Nuclear power currently provides around 20% of the world's electricity, with France obtaining about 80% of its power from nuclear energy. The U.S. began developing civilian nuclear programs after World War 2 and the first nuclear reactor to produce usable electricity was the Experimental Breeder Reactor-1 in Idaho in 1951. However, growth in nuclear power stalled after accidents like Three Mile Island raised public safety concerns. Major challenges facing expanded nuclear power are cost, safety, nuclear proliferation, and long-term waste storage.

1. Nuclear Power

2. Nuclear Power Today
• Provides almost 20% of world’s
electricity (8% in U.S.)
• 69% of U.S. non-carbon electricity
generation
• More than 100 plants in U.S.
– None built since the 1970s
• 200+ plants in the Europe
– Leader is France
• About 80% of its power from nuclear

3. Early History of Nuclear
Power in the U.S.

4. Origins
• After World War II,
development of
civilian nuclear
program
• Atlantic Energy Act
of 1946
• 1954: first
commercial nuclear
power program

5. The Vision
• “It is not too much to expect that our
children will enjoy in their homes
[nuclear generated] electrical energy
too cheap to meter.”
– Lewis Strauss, Chairman of the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission (1954)

6. Manhattan Project
• Secret government project to create
atomic weapons during World War II
• After the war, the government encouraged
“the development of nuclear energy for
peaceful civilian purposes.”
• This led to the technology used in nuclear
plants today

7. Early Beginnings
• Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) established by
Congress in 1946 as part of the Atomic Energy Act
• AEC authorized the construction of
Experimental Breeder Reactor I ( EBR-1) at a site in
Idaho in 1949
• in August of 1951, criticality (a controlled, self-sustained,
chain reaction) was reached using
uranium
• A football sized core was created and kept at
low power for four months until December 20,
1951

8. • power was gradually increased until the first
usable amount of electricity was generated,
lighting four light bulbs and introducing nuclear
generated power for the first time
• In 1953, the EBR-1 was creating one new atom of
nuclear fuel for every atom burned, thus the
reactor could sustain its own operation
• With this creation of new cores, enough energy was
created to fuel additional reactors
• A few years later, the town of Arco, Idaho became
the world's first community to get its entire power
supply from a nuclear reactor
• This was achieved by temporarily attaching the
town’s power grid to the reactor’s turbines

9. Atoms for Peace
• Began in 1953 and was designed by Eisenhower
specifically to promote peaceful, commercial
applications of atomic energy after the Manhattan
Project and atomic bombings on Japan
• Public support for nuclear energy grew, federal
nuclear energy programs shifted their focus to
advancing reactor technologies
• With this came the support of utility companies,
which saw nuclear energy as a cheap and
environmentally safe alternative energy choice

10. Shippingport Atomic
Power Station
• Department of Energy and the Duquesne Light Company
broke ground in Shippingport, Pennsylvania in 1954 for the
first commercial electric-generating station in the U.S. to
use nuclear energy
• Opened on May 26, 1958, as part of Eisenhower’s “Atoms for
Peace” program
• Three years later, it began supplying electricity for the
Pittsburgh area
• It was by far the world’s largest commercial nuclear
power plant, surpassing those already in place in the
Soviet Union and Great Britain

11. Uranium Mining
There are three main methods:
• Underground mining
• Open pit mining
• In Situ Leaching (ISL)

12. Underground Mining
The Case of the Olympic Dam Mine

13. • Olympic Dam mine is
located in South Australia
• Most of the mine’s profit
actually comes from the
copper that they mine as
well
• Tunnels are dug into the
earth, where ore is
extracted
• The ore is crushed into a
powder, then soaked in a
lake. The impurities
precipitate and the rest is
dried by heat.

14. Ya Got Trouble….
• Lake uses an intense
amount of water
• Rabbit popluation has
crashed as a result of
drinking from the lake
The Western Mining
Corporation (WMC) is
owned by BP

15. In Situ Leaching
• Wells are drilled into aquifers, the water is
removed, and a solvent, such as hydrogen
peroxide, is pumped in
• The peroxide dissolves the uranium, and the
solution is pumped back up
• An ion exchange system causes the uranium
to precipitate in the form of UO42H2O (uranium
peroxide)

16. In Situ Leaching

17. ISL has its woes
• Ground water supply has radioactive
residues
• There are ISL mines in Texas,
Wyoming, and Nebraska that share the
same aquifers as residents

