Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear fission and fusion reactions. Fission occurs when heavy atomic nuclei split into lighter nuclei, releasing energy. It can be uncontrolled, as in nuclear weapons, or controlled to generate electricity. Fusion occurs when lighter atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei and is the process that powers the sun. Current research aims to develop fusion as a viable energy source. Nuclear power plants use controlled fission to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines that generate electricity, reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. However, nuclear energy also produces long-lived radioactive waste and risks from potential accidents.

1. Nuclear Energy
PRESENTATION

2. What is Nuclear Energy?
 The large amount of energy released when heavy nucleus is break in the
nuclear reactor. This energy is used for multipurposes as electricity
generation or other mechanical works.

3. Nuclear Energy
 The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion.
Presently, the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the
periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct
service of humankind, with nuclear decay processes, primarily in the form
of geothermal energy, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators, in
niche uses making up the rest.
 To get this energy some nuclear reaction are carried out. Given ahead.

4. Nuclear Reaction:
 A nuclear reaction is a process in which atoms collide with other atoms
and lose some of their original mass. Because of the principle of energy
conservation the lost mass must reappear as generated energy,
according to Einstein's equation E = mc².
 The two types of nuclear reactions used to produce energy are
1) fission and 2) fusion .

5. Fission Reaction:
 In a fission reaction, a heavy atomic nucleus is split into smaller nuclei,
other particles and radiation.
 For example : In a typical reaction, an atom of uranium 235 absorbs a
neutron and splits into two lighter atoms, barium and krypton, emitting
radiation and neutrons. Under special circumstances (the attainment of a
"critical mass") the emitted neutrons can split further atoms, which in turn
bring about more splitting, producing a very fast chain reaction. Nuclear
power plants exploit the process of fission to create energy.
 This reaction can be dangerous if it is not controlled (Uncontrolled Fission
reaction) as in atom bomb. While when it is controlled (Controlled Fission
Reaction) is used for electricity production.

6. Mechanism of reaction:

7. Uncontrolled Fission Reaction:
 In a fission of 235U by slow neutrons, three more neutrons are created. The
emitted neutrons can create further fission reactions. So the second stage
fissioning of 235U will give rise to nine more neutrons. These 9 neutrons can
further cause fissioning giving rise to 27 neutrons. This is the chain reaction.
Each fission reaction gives out an enormous amount of energy. Now you
can see how a chain reaction can give rise to explosive amount of heat
energy.
 A fission reaction whereby the reaction is allowed to proceed without any
moderation (by removal of neutrons) is called an uncontrolled fission
reaction.
 An uncontrolled fission reaction is used for nuclear bombs.

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9. Controlled Fission Reaction:
 In a fission reaction, if we can remove the emitted neutrons from the fissionable
material, then we can control the rate at which the chain reaction proceeds.
 In the nuclear fission reaction shown above, if we remove two of the three
neutrons then, instead of having three more 235U to fission, we will have only
one more of such a reaction. In this way, the rate of reaction can be
controlled.
 The neutrons can be removed by what are called moderators which are made
up of materials which like to absorb neutrons. Cadmium (Cd) is one such
material.
 A nuclear fission reaction, whereby the rate of reaction can be moderated
externally by allowing just enough number of neutrons to keep the fission
reaction rate constant is called a controlled fission reaction.

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11. Fusion Reaction:
In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more
atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of
atomic nucleus. During this process, matter is not conserved because some of
the matter of the fusing nuclei is converted to photons (energy).
The fusion of two nuclei with lower masses than iron (which, along with nickel,
has the largest binding energy per nucleon) generally releases energy, while
the fusion of nuclei heavier than iron absorbs energy.

12. Mechanism Of Reaction

13. About fusion:
 Fusion within the cores of the sun and other stars generates their radiating
energy by fusing two hydrogen atoms to produce a helium atom.
 Current researchers are using magnetic vacuum chambers and laser
beams in an attempt to generate the extreme high-temperatures
necessary for the fusion process. If successful, the net energy gain would
create a viable alternative energy option.
 The main use of fusion is also energy production while it is also used for
Hydrogen Bomb.

14. Nuclear Energy Production:
 The main design is the pressurised water reactor (PWR) which has water in
its primary cooling/heat transfer circuit, and generates steam in a
secondary circuit. The less popular boiling water reactor (BWR) makes
steam in the primary circuit above the reactor core, though it is still under
considerable pressure. Both types use water as both coolant and
moderator, to slow neutrons.
 In the reactor the heat generated is delivered to water from which steam
is formed .
 This steam is used to run turbine from which electricity is produced.

15. Energy making Process:

16. Advantages:
 The generation of electricity through nuclear energy reduces the amount
of energy generated from fossil fuels (coal and oil). Less use of fossil fuels
means lowering greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and others).
 Currently, fossil fuels are consumed faster than they are produced, so in
the next future these resources may be reduced or the price may increase
becoming inaccessible for most of the population.
 Another advantage is the required amount of fuel: less fuel offers more
energy. It represents a significant save on raw materials but also in
transport, handling and extraction of nuclear fuel. The cost of nuclear fuel
(overall uranium) is 20% of the cost of energy generated.

17. Continue:
 The production of electric energy is continuous. A nuclear power plant is
generating electricity for almost 90% of annual time. It reduces the price
volatility of other fuels such as petrol.
 This continuity benefits the electrical planning. Nuclear power does not
depends on natural aspects. It's a solutions for the main disadvantage of
renewable energy, because the hours of sun or wind does not always
coincide with the hours with more energy demand.
 It's an alternative to fossil fuels, so the consumption of fuels such as coal or
oil is reduced. This reduction of coal and oil consumption benefits the
situation of global warming and global climate change. By reducing the
consumption of fossil fuels we also improve the quality of the air affecting
the disease and quality of life.

