As a chronic disease it is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, and affecting children(10-20%) as well as adults(20-40%).Excess weight gain invites many associated diseases.
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
obesity diseases--is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
Its hazards
Treatment of Obesity
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
obesity diseases--is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
Its hazards
Treatment of Obesity
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Iodine Deficiency Disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
INTRODUCTION, WHAT IS OBESITY, CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY, MEASUREMENT OF OBESITY, BODY COMPOSITION AND FAT DISTRIBUTION, PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY.
ETIOLOY OF OBESITY, PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY,
INTERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND PERIODONTITIS, OBESITY AND DENTAL PRACTICE
THERAPY FOR OBESITY
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Iodine Deficiency Disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
INTRODUCTION, WHAT IS OBESITY, CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY, MEASUREMENT OF OBESITY, BODY COMPOSITION AND FAT DISTRIBUTION, PREVALENCE OF OBESITY, HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY.
ETIOLOY OF OBESITY, PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY,
INTERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND PERIODONTITIS, OBESITY AND DENTAL PRACTICE
THERAPY FOR OBESITY
Overweight And Obesity : Proven Health Risks, We All Should KnowSanjiv Haribhakti
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Obesity will have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. According to WHO, Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. For more info visit :- http://gisurgery.info/player_presentation.php?id=133
Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesityijtsrd
The perfect anti obesity sedate would deliver supported weight misfortune with negligible side effects. The instruments that direct vitality adjust have significant built in repetition, overlap considerably with other physiological capacities, and are affected by social, hedonic and psychological components that restrain the viability of pharmacological intercessions. It is therefore unsurprising that anti obesity medicate revelation programs have been littered with untrue starts, failures in clinical improvement, and withdrawals due to unfavorable impacts that were not fully appreciated at the time of dispatch. Drugs that target pathways in metabolic tissues, such as adipocytes, liver and skeletal muscle, have appeared potential in preclinical considers but none has however come to clinical development. Later enhancements within the understanding of peptidergic flagging of starvation and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract intervened by ghrelin, cholecystokinin CCK , peptide YY PYY and glucagon like peptide 1 GLP 1 Himangshu Jyoti Hazarika | Aziz Ahmed | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Miracle of Herbals and Natural Products in Treatment and Regulation of Obesity"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23549.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/23549/miracle-of-herbals-and-natural-products-in-treatment-and-regulation-of-obesity/himangshu-jyoti-hazarika
They Point to More Effective Weight Loss Strategies!RENGAN SRINIVASAN
Overeating Isn't the Primary Cause of Obesity, According to Scientists - They Point to More Effective Weight Loss Strategies!
Obesity in Adults: Facts and Figures.
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity.
The starch insulin model isn't new; it dates back to the mid-nineteenth century.
One in every ten people is suffering from kidney related diseases and Approx 1.50 lakh new kidney patients are added every year.Investigating an outbreak and to find the susceptibles in an area 'ii be a great achievement.
Worlds largest and unique early childhood development programme Introduced on 2nd October 1975 has so many positive outcomes till date but yet to achieve its objectives....
A Successful Project Proposal helps the Organisation to explain to the authority, why they are fit for a proposal,their plan of action,time-line for execution with Budget.
Maternal Near Miss Operational GuidelinesRajesh Ludam
Maternal Near Miss guidelines is designed for the program managers at different levels of public health system.to provide quality services and identify the best practices.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. INTRODUCTION
Obesity may be defined as an abnormal growth of
the adipose tissue due to an enlargement of fat cell
size (hypertrophic obesity) or an increase in fat cell
number (hyperplasic obesity)or a combination of
both.
Expressed in terms of body mass index (BMI).
weight gain affects the risk associated with obesity,
and the kind of disease that results.
As a chronic disease, prevalent in both developed
and developing countries, and affecting children(10-
20%) as well as adults(20-40%).
The most prevalent form of malnutrition.
4. A)Age-: Obesity can occur at any age, and generally
increases with age. Infants with excessive weight
gain have an increased incidence of obesity in later
life.
- most adipose cells are formed early in life.
B) SEX-: Women generally have higher rate of obesity
than men, although men may have higher rates of
overweight.
- In the Framingham, USA study, men were found to
gain most weight between the ages of 29 and 35
years, while women gain most between 45 and 49
gears of age.
- Woman's BMI increases with successive
pregnancies with a wt gain of 1 kg per pregnancy
5. C)Genetic Factors-: Twin studies have shown a close
correlation between the weights of identical twins even
when they are reared in dissimilar environments.
