J La State Med Soc. 2005; 156(1): S42-49.
Bray G. Risks of obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 787-804.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). High Blood Pressure.
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_WhatIs.html
Obesity in America. Obesity Trends. Available at:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
2012
61. References
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Stroke Information Page.
Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/stroke.htm
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). What is Coronary Artery Disease?
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html
American Cancer Society (ACS). What is Colorectal Cancer? Available at:
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1x_What_Is_Colon_and_Rect
um_Cancer.asp?rnav=cri
National Cancer Institute (NCI). Obesity and Cancer. Available at:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity
2012
62. References
American Liver Foundation. Diet and Your Liver. Available at:
http://www.liverfoundation.org/cgi-bin/dbs/articles.cgi?
db=articles&uid=default&ID=1022&view_records=1
Mayo Clinic. Your Liver: An Owner’s Guide. Available at:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/liver/DG00038
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
Available at: http://www.aafp.org/afp/991115ap/2279.html
National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). Osteoarthritis. Available at:
http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/about/everyday/osteoarthritis.html
2012