18. From Where Does It Come?
• Australia has 30% of the world’s uranium
below its topsoil, and it is all for export
• Canada (mostly
Saskatchewan) is
the next largest
source
• The True North,
strong and free, has
20% of the world’s
supply

19. Nuclear Governance in the
U.S.
• Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
– Created NRC and DoE
• Nuclear Regulatory Commission
– Regulates reactors; use of nuclear
materials; movement, storage, and
disposal of nuclear materials and waste
• Department of Energy
– Oversight of nuclear weapons; public
relations side of nuclear energy

20. Int’l Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA)
• Part of U.N.
– Oversees global energy security, scientific
concerns
• Origin
– Eisenhower’s “Atoms for
Peace”
– Formed in 1957
– Promote peaceful
nuclear use

21. IAEA Today
– Forum for scientific cooperation
– Institutes safety measures
– Promotes non-proliferation
– Featured prominently in recent news
• Iraq inspections
– Mohammed El Baradei
• Head of IAEA
• 2005 Nobel Peace
Prize Winner

22. Major Problems of
Nuclear Energy:
• Cost
• Safety
• Proliferation
• Waste Disposal

23. Cost
• More expensive than coal and
natural gas, but could be made
cheaper with carbon credits
• New nuclear plants could generate
power at $31-$46/MWh
• It would take 3-4 new plants to
absorb the the early costs of these
new plants

24. Safety
• Public remains wary of nuclear
power due to Chernobyl and
three mile island accidents
• Nuclear plants vulnerable to
terrorist attacks
• Safer, more efficient, and more
secure plants planned for the
future

25. Three Mile Isle

26. March 28, 1979, 4:00 am
• Secondary cooling loop stops pumping.
• Rising temperatures caused emergency
valve to open to release pressure, but
indicator light malfunctioned
• Due to loss of steam, water level drops,
water overheats and burns out pump
• Reactor core overheats and begins to
melt (a “meltdown”)

27. March 28, 1979, 6:30 am
• Overheated water contains 350 times
normal level of melted down radioactive
matter
• A worker sees the open valve and
closes it
• To prevent an explosion, he reopens it,
releasing radioactive steam into the
atmosphere

29. March 28, 1979, 8:00 am
• Nuclear Regulatory commission is
notified
• White House is notified
• TMI is evacuated
• All small children and pregnant women
within a five mile radius are evacuated
• A fifteen-year clean up project awaits

30. Waste Disposal
• Yucca mountain
• Use breeder reactors
instead
• Alternative storage site

31. Yucca Mountain
The Future of Nuclear Waste
Storage

32. Current Waste Disposal
• At this time, radioactive wastes are being
stored at the Department of Energy’s
facilities around the country
• High level wastes are stored in
underground carbon or stainless steel
tanks
• Spent nuclear fuel is put in above-ground
dry storage facilities and in
water-filled pools

33. Yucca Mountain
• Storage sites becoming full, waste may be
transported to Yucca Mountain
• Located on government land, about 100 miles
northwest of Las Vegas in the Nevada desert
• It is a 6 mile long, 1,200-foot high flat-topped
volcanic ridge
• Will be able to house 70,000 tons of radioactive
material

34. Problems with Yucca
Mountain
• The nuclear waste currently sitting
around is enough to fill the repository
• At the earliest, the repository will be
open in 2010, which seems unlikely
• NRC has found 293 technical issues with
the repository that must be fixed
• Danger to the public with the
transportation of the waste to yucca
mountain

35. Still More Problems
• Possible health risks to those living near
Yucca Mountain
• Eventual corrosion of the metal barrels
which the waste is stored in
• Located in an earthquake region and
contains many interconnected faults and
fractures
• These could move groundwater and any
escaping radioactive material through the
repository to the aquifer below and then
to the outside environment

36. Oops!
• At right is a map
of the Yucca
Mountain site
• The area within
the dotted line is
the burial site
• Two faults run
directly through
the site

37. Current Situation
• The Government maintains that Yucca
Mountain will open on time, in 2010
• Those in the nuclear energy industry put
that date closer to 2015 or not at all
• It has been suggested that the
construction of concrete and steel cask
fields will add additional waste storage
space to nuclear plants
• This would allow several additional
decades for the government to put
together a permanent nuclear waste
storage facility

38. Proliferation
• Fuel cycles that involve the chemical
reprocessing of spent fuel to separate
weapons-usable plutonium and uranium
enrichment technologies are of obvious
concern
• Once-through cycle sends discharged
fuel directly to disposal, thus allowing
the used fuels to be broken down,
leaving no options for proliferation

