This document outlines guidelines for screening, managing, and treating obesity. It discusses screening tools like BMI and waist circumference measurements. Management involves behavioral interventions like diet, exercise, and motivational interviewing. Dietary approaches aim for calorie reduction while increasing physical activity to at least 150 minutes per week. Pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery are options for patients who do not achieve goals with lifestyle changes alone. The case study examines a patient with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other comorbidities, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary treatment plan including medication adjustments and lifestyle modifications.

2. Outline:
 Definition
 Screening tools and indications
 Management steps
 Approach to patient with obesity
 Case

4. Oman

5. Why to stand against obesity ?
NICE: Obesity: identification, assessment and management Clinical guideline (2014).
The greater the waist
circumference and BMI,
the greater the risk of
CVD, type 2 diabetes,
and all-cause mortality.
AHA/ACC/TOS 2013

6. `


7. Screening ?
 (BMI)
 Waist circumference ( mainly if BMI < 35 )
 Combined Approach.
 Note: BMI is not accurate for muscular pt.
 There are different guidelines for the
timing of screening .

8. When to screen ? different guidelines
Nice 2014:
 Use Your Clinic Judgment
USPSTF
 Screen all ≥ 18 yrs for obesity.
AHA/TOS 2013:
 BMI at annual visits or more frequently. ( level E )

9. 

10. Managment

11. Patient centered Plan:
 State His weight loss goals
 Addressing barriers to change
 Developing strategies to maintain long-term lifestyle
changes.

12. Management :
 Behavioral Interventions
 Improving nutrition
 Increasing physical activity
 Maintenance !!

13. Management:
 Behavioral interventions and Diet should be initiated
in patients who are obese.
 Then initiate the exercise plan .
 You may think about the Medications and the surgical
interventions later on .

14. Behavioral Interventions :
The USPSTF recommends :
 Motivational interviewing
 1-2 sessions /months .

15. Behavioural interventions
 Self-monitoring of behaviour and progress
 Stimulus control
 Goal setting
 Slowing rate of eating
 Ensuring social support
 Problem solving Skills
 modifying thoughts
 Reinforcement of changes
 Relapse prevention Skills
 Strategies for dealing with weight regain.

16. Motivational Interviewing Techniques


17. Motivational Interviewing Techniques


18. Dietary Approaches :
Which Dietary Approaches Have Been Shown to Be Most
Effective for Weight Loss?
 Adherence to calorie reduction .
 Simple and realistic diet modifications have the highest
likelihood of success
 AAFP Recommendation :A deficit of at least 500 kcal per
day from the total daily calorie requirement can be
achieved with intake of 1,200 to 1,500 kcal for women and
1,500 to 1,800 kcal for men.

19. Diet
 Aim: Total energy intake ˂ energy expenditure
2013 AHA/ACC/TOS

22. Physical activity
The USPSTF recommends :
 150 to 300 min/week of moderate-intensity activity
or
 75 to 150 min/week of vigorous activity per week.
 Continue even if no weight loss!!
 Decrease inactivity.

23.  To prevent obesity: 45–60 min/day of moderate-
intensity activity particularly if they do not reduce
their energy intake.
 Obese who lost weight: 60–90 min/day of activity to
avoid regaining weight.

25. Activity as part of daily life
 Brisk walking
 Gardening
 Cycling
 Swimming
 Stair climbing

26. Pharmacotherapeutic options
 Only for patients who have not achieved weight loss
goals with diet and lifestyle changes.
 Extensive discussion of the risks and benefits with the
patient .

28. Surgical Intervention
 Bariatric surgery

29. AAFP :Bariatric surgery Indications:
After Failure of non surgical intervention
 BMI > = 40
 BMI 35 – 40 with co-mobidites (e.g. DM, HTN)
Adjustable gastric banding can be consider in also in
case of:
 BMI: 30 – 34.9 with recent onset DM – II.
 BMI: 30 – 34.9 with obesity-related comorbidities.

30. Case

31. Case
 A 52-year-old woman
 Backgound:
 Obesity wt 121 kg
 DM-II for last 9 years
 Depression
 HTN
 DLS
 OA

32.  PC:
 Fatigue, difficulty losing weight, and no motivation.
 Decrease in her energy level
 She denies polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, blurred
vision, or vaginal infections.

33.  Weight gain started 6 years back.
 After started on insulin.
 Pervious trials:
 Tries to cut down on her eating
 Hypoglycemia.
 Fearful of hypoglycemia that she often eats extra
snacks.

34.  Advised in her DM visit to:
 High BMI
 Advised: Weight loss and exercise
 Pain in her knees and ankles makes it difficult to do any
exercise.

35.  She is on:
 Insulin N: 45 - 35 U
 Insulin R: 10 U - 20 U.
 HbA1C: 8.9%

36. In the case
1. Multiple Co-morbdites
2. Diet > Hypoglycemia > taking more snakes
3. Arthritis > not able exercise

38. Points to Remember
 Use your clinical judgment to investigate co-
morbidities.
 Manage Comorbidities.
 Assess readiness: if not ready > give information about
obesity and f/u.

39. Adult
 Any underlying causes
 Eating behaviors
 Comorbidities (e.g.: DM-II, HTN, CVD , OA, DLS and
sleep apnea)
 Lipid profile, BP and HbA1c.

42. Back to our patient
 Agreed to follow a restricted-calorie diet and to
decrease her insulin to 30 U of NPH and 10 U of
regular insulin twice daily.
 As she had no contraindications to metformin
(Glucophage), she was also started on 500 mg orally
twice daily.

43.  She returned to clinic 3 months later, still on the same
dose of insulin.
 She was feeling a little less depressed.
 She continued to complain of fear of hypoglycemia in
the middle of the night and was overeating at night.
 Despite this she had lost 3 kg.
 Her blood glucose values were still elevated in a range
of 7-13 mmol before meals.

44.  She was reassured that further insulin reduction would
prevent hypoglycemia.
 Her insulin dosage was decreased to 25 U of NPH and
5 U of regular insulin twice daily and metformin was
increased to 500 mg three times daily.
 Two months later, she returned to the clinic with an
average blood glucose level of 8.6 mmol.
 Her weight was now 111 kg, and her HbA1c was 7.5%.
 She was feeling much more energetic, no longer felt
depressed, and was able to start a walking program.

45. Important Points :
 Those who loss their weight quickly are using usually
the diet that they can not continue with it for long
time , so they remained weight quickly .
 Reduce the weight over period of months .
 The main issue not to decrease the weight but how to
maintain the weight after reduction.
 Orlistat ??? Still not available
 Insluin Victoza for Metabolic syndrome x

46. References :
 NICE:
 Obesity: identification, assessment and management Clinical
guideline (2014).
 Obesity prevention (2006)
 AAFP:
 Update on office based strategies for the management of obesity.
 Diagnosis and management of obesity guideline 2013
 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS: ( American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association,
Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society )
 Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in
Adults .