The document discusses the epidemiology of obesity globally and in India. It notes that obesity prevalence has risen dramatically worldwide and in India over past decades. Obesity is associated with increased risk of many non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. The document outlines factors contributing to obesity like diet, physical activity levels, genetics and environment. It provides data on obesity trends in India from various studies as well as prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
Understanding and Addressing Food Addiction: A Science-Based Approach to Poli...Center on Addiction
Public health concerns about the escalating obesity epidemic and its far-reaching health consequences, coupled with a growing understanding of the shared features of addiction across its myriad forms, have prompted some scientists to explore the possibility that certain eating behaviors might best be explained through the lens of addiction.
The interest in applying an addiction framework to understanding certain eating behaviors and food-related disorders has grown in recent years. This is a result of a large body of research highlighting the considerable overlap in the characterizing symptoms, risk factors and underlying neurobiological characteristics between substance addiction and what can be thought of as food addiction. It also arises from an attempt to explore how certain types of addictive-like eating might account for pathology that cannot be explained within the context of the currently recognized eating disorders of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. The growing interest in food addiction is also partially a result of an increasing awareness that lessons learned with regard to policy, prevention and clinical practice in relation to addictive substances might fruitfully be applied to the realm of food addiction.
Obesity is one of the most common factor which underlies the pathophysiology of many other non- communicable diseases. In recent years, its prevalence has blown out of proportions. The term GLOBESITY signfies that. Newer pharmacological developments will definitely play a crucial role in containing this epidemic.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
Overweight And Obesity : Proven Health Risks, We All Should KnowSanjiv Haribhakti
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Obesity will have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. According to WHO, Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. For more info visit :- http://gisurgery.info/player_presentation.php?id=133
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Taking account of research around the relationship between genetics and our new ‘food environment’, Dr Robyn Toomath (endocrinologist and Clinical Director Wellington Hospital) argues that we are in the middle of an obesity epidemic which impacts widely on public health. She advocates for new approaches to obesity based not on blame or impossible personal goals, but on outcomes. She argues it is the responsibility of all to become informed and active (personally and politically), in working for change to present health policies and gives examples of what can be done.
http://dosomething.org.nz
Clinical Research Challenges and Best Practices in Pediatric Research in Canada - Dr. Al Wahab - 2015
Dr. Zeina AlWahab, M.D.
Prof. Peivand Pirouzi, Ph.D., M.B.A.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Background
■ One of the most commonest expression of unhealthy diet often combined with lack
physical activity.
■ Indeed we are amidst an epidemic of obesity.
■ Over the past few decades there has been dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity
throughout the world including India.
■ It is estimated byWHO that globally over 1 billion (16%) adult are overweight and 300
million (5%) are obese.
■ In india prevalence of obesity among women is 12.6% & 9.3% in men. In other words
more than 100 million individuals are obese in India.
3. The human phenotype is changing rapidly
Increased body size and fatter body composition
Response to environments that make low demands on
energy expenditure, together with greater energy-
density diets
This change is occurring within one to three generations,
around the world
Not entirely an urban phenomenon, but more pronounced in
big cities
4. India : Double Burden of Disease
Under nutrition due to Poverty 30 % below BPL
Over nutrition and Obesity 5-7% MIG and HIG Urban area
This is most productive workforce
of the country Academics/Planners/
Administrators/ Professionals
SHOULD BE GIVEN PRIORITY
Current scenario: Global & India
6. Author Year
of
Study
Country/
State
Criteria
used
Prevalence
of over-
weight
(M/F)
Prevalence
of obesity
(M/F)
Singh et.al 1999 5 Cities BMI>23
BMI>25
BMI>27
50.9% (F)
Vasanthanani 2000 Coimbatore BMI>30 36.0% (M)
Mohan et al 2000 Chennai BMI>25 38.0% (M)
33.1% (F)
Easwaran et al 2001 Coimbatore BMI>25
BMI>24
65.0% (M)
65.0% (F)
Gupta et al 2002 Jaipur BMI>27 24.5% (M)
30.2% (F)
NFHS-II 1998-
99
India BMI>25 8.6% MIG
27.2 HIG
ObesityTrends in India : Recent studies
7. Survey Normal (%)
BMI 18.5-25
Obese (%)
BMI>25
NNMB (75-79) 48.8 3.4
NNMB (88-90) 46.6 4.1
NNMB (94) 46.3 6.6
NNMB Slum (93-94) 51.7 11.6
Trends in Body Mass Index of Adult Women
Body Mass Indix (BMI) is defined as weight (kg)/height² (m)
8. ObesityTrends in India : Recent studies
Children
S.No Author Name State/
country
Prevalence of
obesity
1.* Umesh Kapil
etal, 2001
Delhi
(India)
8% boys
6% girls
2.** Vedavati S etal,
1998
Chennai,
India
6% obese
1.* Indian Pediatrics, 2002 May, 17: 449-452
2.** Indian Pediatrics, 2003 Aug, 40: 775-779.
9. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1990
*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person
No Data <10% 10%–14%
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity/
10. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 1998
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%
11. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults
BRFSS, 2006
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
12.
13. What are the determinants of obesity?
■ Obesogenic environment:
– Affluent lifestyle, sedentary home environment, vanishing old family tradition and
cultures, energy rich food, lack of exercise & out door activities.
■ Age:
– Incidence increasing with age till age of 60 due to hormonal and other biological
changes in a body.
■ Gender:
– Females are more likely to prone as compare to male due inherent physiological
factors.
■ Ethinicity:
– Unexplained variation are prevalent in different ethnic groups.
14. ■ Educational level:
– In India it is seen that educated people are more likely to be obese compared to less
educated, as they are more likely to be affluent but in western countries it is revers
as educated people are more likely to be aware and concern about health problems.
■ Income:
– Directly proportional of income in India.
■ Marital status:
– Obesity is more among married people.
■ Parity:
– Women with more parity are likely to be obese.
■ Diet:
– Diet rich in fat, sugar & refined food is responsible for obesity.
What are the determinants of obesity?
15. ■ Smoking:
– Smoking per se reduces obesity by virtue of Nicotine being an anorexic agent.
■ Alcohol:
– Alcohol provides 7Kcal/gm double than the carbohydrate and more over snacks
consumed along with alcohol provide additional calories.
■ Physical inactivity:
– High physical activity is a vital component to keep high fat & obesity under check.
What are the determinants of obesity?
16. ■ Increased energy intake
■ Passive over eating: Physiological hunger & psychological hunger.
■ Binge eating
■ Decreased energy expenditure
■ Metabolic factors: Cushing’s syndrome, hypothyroidism etc.
■ Genetic factors
■ Fetal programming: Barker’s hypothesis
What are the causes of obesity?
17. Critical period of obesity
■ Age range of 12 to 18 months
■ Age range of 12 to 16 years
■ During pregnancy
Quantification of Obesity:
■ BMI: weight (Kg)/Height (m)2
■ Waist circumference: 90 cm for men & 80 cm for women
■ Waist-Hip ratio: <0.9 for men & <0.8 for women
Types of Obesity
■ Gynoid / pear shaped: Fat evenly distributed
■ Androd / apple shaped: Fat is deposit centrally or on abdominal region.
18. Risk factor for Non Communicable Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
CAD, CHF, Stroke
Insulin Resistance and
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Reproductive disorders
Pulmonary diseases
Gall stone disease
Cancer- Colon, Rectum, Prostate-Male
Gall stone–bile duct, breast, endometrium
cervix, ovary- Female
Bone: Joint and skin diseases
Oesteoprosis
Mental Health
Psychological
well being
Accidents
Muscloskeletal
injuries
Obesity
Hazards of obesity
19.