18. Disadvantages:
 One of the main disadvantages is the difficulty in the management of
nuclear waste. It takes many years to eliminate its radioactivity and risks.
 The constructed nuclear reactors have an expiration date. Then, they've
to be dismantled, so that main countries producing nuclear energy could
maintain a regular number of operating reactors. They've to built about 80
new nuclear reactors during the next ten years.
 Nuclear plants have a limited life. The investment for the construction of a
nuclear plant is very high and must be recovered as soon as possible, so it
raises the cost of electricity generated. In other words, the energy
generated is cheap compared to the cost of fuel, but the recovery of its
construction is much more expensive.

19. Continue:
 Nuclear power plants generate external dependence. Not many countries
have uranium mines and not all the countries have nuclear technology, so
they have to hire both things overseas.
 Current nuclear reactors work by fission nuclear reactions. These chain
reactions is generated in case control systems fail, generating continous
reactions causing a radioactive explosion that would be virtually impossible to
contain.
 Probably the most alarming disadvantage is the use of the nuclear power in
the military industry. The first use of nuclear power was the creation of two
nuclear bombs dropped on Japan during World War II. This was the first and
the last time that nuclear power was used in a military attack. Later, several
countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but the risk that nuclear
weapons could be used in the future will always exist.

20. Scope Of Nuclear Energy:
 The countries that need it the most will continue to use it. France gets 77
percent of its electricity from nuclear reactors, the rest being hydroelectric.
Japan is close to 30 percent and increasing steadily. Japan has little
domestic coal and no oil. We have plenty of coal and natural gas, can
afford to import more than half of our oil. Therefore, we can afford delays
caused by controversy unless we are zapped by the greenhouse effect.
However, the counterculture generation is passing through the peak of its
political power, and the next generations seem to be more rational about
nuclear energy and many other issues.
 Therefore, the U.S. is likely to resume building reactors before being driven
to it by other countries getting economic advantages.

21. Continue:
 Current fission reactors in operation around the world are second or third
generation systems, with most of the first-generation systems having been
retired some time ago. Research into advanced generation IV reactor
types was officially started by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
based on eight technology goals, including to improve nuclear
safety,minimize waste, improve natural resource utilization, the ability to
consume existing nuclear waste in the production of electricity, and
decrease the cost to build and run such plants. Most of these reactors
differ significantly from current operating light water reactors, and are
generally not expected to be available for commercial construction
before 2030.

22. Continue:
 One disadvantage of any new reactor technology is that safety risks may
be greater initially as reactor operators have little experience with the new
design. Nuclear engineer David Loch baum has explained that almost all
serious nuclear accidents have occurred with what was at the time the
most recent technology. He argues that "the problem with new reactors
and accidents is twofold: scenarios arise that are impossible to plan for in
simulations; and humans make mistakes“.
 Moreover danger of waste risk , human error , Negligence , and if heat
losses are controlled than this will bring a new world .

23. Scope in Pakistan:
 Nuclear power in Pakistan is provided by 3 licensed-commercial nuclear power plants,
KANUPP, CHANUPP-1 and CHASNUPP-2.
 The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is solely responsible for operating these
power plants while Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) is licenser, who devises,
adopts, makes and enforces rules, regulations, orders or codes of practice for nuclear
safety and radiation protection as may, in its opinion, be necessary.
 As 1989 Pakistan became a member of World Association of Nuclear Operator (WANO),
which is yet another international standard for safety and operational excellence.
Additional measures have been taken by Pakistan’s nuclear operators as Fukushima
Response Action Plan which includes immediate, short-term and long-term plans. Main
elements of the action plan are re-assessment of external hazards, design basis of threat,
additional sources of emergency power, diverse means of core cooling and a
comprehensive emergency preparedness plan.

24. Continue:
 Pakistan has long-term intergovernmental agreements with China for
supply of nuclear power plants, fuel and O&M support. Pakistan is a
pioneer developing country in using nuclear technology for producing
electricity. Nuclear power can play a significant role in providing base-
load electricity and minimizing imports of expensive fossil fuels. Despite
international embargoes, nuclear power program in the country is moving
forward slowly but steadily to achieve the target of 8,800 MW by 2030.
However, safety and security will remain on top priority in the nuclear
power program of Pakistan.

25. Nuclear reactors used in world:

26. Continue:

27. Comparison Between countries:

28. Nuclear Energy Requirements:

29. Comparison of energy generation:

30. References:
 www.Wikipedia.org
 http://scitechnol.com/scope-of-nuclear-power-in-Pakistan.
 http://www.slideshare.net/pearloblivion/nuclear-energy-powerpoint
 www.diffen.com/difference/Nuclear_Fission_vs_Nuclear_Fusion
 www.tutorwista.org
 www.world-nuclear.org/info/current.../outline-history-of-nuclear-energy
 Physical Science by C. Lon Enloe.
 Nuclear Energy by Charlas D. Ferguson.
 Nuclear Energy Principles by David Bodansky.

31. That’s all from us.
Any
Question?

32. Presenters
 Muhammad Kashif (2013-CH-401)
 Muhammad Aleem (2013-CH-402)
 Usama Javaid (2013-CH-407)
 Ahsan Rafiq (2013-CH-412)
 Saddam Hussain (2013-CH-440)

33. “
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Thanks to all
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