39. Nuclear Power Countries

40. Threat of Proliferation
• North Korea (DPRK)
part of “Axis of Evil”
• 2003 admission of
nuclear weapons
• Kim Jong-Il* justifies
nukes as defense
against the U.S.
• Other potential
threats?
Kimmy Neutron
*Not to be confused with Jeong Kim,
namesake of the beautiful new
Engineering building at UMD

41. Decline of Nuclear Power
• The public began growing fearful of
possible meltdowns, especially after the
disaster at Three Mile Island
• Nearly 2/3 of all orders for new plants
were cancelled in the late 1970’s
• No new plants having been built in the
past twenty-five years

42. The Anti-Nuclear Movement
• Rachel Carson
started it all in Silent
Spring
• She was the first to
bring to light the
harmful externalities
of nuclear energy,
including the risks of
genetic mutations

43. November 1974: Silkwood
• Karen Silkwood was a worker at the Kerr-
McGee plant in Cimarron, Oklahoma, where
the workers were not being protected from
the radioactive materials
• When she raised a stink about this problem,
she was mysteriously struck by a car
• As a result, NOW (National Organization of
Women) and OCAW (Oil, Coal, and Atom
Workers) joined the struggle against the
corruption in the nuclear industry

44. July 16, 1979: Church Rock
• One hundred million gallons of nuclear waste
were accidentally spilled on the Navajo Indian
reservation in Church Rock, New Mexico
• The waste ran into the Rio Puerco
• The towns of Gallup, Lupton, and Saunders
had to truck in drinking water, and all of the
grazing livestock were slaughtered
• Very little media coverage due to Three Mile
Island

45. The Seabrook Occupation

46. Seabrook: Sunday, April 30, 1977
• 18,000 people protested the building of a
nuclear reactor in Seabrook, New
Hampshire
• National Guard and State Troopers called
in by Gov. Meldrim Thomson
• 1,414 of them were arrested and denied
due process
• They refused to pay bail, and were
incarcerated for a week
• This was a struggle between the people
and the corporate/government structure

47. No Nukes Words: Pat DeCou, Music: Tex LaMountain, ©1977, ASCAP
Look across the sky from your home, Can you see the tower blinking while you sit a spell at home?
Can you see the branches growing? Can you feel the awesome power?
Can you sense its evil purpose and its doom?
It grows in ways we all can understand, And its limbs are spreading all across the land.
The leaves they look like dollars and the sap it ain’t so sweet.
It rests upon the profits hungry people cannot eat.
With promises of quiet, comfort, and peace, The hanging tree can lure to its side.
But the darkness of its shadow gives us warning of the greed
That tries to sell us more electric power than we need.
No nukes for me, ‘cause I want my air to be Free from radiation poison falling over me.
These reactors that they’re building are a giant hanging tree. Don’t you build a hanging tree over me.
People soon will stop this money tree, And we’ll stop its hangin’ people, you and me.
And as we struggle all together all the powers that be will go down with their own hanging tree.
And out of this struggle we can plant a seedling tree, A tree that lets the sunlight share its space.
A tree in tune with living, whose branches lift the soul, When you’re watching from a distance and you’re
sitting all alone.

48. Case Study:
Different Attitudes on Nuclear
Power
United States:
• Stigma of “unsafe” after Three Mile Island
• NIMBY attitude toward siting
France:
• Impact of “oil shock” during 1970s
• Advantage of strong centralized gov’t
• Huge lobbying campaign
• Trust in technology
• Today, France is energy exporter!

49. The Future of Nuclear
Power

50. Nuclear Power 2010
Program
• A joint government-industry cost-shared
effort that will be used to
identify new nuclear power plant sites,
develop advanced nuclear plant
technologies, and to evaluate the
business case for building new nuclear
plants
• In early 2005, it was announced that two
sites and Mississippi and Alabama have been
selected as locations for these
advanced power plants

51. Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Signed by the president in August 2005
• Government would cover cost
overruns due to delays, up to $500
million each for the first two new
nuclear reactors, and up to $250 million
for the next four reactors
• Delays in construction due to vastly
increased regulations were a primary
cause of the high cost of some earlier
plants.

52. • A production tax credit of 1.8 cents per
kilowatt-hour for the first 6,000
megawatt-hours from new nuclear power
plants for the first eight years of their
operation
• Would put nuclear energy on par with
other sources of emission-free power,
including wind and closed-loop biomass