20. Diabetes
Gall bladder disease
Hypertension
Dyslipidaemia
Insulin resistance
Breathlessness
Sleep apnoea
Greatly increased
(relative risk >>3)
Coronary heart disease
Osteoarthritis (knees)
Hyperuricaemia and
gout
Moderately increased
(relative risk
ca 2-3)
Cancer (breast cancer in
postmenopausal women,
endometrial cancer, colon
cancer)
Reproductive hormone
abnormalities
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Impaired fertility
Low back pain
Increased anaesthetic risk
Foetal defects arising from
maternal obesity
Slightly increased
(relative risk
ca 1-2)
Relative risk of health problems associated with
obesity in developed countries.
21. High Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome
(Syndrome X)
Hypertension
Increased Insulin Resistance
Central Obesity
Dyslipidemia
22. Obesity and Mortality
Morbidly obese individuals (more than 200% ideal
body weight) have as much as a twelve fold
increase in mortality
26. 4% 4-6% 6% n/a
Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83
Prevalence of Diabetes among U.S.
Adults, BRFSS, 1993-94
27. Prevalence of Diabetes among U.S.
Adults, BRFSS, 1997-98
4% 4-6% 6% n/a
Source: Mokdad et al., Diabetes Care 2000;23:1278-83
28. Obesity and Diabetes
Mild obesity Two fold risk of Diabetes
Moderate obesity Five fold risk of Diabetes
Severe obesity Ten fold risk of Diabetes
29. Indian Scenario : Diabetes
Between 1988 and 2000, there was a 70%
increase in the prevalence of Diabetes
in the city of Chennai
The recent study document a prevalence of
13% in adults
30. Possible Reasons:
Average per capita energy ( Kcals ) intake as per expenditure
classes , India
Expenditure
Classes
Urban
(1972-73)
Urban
(1993-94)
Lower 30% 1579 1682
Middle 40% 2154 2111
Top 30% 2572 2405
Source: NSSO, 1997
31. Average daily per capita dietary intake of Fats in India
Year Fat (g)
Rural
Fat(g)
Urban
1972-73 24 36
1983 27 37
1993-94 31.4 42
1999-2000 36.1 49.6
Source: NSSO 2001
32. Life style changes between 1972-2000
Increase in Sedentary Life style
Decrease Physical activities
Intake of calories remaining same
Increase in Fat intake
Most manual jobs have been replaced by mechanized
jobs
Transportation to school /work place universally by
use of motor car/Bus/Bicycles
Increase in hours for activities :TV viewing/ Computer
33. Role of Physical Activity
According to WHO at least 30 minutes of cumulative moderate
exercise (equivalent to walking briskly) for all ages plus for children ,
an additional 20 minutes of vigorous exercise ( equivalent to running)
three times a week .
(These recommendations are basically for prevention of CHD).
The prevention of obesity may require combination of both :
more Physical Activity and Dietary interventions.
34. Body Mass Index
RelativeRisk
Women
Willett, Dietz & Colditz, N.E.J.M. 1999. 341, 426-434
BMI in relation to morbidity over 18 yearsBMI in relation to morbidity over 18 years
Aged 30-55 at start.
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
<21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Type 2 diabetes
Cholelithiasis
Coronary Heart Disease
Hypertension
35. How to prevent?
■ “Most obese people won’t enter treatment, most who do
won’t lose weight and most who lose weight regain it”.
- Stukard
36. Prevention
■ Universal prevention:
– Targeted towards all the individual in the community irrespective of their weight.
– Measures like health diet, physical activity, shunning sedentary life style forms as
strategy. Nutrition education also plays vital role.
■ Selective prevention:
– High risk individuals are targeted. Adolescent, pregnant, middle aged and those
with sedentary life style consuming high energy food under psychological stress.
■ Indicated prevention:
– Secondary prevention for those with existing problems of overweight & obesity.
39. Likely questions
■ LAQ:
– Describe epidemiology of obesity. How would you advice a middle aged man of 90
kg and 170 cm tall to reduce wt.?
– Discuss principles of a healthy diet in context of lifestyle diseases.
■ SAQ
– Fad diet
– Food pyramid
– BMI
– Benefits of wt. loss