This document discusses obesity, including its definition, prevalence, physiological regulation, etiology, complications, and management. Obesity is defined as excess adipose tissue mass and is most commonly measured using body mass index (BMI). It affects over 12% of the world's adult population. The regulation of energy balance and appetite is complex, involving hormones like leptin as well as environmental and genetic factors. Complications include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and death. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as potential use of medications, surgery, or a combination for severe obesity.
Table of Contents
1. Meaning, Definitions, Concepts and Causes of Obesity
2. Eating Disorders and Health Risks Associated with Obesity
3. Assessment of Obesity
Prevalence of obesity.Body composition & body shape (body fat distribution ) and CVD risk .Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease.Fat-but-Fit Paradigm and CVD,The Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Metabolically Healthy but Obese ( MHO ) Phenotype and CVD.Obesity Paradox in Patients With CVD
Are you Struggling to Control of your Diabetes and Weight?
People who are overweight or obese are more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. Those who have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes with weight problems struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Research shows that people with diabetes find it more difficult to lose weight than those without diabetes.
Weight loss significantly improves blood sugar control and also reduces the risk of getting complications from diabetes. However, whilst attempting to lose weight, people with diabetes find it hard to restrict their intake of food since eating less may trigger hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). All these facts explain the need for specialist input in management of weight in people with diabetes.
This Slideshow gives you insight to Diabesity
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This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers.
There are many reasons why some people have difficulty avoiding obesity. Usually, obesity results from a combination of inherited factors, combined with the environment and personal diet and exercise choices.
Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
Table of Contents
1. Meaning, Definitions, Concepts and Causes of Obesity
2. Eating Disorders and Health Risks Associated with Obesity
3. Assessment of Obesity
Prevalence of obesity.Body composition & body shape (body fat distribution ) and CVD risk .Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease.Fat-but-Fit Paradigm and CVD,The Relationship of Metabolic Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Metabolically Healthy but Obese ( MHO ) Phenotype and CVD.Obesity Paradox in Patients With CVD
Are you Struggling to Control of your Diabetes and Weight?
People who are overweight or obese are more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. Those who have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes with weight problems struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Research shows that people with diabetes find it more difficult to lose weight than those without diabetes.
Weight loss significantly improves blood sugar control and also reduces the risk of getting complications from diabetes. However, whilst attempting to lose weight, people with diabetes find it hard to restrict their intake of food since eating less may trigger hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). All these facts explain the need for specialist input in management of weight in people with diabetes.
This Slideshow gives you insight to Diabesity
For more information please visit
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk
Articles
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/articles/
Videos
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/video/
Blogs
http://simplyweight.co.uk/blogs/
Forum
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/forum/forum.php
Contact Us
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/how-to-contact-us/
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Obesity is a complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern. It is a medical problem that increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers.
There are many reasons why some people have difficulty avoiding obesity. Usually, obesity results from a combination of inherited factors, combined with the environment and personal diet and exercise choices.
Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
The health hazards associated with obesity. Mortality morbidity
Complications related to obesity
type 2 diabetes.
high blood pressure.
heart disease and strokes.
certain types of cancer.
sleep apnea.
osteoarthritis.
fatty liver disease.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. Although often viewed as equivalent to increased body weight, this need not be the case—lean but very muscular individuals may be overweight by numerical standards without having increased adiposity.
Body mass index (BMI), which is equal to weight/height2 (in kg/m2 )
Body weights are distributed continuously in populations, so that choice of a medically meaningful distinction between lean and obese is somewhat arbitrary. Obesity is therefore defined by assessing its linkage to morbidity or mortality
obesity or over weight is biggest problem nowadays so in this presentation solution and suggestion about weight loss and causes of weight gain prevention on weight gain is given so it help to stay fit and healthy in life
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Tharwat's Family
Tharwat's Family
O B E S I T Y A N D T H E D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Kwong Ming Fock* and Joan Khoo†
Departments of *Gastroenterology and †Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
Keywords
BMI, diet, exercise, NAFLD, obesity.
Accepted for publication 30 September 2013.
Correspondence
Professor Kwong Ming Fock, Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,
Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3,
Singapore 529889. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
According to World Health Organization, in 2010 there were over 1 billion overweight
adults worldwide with 400 million adults who were obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and
cancers (prostate, colorectal, endometrial, and breast). Obese people may present to the
gastroenterologists with gastroesophageal reflux, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and gallstones.
