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The Jackson and Pollock equation to calculate body
density –
In women (triceps, suprailiac, thigh) –
1.0994921 - (0.0009929 x Σ SKF) + (0.0000023 x Σ
SKFsquare) - (0.0001392 x age).
For men (chest, abdomen, thigh) –
1.10938 - (0.0008267 x Σ SKF) + (0.0000016 x Σ SKF
squared) - (0.0002574 x age).
Once you've calculated body density, you calculate
percent fat by using the equation –
[(495 / body density) - 450] x 100.
Calculations](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/obesity-210604133035/85/Obesity-40-320.jpg)
More Related Content
Obesity
- 1. DR. MEGHAN A.PHUTANE CARDIORESPIRATORY PHYSIOTHERAPIST
- 2. Introduction Typesof obesity Etiology Classification of obesity Assessment BMI Skin fold thickness Waist circumference W:H Others Hazards Prevention & control reference CONTENTS
- 3. Overweight &obesity terms are used interchangeably but has different meaning. Overweight is defined as body weight that exceeds the normal or standard weight for a particular person based on height & frame size. An overweight person might have lower than normal body fat content. Obesity refers to the condition of having excessive amount of body fat. (men with >20% & female with >35% of body fat) INTRODUCTION
- 4. Intake &output The total amount of energy expended each day is sum of 3 components – Resting metabolic rate (60 – 75%) Thermic effect of a meal (10%) Thermic effect of activity (15 – 30%) All 3 components increase with overeating CONTROL OF BODY WEIGHT
- 5. In physicalfitness, body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone, water and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up less space in our body than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our weight, determines leanness. Muscle mass includes the weight of the muscles in your body in kilograms or pounds. While the body fat percentage measures the amount of fat your body holds. Body composition
- 6. COM PONENTS MALEFEMALE MUSCLE 45% 36% ESSENTIAL FAT 3% 12% NON ESSENTIAL FAT 12% 15% BONE 15% 12% OTHER 25% 25%
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- 8. Medical conditions(cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, osteoarthritis, etc) Hormonal imbalance Glandular malfunction Genetic / heredity Physiological or psychological trauma Altered basic homeostatic mechanism Family lifestyle Age Environmental factors (cultural habits, lack of physical activity, improper diet)
- 9. CLASSIFICATION OF OBESITY(SHAPE)
- 10. Apples- Android Upper-body obesity Associated with more heart disease, HTN, Type II Diabetes Abdominal fat is released right into the liver Encouraged by testosterone and excessive alcohol intake Defined as waist measurement of > 40” for men and >35” for women. It is clinically more important as disease are more correlated with this abdominal fat.
- 11. Pears –Gynecoid It is characterized by accumulation of fat around hip and buttocks. Lower-body obesity--Pear shape Encouraged by estrogen and progesterone. Less health risk than upper-body obesity. After menopause, upper-body obesity appears.
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- 13. COMPLICATIONS Type 2diabetes. High blood pressure. Stroke. Heart disease. High cholesterol and triglycerides. Gallbladder disease. Osteoarthritis. Poor wound healing. Retinal disease. Sleep apnea. Metabolic syndrome. Cancer. Renal diseases. Depression. Sexual problems. Social isolation. Physical disability. Discomfort. Surgical risk.
- 14. Changes innormal body function – Respiratory problems Lethargy Polycythemia Abnormal blood clotting Enlargement of heart CHF Low exercise tolerance CONT…
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- 16. ASSESSMENT METHODS LABORATORY METHODS #Hydrostatic weighing #Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry #Air displacement plethysmography FIELD METHODS # Skin fold measurement # Bioelectrical impedance # Near infrared interactance # Ultrasound # CT / MRI ANTHROPOMETRIC METHODS # BMI # Waist : Hip # Waist : Height
- 17. Hydrostatic weighing Alsoknown as underwater weighing, hydrostatic body composition analysis or hydrodensitometry. Valid, reliable & widely used laboratory method Works on archimede’s principle. Assess total body density(Db) – function of respective amount of muscles, bone, water & fat in the body. Measures total body volume (BV) Db = Body weight / BV
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- 19. Duel energyX-ray absorptiometry – measures bone mineral density. DXA scans can also be used to measure total body composition and fat content with a high degree of accuracy comparable to hydrostatic weighing. However, it has been suggested that, while very accurately measuring minerals and lean soft tissue (LST), DEXA may provide skewed results due to its method of indirectly calculating fat mass by subtracting it from the LBM and/or body cell mass (BCM) that DXA actually measures. DXA scans are also used to assess adiposity in children, especially to conduct clinical research. DEXA
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- 21. scientifically validateddensitometric method to measure human body composition. ADP is based on the same principles as the gold standard method of hydrostatic weighing, but through a densitometric technique that uses air displacement rather than water immersion. Air-displacement plethysmography offers several advantages over established reference methods, including a quick, comfortable, automated, noninvasive, and safe measurement process, and accommodates various subject types (e.g., children, obese, elderly, and disabled persons). Air displacement plethysmography
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- 23. Radio frequencycurrent is introduced in body through electrodes. Fat has less number of electrolytes. Water is less conductive. Bioelectrical impedance
- 24. They candifferentiate subcutaneous from visceral fat and so are important in research purposes. CT / MRI
- 25.
- 26. Refers tomeasurement of the size & proportion of human body. Uses circumference, skeletal breadths, skinfold thickness & segment lengths. These methods are relatively simple, inexpensive & do not require high degree of technical skills & training.
