Obesity is a chronic heath problem ,the no.of people having obese rising rapidly world wide and making obesity 1 of the fastest developing peoples health problem
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Are you Struggling to Control of your Diabetes and Weight?
People who are overweight or obese are more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. Those who have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes with weight problems struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Research shows that people with diabetes find it more difficult to lose weight than those without diabetes.
Weight loss significantly improves blood sugar control and also reduces the risk of getting complications from diabetes. However, whilst attempting to lose weight, people with diabetes find it hard to restrict their intake of food since eating less may trigger hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). All these facts explain the need for specialist input in management of weight in people with diabetes.
This Slideshow gives you insight to Diabesity
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explained about the reasons for obesity, its pathology, how to prevent obesity and how to overcome it. also discussed about the genes, receptors, enzymes and hormones involved in obesity.
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
PRESENTED BY: AYESHA KABEER
FROM: UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT SIALKOT SUBCAMPUS
Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Causes of Overweight and Obesity
2. Accessing Obesity
-Body Mass Index
3. Cardiovascular Diseases caused by Obesity
Obesity is that, you have a high amount of fat in your body, and from that definition you can notice that, obesity is not about more weight, it's about more fat .
you will find in his presentation:(Body mass index (BMI),causes,Waist–hip ratio,Childhood obesity,complications and treatment)
This ppt contains all the details about what is obesity, etiology, & mainly focuses on various methods of assessment of obesity from field tests to lab tests.
Are you Struggling to Control of your Diabetes and Weight?
People who are overweight or obese are more prone to developing Type 2 diabetes. Those who have Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes with weight problems struggle to control their blood sugar levels. Research shows that people with diabetes find it more difficult to lose weight than those without diabetes.
Weight loss significantly improves blood sugar control and also reduces the risk of getting complications from diabetes. However, whilst attempting to lose weight, people with diabetes find it hard to restrict their intake of food since eating less may trigger hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). All these facts explain the need for specialist input in management of weight in people with diabetes.
This Slideshow gives you insight to Diabesity
For more information please visit
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk
Articles
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/articles/
Videos
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/video/
Blogs
http://simplyweight.co.uk/blogs/
Forum
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/forum/forum.php
Contact Us
http://www.simplyweight.co.uk/how-to-contact-us/
explained about the reasons for obesity, its pathology, how to prevent obesity and how to overcome it. also discussed about the genes, receptors, enzymes and hormones involved in obesity.
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
PRESENTED BY: AYESHA KABEER
FROM: UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT SIALKOT SUBCAMPUS
Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Causes of Overweight and Obesity
2. Accessing Obesity
-Body Mass Index
3. Cardiovascular Diseases caused by Obesity
Obesity is that, you have a high amount of fat in your body, and from that definition you can notice that, obesity is not about more weight, it's about more fat .
you will find in his presentation:(Body mass index (BMI),causes,Waist–hip ratio,Childhood obesity,complications and treatment)
Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat.
This ppt contains a concise content regarding obesity for students of final year. I hope it will suffice you in your studies. Thank you spending your precious time in referring the same.
Tharwat's Family
Tharwat's Family
O B E S I T Y A N D T H E D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Kwong Ming Fock* and Joan Khoo†
Departments of *Gastroenterology and †Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
Keywords
BMI, diet, exercise, NAFLD, obesity.
Accepted for publication 30 September 2013.
Correspondence
Professor Kwong Ming Fock, Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,
Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3,
Singapore 529889. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
According to World Health Organization, in 2010 there were over 1 billion overweight
adults worldwide with 400 million adults who were obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and
cancers (prostate, colorectal, endometrial, and breast). Obese people may present to the
gastroenterologists with gastroesophageal reflux, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and gallstones.
It is important, therefore, to recognize and treat obesity.
The main cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories
expended, although in a small number of cases, genetics and diseases such as hypothy-
roidism, Cushing’s disease, depression, and use of medications such as antidepressants and
anticonvulsants are responsible for fat accumulation in the body.
The main treatment for obesity is dieting, augmented by physical exercise and supported
by cognitive behavioral therapy. Calorie-restriction strategies are one of the most common
dietary plans. Low-calorie diet refers to a diet with a total dietary calorie intake of
800–1500, while very low-calorie diet has less than 800 calories daily. These dietary
regimes need to be balanced in macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Fifty-five percent
of the dietary calories should come from carbohydrates, 10% from proteins, and 30% from
fats, of which 10% of total fat consist of saturated fats. After reaching the desired body
weight, the amount of dietary calories consumed can be increased gradually to maintain a
balance between calories consumed and calories expended. Regular physical exercise
enhances the efficiency of diet through increase in the satiating efficiency of a fixed meal,
and is useful for maintaining diet-induced weight loss. A meta-analysis by Franz found that
by calorie restriction and exercise, weight loss of 5–8.5 kg was observed 6 months after
intervention. After 48 months, a mean of 3–6 kg was maintained.
In conclusion, there is evidence that obesity is preventable and treatable. Dieting and
physical exercise can produce weight loss that can be maintained.