It is important, therefore, to recognize and treat obesity.
The main cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories
expended, although in a small number of cases, genetics and diseases such as hypothy-
roidism, Cushing’s disease, depression, and use of medications such as antidepressants and
anticonvulsants are responsible for fat accumulation in the body.
The main treatment for obesity is dieting, augmented by physical exercise and supported
by cognitive behavioral therapy. Calorie-restriction strategies are one of the most common
dietary plans. Low-calorie diet refers to a diet with a total dietary calorie intake of
800–1500, while very low-calorie diet has less than 800 calories daily. These dietary
regimes need to be balanced in macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Fifty-five percent
of the dietary calories should come from carbohydrates, 10% from proteins, and 30% from
fats, of which 10% of total fat consist of saturated fats. After reaching the desired body
weight, the amount of dietary calories consumed can be increased gradually to maintain a
balance between calories consumed and calories expended. Regular physical exercise
enhances the efficiency of diet through increase in the satiating efficiency of a fixed meal,
and is useful for maintaining diet-induced weight loss. A meta-analysis by Franz found that
by calorie restriction and exercise, weight loss of 5–8.5 kg was observed 6 months after
intervention. After 48 months, a mean of 3–6 kg was maintained.
In conclusion, there is evidence that obesity is preventable and treatable. Dieting and
physical exercise can produce weight loss that can be maintained.
Introduction
Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled globally and is now
considered as a major health hazard and a global epidemic. This
review aims to evaluate the current management of obesity and
overweight employing a combination of dietary interventions,
exercise, and behavioral modification. For ...
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Definition
Defn: Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass.
Although often viewed as equivalent to increased body
weight need not be the case
Although not a direct measure of adiposity, the most
widely used method to gauge obesity is the Body Mass
Index (BMI) i.e. kg/cm2
6. Introduction
Other approaches to quantify obesity
Anthropometry (skinfold thickness)
Densitometry (underwater weighing)
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Electrical impedance
Other indices
Lean mass index
Fat percentage
7. Introduction
The distribution of
adipose tissue in different
anatomic depots also has
substantial implications
for morbidity
This distinction is made
clinically by the waist-to-
hip ratio (WHR)
>0.9 in women
>1.0 in men
ABNORMAL
8. Prevalence
Estimated that over 12% of the world’s adult
population is obese
Estimations in India reveal that 5-12% are
obese
⅓ of the adult population of the US Obese
9. Physiological regulation of energy balance
Body weight is regulated by both endocrine and neural components
Alterations in stable weight by forced overfeeding or food deprivation
induce physiologic changes that resist these perturbations
21. Work up
Physical exam – Focus on possible complications
Investigations:
Blood sugar, lipid profile, liver function tests
Other tests based on clinical features
TSH, Sleep studies
Dexamethasone suppression test for Cushing’s syndrome*
28. Diet
The primary focus of diet therapy
is to reduce overall calorie
consumption
Very low energy diets (e.g., 400 to 600
kcal/d)
Low-calorie diets, >800 kcal/d
very low fat diets
very low carbohydrate “Atkins” style
diets
Guidelines recommend initiating
treatment with a calorie deficit of 500–
1000 kcal/d compared with the
patient's habitual diet.
29. Diet
The revised Dietary Reference Intakes for
Macronutrients released by the Institute of Medicine
recommends
45–65% of calories from carbohydrates,
20–35% from fat, and 10–35% from protein.
daily fiber intake of 38 g (men) and 25 g (women) for
persons over 50 years of age and
30 g (men) and 21 g (women)for those under age 50.
30. Diet
Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets appear to be
more effective in lowering BMI;
improving coronary heart disease risk factors, including
an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decrease in
triglyceride levels;
controlling satiety in the short term compared with
low-fat diets
31. Diet
Occasionally, very low calorie diets (VLCDs) are
prescribed as a form of aggressive dietary therapy.
The primary purpose of a VLCD is to promote a rapid
and significant (13–23 kg) short-term weight loss over a
3- to 6-month period.
These propriety formulas typically supply 800 kcal, 50–
80 g protein, and 100% of the recommended daily
intake for vitamins and minerals.
32. Complications of weight loss
Rapid weight loss creates physical demands on the body.