- Recent studies have shown that the amount of
abdominal fat was influenced by a genetic component
accounting for 50-60 per cent of the individual
differences.
D)Physical Inactivity-: Physical activity and physical fitness
are important modifiers of mortality and morbidity related
to overweight and obesity.
- Physical inactivity may cause obesity, which in turn
restricts activity. This is a vicious circle.
- Sedentary lifestyle particularly sedentary occupation and
inactive recreation such as watching television promote
it.
6. E)Socio-economic Status-: There is a clear inverse
relationship between socio-economic status and obesity.
- Within some affluent countries, however, obesity has
been found to be more prevalent in the lower socio-
economic groups.
F)Eating Habits-: The composition of the diet, the
periodicity with which it is eaten and the amount of
energy derived from it are all relevant to the aetiology of
obesity.
- A diet containing more energy than needed may lead to
prolonged post-prandial hyperlipidaemia and to
deposition of triglycerides in the adipose tissue resulting
in obesity
- heavy advertisement of fast food outlets of energy-
dense, micronutrient poor food and beverages is
disturbing our eating habits.
7. G) Psychosocial Factors -: Psychosocial factors (e.g. emotional
disturbances) are deeply involved in the aetiology of obesity.
- Overeating may be a symptom of depression, anxiety,
frustration and loneliness in childhood as in the adult life.
H)Familial Tendency : Obesity frequently runs in family(obese
parents frequently having obese children), but not
necessarily explained solely by the influence of genes.
I)Endocrine Factors-: These may be involved in occasional
cases. e.g. Cushing's syndrome, growth hormone deficiency.
J)Alcohol-: A recent review of studies concluded the
relationship between alcohol consumption and adiposity
generally positive for men and negative for women.
8. K)Education-: In most affluent societies. there is an relationship
between educational level and prevalence of overweight .
L)Smoking-: In most populations, smokers weigh somewhat
less than ex-smokers: individuals who have never smoked
fall somewhat between the two.
M)Ethnicity-: Ethnic groups in many industrialized specially
appear to be especially susceptible to the development of
obesity and its complications.
- Evidence suggest that this may be due to a genetic
predisposition to obesity that only becomes apparent when
such groups are exposed to a more affluent life style
N)Drugs-: Use of certain
drugs,e.g.corticosteroids,contraceptives. insulin, p-adrenergic
blockers, etc. can cause weight gain.
9. Use of BMI to Classify Obesity
Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-
for-height that is commonly used to classify
underweight, over weight and obesity in adults.
It is defined as the weight in Kilograms divided by
the square of the height in metres (kg/m²).
example, an adult who weighs 70 kg and whose
height is 1.75 mtr will have a BMI of 22.9
BMI= 70 (kg)/17.75²(m²) =22.9
The WHO classification is based primarily on the
association between BMI and mortality.
10.
11. These BMI values are age-independent and the same
for both sexes.
The risks associated with increasing BMI are continuous
and graded and begin at a BMI above 25.
BMI does not distinguish between weight associated
with muscle and weight associated with fat.
In addition, the percentage of body fat mass increases
with age up to 60-65 years in both sexes. and is higher
in women than in men of equivalent BMl.
12. ASSESSMENT OF OBESITY
Body composition are as under-:
a. the active mass (muscle, liver, heart etc.)
b. the fatty mass (fat)
c. the extracellular fluid (blood, lymph, etc.)
d. the connective tissue (skin. bones. Connective
The most widely used criteria are :
1. BODY WEIGHT
2. SKIN FOLD THICKNESS
3. WEIST HIP RATIO
4. OTHERS
13.
14. Skin Fold Thickness-:It is a rapid and "non-invasive”
method for assessing body fat. Several varieties of
callipers (e.g., Harpenden skin callipers)
- The measurement may be taken at all the four sites -
mid-triceps, biceps, sub scapular and suprailiac
regions.
- The sum of the measurements should be less than 40
mm in boys and 50 mm in girls
Waist-Hip Ratio-: There is an increased risk of
metabolic complications for men with a waist
circumference > 102 cm, and women with a waist
circumference > 88 cm
- Over the past 10 years or so, it has become accepted
that a high WHR (> 1.0 in men and > 0.85 in women)
indicates abdominal fat accumulation.
17. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Dietary Changes
Increased Physical Activity
Others-:
- Surgical treatment gastric bypass,
gastroplasty, jaw wiring
-Health education has an important role to play
in teaching how to reduce overweight and prevent
obesity.