This document summarizes obesity, its causes, risks, and treatment options. It discusses that obesity is caused by excessive calories and lack of physical activity. It can increase risks for health problems. Treatment includes dieting, exercise, and in severe cases, medication or surgery. Dieting focuses on calorie reduction and maintaining protein. Exercise alone causes limited weight loss but supports diet-based weight loss. The document provides information on assessing BMI and defining overweight and obesity.

1. Diagnosis and management of
obesity
By
Dr Wafaa Ahmed Fahmi
Assistant professor of community
medicine and nutrition

2. Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess •
body fat has accumulated to the extent that it
may have an adverse effect on health, leading
to reduced life expectancy and/or increased
health problems

3. Obesity causes
Obesity is most commonly caused by a •
combination of excessive dietary calories, lack
of physical activity, and genetic
susceptibility, although a few cases are caused
primarily by genes, endocrine
disorders, medications or psychiatric illness.

4. Maintaining weight
Your weight will stay the same when the
calories you eat and drink equal the
calories you burn.

5. Losing weight
You will lose weight when the calories
you eat and drink are less than the
calories you burn.

6. Gaining weight
You will gain weight when the •
calories you eat and drink are greater
than the calories you burn.

7. Assessment
Body mass index (BMI), a measurement which •
compares weight and height, defines people
as overweight (pre-obese) if their BMI is
between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese
when it is greater than 30 kg/m2

8. Obesity Risks
Obesity increases the likelihood of various
diseases, particularly heart disease, type 2
diabetes, breathing difficulties during
sleep, certain types of cancer, and
osteoarthritis.[

9. Treatment for Obesity
Dieting and physical exercise are the mainstays
of treatment for obesity. To supplement
this, or in case of failure, anti-obesity drugs
may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat
absorption. In severe cases, surgery is
performed or an intragastric balloon is placed
to reduce stomach volume and/or bowel
length, leading to earlier satiation and
reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.

10. Dieting
• Diets to promote weight loss are generally
divided into four categories: low-fat, low-
carbohydrate, low-calorie, and very low calorie.[A
meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials
found no difference between three of the main
diet types (low calorie, low carbohydrate, and low
fat), with a 2–4 kilogram (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss
in all studiesAt two years these three methods
resulted in similar weight loss irrespective of the
macronutrients emphasized.

11. Dieting
Very low calorie diets provide 200– •
800 kcal/day, maintaining protein intake but
limiting calories from both fat and carbohydrates.
They subject the body to starvation and produce
an average weekly weight loss of 1.5–
2.5 kilograms (3.3–5.5 lb). These diets are not
recommended for general use as they are
associated with adverse side effects such as loss
of lean muscle mass, increased risks of gout, and
electrolyte imbalances. People attempting these
diets must be monitored closely by a physician to
prevent complications.[124]

12. Exercise
With use, muscles consume energy derived from
both fat and glycogen. Due to the large size of leg
muscles, walking, running, and cycling are the
most effective means of exercise to reduce body
fat.
Exercise affects macronutrient balance. During
moderate exercise, equivalent to a brisk
walk, there is a shift to greater use of fat as a fuel.
To maintain health the American Heart Association
recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of
moderate exercise at least 5 days a week.[

13. Exercise
A meta-analysis of 43 randomized controlled
trials by the Cochrane Collaboration found
that exercising alone led to limited weight
loss. In combination with diet, however, it
resulted in a 1 kilogram weight loss over
dieting alone. A 1.5 kilogram (3.3 lb) loss was
observed with a greater degree of exercise.

14. Thank you