Possible serious risks include:
1. Gallstones:
which occur in 12% to 25% of people losing large amounts
of weight over several months.
2. Dehydration :
which can be avoided by drinking plenty of fluids.
33. Complications of weight loss
3. Malnutrition :
Usually from not eating
enough protein for
weeks at a time.
4. Electrolyte imbalances :
Which rarely can be life
threatening
Other side effects of rapid
weight loss include:
1. Headaches
2. Irritability
3. Fatigue
4. Dizziness
5. Constipation
6. Menstrual irregularities
7. Hair loss
8. Muscle loss
34. Exercise
Increased energy expenditure is the
most obvious mechanism for an
effect of exercise
Exercise appears to be a valuable
means to sustain diet therapy
Valuable in the obese individual for its
effects on cardiovascular tone and
blood pressure
35. Pharmacotherapy
Recommended if BMI >/= 27 with
comorbidities or BMI >/= 30
Facts:
Drugs alone cause modest weight loss
Diet with drugs improves efficacy
Effects maintained for duration of treatment
only
Long term safety data not available
36. Pharmacotherapy
Medications for obesity have traditionally
fallen into two major categories:
1. Appetite suppressants (anorexiants)
2. Gastrointestinal fat blockers
37. Pharmacotherapy
Centrally Acting Anorexiant Medication
Anorexiants increases satiety and decreases hunger,
these agents help patients reduce caloric intake without
a sense of deprivation.
Targets the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus
Eg PHEN/TPM (Phenteramine and Topiramate) 9.3%
and 8.6% weight lost in 2 large trials
38. Pharmacotherapy
Centrally Acting Anorexiant Medication
Lorcaserin is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist
thought to decrease food intake through the pro-
opiomelanocortin system of neurons.
39. Pharmacotherapy
Peripherally Acting Medications
(Gastrointestinal fat blockers)
Orlistat is a synthetic hydrogenated derivative of a
naturally occurring lipase inhibitor, lipostatin
Potent, slowly reversible inhibitor of pancreatic, gastric,
and carboxylester lipases and phospholipase A2
required for the hydrolysis of dietary fat into fatty acids.
Acts in the lumen of the stomach and small intestine
Blocks the digestion and absorption of ~30% of dietary
fat
Weight loss of ~9–10%
41. Surgery
Indications
BMI > 35 with an associated comorbidity or a BMI > 40
(irrespective)
Repeated failures of other therapeutic approaches
Capability of tolerating surgery
42. Surgery
Weight loss surgeries have traditionally been classified into 3
categories on the basis of anatomic changes:
Restrictive
Restrictive-malabsorptive
Malabsorptive
Clinical benefits of bariatric surgery in achieving weight loss and
alleviating metabolic comorbidities have been attributed largely to
changes in the physiologic responsesof gut hormones and in
adipose tissue metabolism.
43. Surgery
Restrictive surgeries limit the
amount of food the stomach can
hold and slow the rate of gastric
emptying.
Malabsorptive surgeries reduce the
amount of absorption
A. Laparoscopic gastric band (LAGB)
B. The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
C. Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal
switch.
D. Biliopancreatic diversion.vertical-banded
gastroplasty
E. Biliopancreatic diversion
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49. Surgery
These procedures generally produce a 30–35% average total body weight
loss that is maintained in nearly 60% of patients at 5 years.
Significant improvement in multiple obesity-related comorbid conditions,
including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep
apnea, quality of life and long-term cardiovascular events.
The most common surgical complications include stomal stenosis or
marginal ulcers
The restrictive-malabsorptive procedures carry an increased risk for
micronutrient deficiencies of vitamin B12, iron, folate, calcium, and
vitamin D.
Patients with restrictive-malabsorptive procedures require lifelong
supplementation with these micronutrients.
50. Surgery complications
Some bariatric surgery risks
include:
•Acid reflux
•Anesthesia-related risks
•Chronic nausea and vomiting
•Dilation of esophagus
•Inability to eat certain foods
•Infection
•Obstruction of stomach
•Weight gain or failure to lose
weight
Bariatric surgery carries some
long-term risks for patients,
including:
•Dumping syndrome, a condition
that can lead to symptoms like
nausea and dizziness
•Low blood sugar
•Malnutrition
•Vomiting
•Ulcers
•Bowel obstruction
•Hernias