- 27. Waist circumference(WC) is an indicator of health risk associated with excess fat around the waist. Start at the top of your hip bone, then bring the tape measure all the way around your body, level with your belly button. Make sure it's not too tight and that it's straight, even at the back. Don't hold your breath while measuring. Check the number on the tape measure right after you exhale. Waist circumference HIGH RISK MEN - >102cm (>40in) WOMEN - >88cm (>35in)
- 28. A highwaist circumference is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and CVD in patients with a BMI in a range between 25 and 34.9 kg/m2. Monitoring changes in waist circumference over time may be helpful, in addition to measuring BMI, since it can provide an estimate of increased abdominal fat even in the absence of a change in BMI. Furthermore, in obese patients with metabolic complications, changes in waist circumference are useful predictors of changes in CVD risk factors. In some populations, waist circumference is a better indicator of relative disease risk than is BMI. Waist circumference also assumes greater value for estimating risk for obesity-related disease at older ages.
- 29. Calculated asWeight(kg)/Height(m^2) BMI measures individual’s total weight relative to its height. BMI may be high in a vey muscular person. For similar BMIs women have greater fat mass than their male counterparts. So BMI may be misleading in certain cases. BMI
- 30. CATEGORY WHO criteriafor BMI ASIAN criteria for BMI DISEASE RISK UNERWEIGHT < 18.5 < 18.5 - NORMAL 18.5 – 24.99 18.5 – 22.9 - OVERWEIGHT 25 – 29.99 23.0 – 24.9 Increased OBESE I 30 – 34.99 25.0 – 29.9 High OBESE II 35 – 39.99 30.0 – 34.9 Very High OBESE III (MORBID OBESITY) > 40 > 35 Extremely high
- 31. It isthe dimensionless ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips. It determines how much fat is stored on your waist, hips, and buttocks. Waist : Hip Health risk Female Male Low <0.80 < 0.95 Moderate 0.81 – 0.85 0.96 – 1.0 High >0.85 > 1.0
- 32. Measurement procedure: Stand up straight and breathe out. Use a tape measure to check the distance around the smallest part of your waist, just above your belly button. This is your waist circumference. Then measure the distance around the largest part of your hips — the widest part of your buttocks. This is your hip circumference. Calculate your WHR by dividing your waist circumference by your hip circumference.
- 33. our waist-to-heightratio provides information on whether your weight is appropriate for your height and whether or not you're at increased risk for chronic diseases like heart disease. It specifically reflects your distribution of body fat. Many health professionals find your waist-to-height ratio more accurate than BMI (Body Mass Index). Determining your waist-to-height ratio is fairly simple. Once you determine your ratio, you can get a good idea of whether or not you're at a healthy weight. Waist : Height
- 34. According toAshwell’s Shape Chart, A WHtR between .40 and .50, which typically creates a pear-shaped body, is ideal, but a person should consider shedding some weight when his or her WHtR ratio is between .50 and .60 (somewhere between a pear and an apple). At a ratio of .60 and above, which typically produces an apple-shaped body.
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- 36. Indirectly measuresthe thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue. To use SKF method to calculate total body density, in order to calculate relative body fat (BF%), certain basic relationships are assumed – SKF is a good measure of subcutaneous fat. The distribution of fat subcutaneously & internally is same for all individuals within each gender. Due to relation of subcutaneous fat & total body fat, sum of several skinfolds can be used to estimate total body fat. Age is an independent predictor of Db for both men & women Skin fold measurement
- 37. Take allSKF measurements on right side of body. Carefully identify, measure & mark the SKF site. Grasp the SKF firmly between the thumb & index finger of left hand, keeping it 8cms apart on a line perpendicular to long axis of SKF, lift the fold 1cm above the site. Keep the fold elevated while taking measurements. Place the jaw of the caliper perpendicular to the skin fold, 1cm below thumb & index finger, release the jaw pressure slowly. Take SKF measurement 4sec after jaw pressure is released. Open the jaws of caliper to remove from the site. Standardized procedure for measurement
- 38. Identify &mark the site properly. Read the dial of caliper to the nearest 0.1mm (harpenden or holtain), 0.5mm (large), 1mm (plastic calipers). Minimum 2 measurements at each site. Prefer rotational order of sites Skin should be dry & lotion free Do not measure immediately after exercise Recommendations
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- 40. The Jacksonand Pollock equation to calculate body density – In women (triceps, suprailiac, thigh) – 1.0994921 - (0.0009929 x Σ SKF) + (0.0000023 x Σ SKFsquare) - (0.0001392 x age). For men (chest, abdomen, thigh) – 1.10938 - (0.0008267 x Σ SKF) + (0.0000016 x Σ SKF squared) - (0.0002574 x age). Once you've calculated body density, you calculate percent fat by using the equation – [(495 / body density) - 450] x 100. Calculations
- 41. Total ofall four sites is considered - 15-45 mm – 8-22 % of total body fat 46-75 mm – 23-30 % of total body fat 76-150 mm – 31-40 % of total body fat 151-170 mm – 41-45 % of total body fat Up to 22% it is normal (males) Up to 30% it is normal (females)
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- 44. It isa chronic medical condition Definition of successful treatment: Attainment of normal weight No treatment induced morbidity This is rarely achieved in clinical practice.
- 45. OBESITY Assessment of existing condition LIFESTYLECONSIDERATION # Diet # Increased physical activity # Behavioral modification PHARMACOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION # Appetite supressants # Fat absorption inhibitors
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