Introduction
Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled globally and is now
considered as a major health hazard and a global epidemic. This
review aims to evaluate the current management of obesity and
overweight employing a combination of dietary interventions,
exercise, and behavioral modification. For ...
esophageal candidiasis is a common type of infection in esophagus caused by candida albicans & esophageal varices mostly occurs because of liver disease such as portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis of liver
It is a pulmonary or extra pulmonary infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TYBERCULOSIS OR NON TUBERCULOS MYCOBACTERIA in a patients with silicosis. Mainly occur in people who are exposed to silica at work.
Also called as diabetes mellitus. A group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood.Most common types of diabetes are; type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, prediabetes, gestational diabetes.
Aquatic therapy refers to treatment and exercise performed in the water for relaxation and other therapeutic benefits.Typically a qualified aquatic therapist gives constant attendance to person receiving treatment in a heated therapy pool
A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. A heart attack is a medical emergency.A heart attack usually occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the heart.Without blood,tissues loses oxygen and dies
It is also called as Coronary heart disease,usually caused due to BP,diabetes , obesity e.t.c.It leads to the restriction of the blood flow to the heart.
Malaria is a life- threatening disease. It is typically caused by the 4 species of plasmodium. It has 2 hosts i.e human host and the anopheles mosquito.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. DEFINTION:
Obesity is defined as an excess of adipose tissue that
imparts health risk
OR
It is a medical condition in which excess body fat has
accumulated to an extent that may have negative effect on health.
The most widely used method to gauge obesity is body mass
index(BMI)which is equal to weight in kg/height in m².
Dietary imbalance and over nutrition may lead to obesity.
3. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON BMI:
Body mass index or BMI is a simple and widely used
method for estimating body fat mass.
BMI is calculated by dividing the subject's mass by the square
of his or her height, typically expressed either in metric or US
"Customary" units:
Metric: BMI =Kilogram/m²
Us/customary and imperial: BMI =pounds703/inches²
The normal BMI range is 18.5 to 25 kg/m².
4.
5. In 2013, 42 million children under age 5 are over
weight
In 2014, 1.9 billion adults (39%) are over weight
And 600 million (13%) are obese
In 2015, 100 million children were obese in 195
countries
6.
7. ETIOLOGY:
Obesity results when caloric intake exceed utilization.
The imbalance of these components can occur in the following
situations:
1. Inadequate pushing of oneself away from the dining table causing
overeating.
2. In sufficient pushing of oneself out of the chair leading to
inactivity and sedentary life style.
3. Genetic predisposition to develop obesity.
4. Diets largely derived from carbohydrates and fats than protein
rich diet.
5. Secondary obesity may result following a number of underlying
diseases such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, insulinoma
and hypothalamic disorders.
10. DIMINISHED LIPID MOBILIZATION :
Beside the function of the fat
storage,adipocytes also release endocrine regulating
molecules :
1. Energy regulating hormone – LEPTIN
2. Cytokines- [TNS-alpha & IL-6]
3. Insulin regulating agents
4. BP regulating agents
5. Prothrombin factors
11.
12. Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of
lipids in cells, involving the breakdown or storage of
fats for energy
So if there is diminished lipid utilization , there is no
breakdown of fats occurs leads to the accumulation of
the fat in the body eventually leads to obesity
13. DIAGNOSIS
Body mass index (BMI) is often used to assess if you are overweight
or not.
How to measure your BMI:
To measure your BMI you will need to
know your height and waist measurement in centimetres and weight
in kilograms. It is easiest to use a BMI calculator to measure your
BMI.
For most adults:
1. Between 25 and 29, you would be considered overweight
2. Between 30 and 39, you would be considered obese
3. 40 or more, you would be considered very obese .
14. Further tests:
As well as calculating your BMI, doctor may also
perform tests to determine if you are at increased risk of health
complications because of your obesity.
These could include:
• Measuring your blood pressure
• Measuring the glucose (sugar)
• And lipid (fat) levels in your blood
• Thyroid function test.
16. Nutrition and Diet:
The total energy intake must be reduced in
order for weight loss to occur. Moreover, once weight loss has
occurred, the lower energy intake must be sustained to prevent
weight regain.
Low calorie intake
Low in saturated fats
Increased fibres in diet
Low density food
1000 K cal deficit produces 1 kg wt loss per week
TREATMENT
17.
18. Physical Activity:
Exercise is a potent physiological
stimulus of lipolysis, which results in the release of free
fatty acids from triglycerides stored in fat for use as an
energy source by muscle. Therefore, exercise increases
energy expenditure, which results in a negative caloric
balance.
30 min 5 times a week of moderate to vigorous
physical activity
Specifically for weight loss purposes, long duration
of exercise upto 60 min per day is required
19.
20. Several behavioural strategies are commonly used:
• Self-monitoring of eating habits.
• Physical activity.
• Stress management to diffuse situations that lead to overeating.
• Stimulus control to avoid situations that lead to incidental eating
• And maintain proper diet such as to avoid sugar-sweetened
beverages, refined grains, red meat like beef,pork,lamb and
processed meat.
BEHAVIOURAL MODIFICATION: