All natural energy on Earth comes from solar radiation, heat from the Earth's mantle, and gravity. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are limited, non-renewable sources that have formed from ancient organic matter over millions of years. Energy can also be generated renewably from solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass sources. Nuclear fission of uranium and thorium isotopes in the Earth's crust is another non-renewable source of energy. Hydrogen may become a sustainable energy source in the future.
Organic-Based Sources; Landfill Methane; Biomass energy; Hydropower ; Flowing water (Hydroelectric); Tidal power (waves and tides); Wave; Geothermal Energy (Geothermal power); Hydrogen Energy; Solar energy: (Energy from sunlight Rapid growing) ; Wind Energy
Organic-Based Sources; Landfill Methane; Biomass energy; Hydropower ; Flowing water (Hydroelectric); Tidal power (waves and tides); Wave; Geothermal Energy (Geothermal power); Hydrogen Energy; Solar energy: (Energy from sunlight Rapid growing) ; Wind Energy
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
Renewable sources of energy
WHAT is renewable energy?
WHY renewable energy?
TYPES of renewable energy.
Potential of renewable energy.
This is a non-animated version.
For animated version of the ppt contact: ajay.jakhar41@gmail.com
Main Form of Renewable Energy ResourcesDavid Stoffel
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. wind, sun, rain etc.what is Renewable energy resources?, How does energy compare to other renewable energy sources? http://www.wesrch.com/
It includes the introduction to energy , different form of energy, energy sources, current Indian Electricity scenario , Renewable energy potentials in India
Renewable energy Sources, Efficiency, Uses and latest Research Zohaib HUSSAIN
1. Introduction
In today's world of climbing fuel prices, approaching the peak oil supply limit, and discussions of global warming, renewable energy is gaining more public attention and receiving more financial and legislative support. We need to learn more about the different types of renewable energy so that you can help educate your family, friends, and policymakers about ways to help our country move towards energy independence and environmental sustainability. According to a USAID report, Pakistan has the potential of producing 150,000 megawatts of wind energy, of which only the Sindh corridor can produce 40,000 megawatts.
2. Definition
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services.
3. Types of Renewable Energy
Most Countries currently relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy are constantly replenished and will never run out.
Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydroelectric power. Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides come from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In add
this presentation deals with the formation, depletion, conservation of various sources of energy. it also includes the various advantages and disadvantages of the sources.
Renewable sources of energy
WHAT is renewable energy?
WHY renewable energy?
TYPES of renewable energy.
Potential of renewable energy.
This is a non-animated version.
For animated version of the ppt contact: ajay.jakhar41@gmail.com
Main Form of Renewable Energy ResourcesDavid Stoffel
Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. wind, sun, rain etc.what is Renewable energy resources?, How does energy compare to other renewable energy sources? http://www.wesrch.com/
It includes the introduction to energy , different form of energy, energy sources, current Indian Electricity scenario , Renewable energy potentials in India
This presentation is an introduction to the sustainable energy challenge. It gives an overview over fossil fuels, the laws of energy, energy efficiency and conservation, and renewable energy sources. The focus is on providing students with the scientific tools for understanding the magnitude of the challenge and analyzing potential solutions.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
The route and how Japan has successfully implemented energy efficiency for better utilization of their energy resources and sustaining their economy to grow
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
4. Fuel
kWh per
kilogram*
Deuterium–tritium 92 400 000
Uranium-235 23 279 200[3]
Hydrogen (compressed
at 70 MPa)
34
Natural gas 15.5
Gasoline (petrol) /
Diesel
~13
Propane (including LPG) 13
Biodiesel 12
Ethanol 8.4
Coal 6.7
Wood 5
Car battery (lead-acid) 0.7
Li-ion battery 0.24
Alkaline battery 0.67
Nickel-metal hydride
battery
0.288
106
Fuel kWh per m3
Liquid hydrogen 2389
Hydrogen, at 690
bar and 15°C
1260
Hydrogen, gas[ 2.8
Natural gas 10.2
Gasoline (petrol) /
Diesel 9600
5. Electricity generation Efficiency
Gas turbine up to 40%
Gas turbine plus steam turbine
(combined cycle)
up to 60%
Hydropower turbine up to 90%
Wind turbine up to 59% (theoretical limit)
Solar cell 6–40% (technology dependent)
Hydrogen Fuel cell up to 85%
Geothermal power 10–23%
Engine/Motor
Combustion engine 10–50%[2]
Electric motors
70–99.99% (above 200W);
50–90% (between 10–200W);
Electrolysis of water 50–70%
Appliances
Incandescent light bulb 0.7–5 %
Electric heater 100 %
Natural process
Photosynthesis up to 6% [3]
Muscle 14–27%
Energy conversion efficiency is
the ratio between the useful
output of an energy conversion
machine and the input, in
energy terms. The useful
output may be electric power,
mechanical work, or heat.
103
6. • Energy returned on energy invested (EROEI); or
energy return on investment (EROI), is the ratio of
the amount of usable energy acquired from a
particular energy resource to the amount of energy
expended to obtain that energy. Determining the
EROEI is often complex, resulting in wide variations in
the data. In the asesment the whole life cycle should
be envisaged.
• The more difficult to extract energy from a source, the
more energy is to be invested to extract it, lowering
the EROEI and increasing the price. For example, when
oil was originally discovered, it took on average one
barrel of oil to find, extract, and process about 100
barrels of oil. That ratio has declined steadily over the
last century to about three barrels gained for one
barrel used up in the U.S.
• If an energy source can flow to different tracks, its
EROEI will increase. For example in Europe rapeseed is
used to produce biodiesel. The EROEI is around 1.5
but a side product, pure plant oil, is used as a protein-
rich animal food, with an EROEI of 16.
105
Energy source ERoEI[1]
Crude oil (per
2007)
10
Oil sands (per
2007)
2 - 4
Natural gas 5 – 10
Coal 1 – 10
Nuclear 2,7 - 4
Hydroelectric 10
Wind 3 – 10
Solar panels 1 – 10
Biofuels
Soy biodiedel 5.5
Sugar cane ethanol 4 - 8
Rapeseed biodiesel 1,5
Corn ethanol 0,8 - 1,5
Maize ethanol 1,1
Biomass 0,8
Hydrogen 0,5
7. • The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of its actual output over a period
of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate
capacity indefinitely. The capacity factor is highest for nuclear and geothermal power
plants and lower for wind and solar energy as the latter are not continuously available.
Fossil energy power stations work at full capacity only during peak hours in the day and
les at night during lower demand.
102
85 87 90 92
83
53
34
25
Capacity(%)
Capacity factor
8. The figure shows the huge differences between energy types, solar and wind facilities
occupying much smaller land area than bio- and fossil fuel facilities. Both low and high
estimates (depending on the study) are given.
3 9 16
1000
900
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Globalhectares/MW
Low
High
110
9. Total
• Total use in billion m3 (bcm)(in 2010 and prospected). Water withdrawal is water that is
taken from the natural environment and after use redistributed in nature, for example to
feed an electric turbine in the form of steam, to cool the reactor in a nuclear power plant
or to irrigate biomass crop land. Often that water is warm and polluted. Consumption is
water that is consumed during energy production, for example water taken up by
biomass crops.
From IEA
111
10. Per energy unit
• Withdrawal and consumption of water in gallons (Gal) per MWh (1
gallon=3.8 liter)
112
11. Total and by energy type
• World total energy consumption in 2010 was 17.8 terrawatt (TW). Most
is extracted from conventional fossil (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear
(uranium) reserves. Renewable energy (wind, solar, hydroelectric,
geothermal and biomass) is growing rapidly in recent years, now reaching
12 % of the world total energy consumption, which is more than double of
nuclear energy consumption (5.3 %).
4.9
5.9
3.9
0.95
2.17
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TW
World energy consumption 2010
coal
28%
oil
33%
gas
22%
nuclear
5%
renewable
12%
4
12. Consumption by energy type and country
5
Coal
19%
Oil
35%
Gas
24%
Nuclear
14%
Renew
ables
8%
EU
Coal
21%
Oil
37%
Gas
25%
Nuclear
9%
Renew
ables
8%
USA 2010 (EIA)
Coal
23%
Oil
43%
Gas
18%
Nuclear
13%
Renew
ables
4%
Japan 2010 (EIA)
Coal
70%
Oil
19%
Gas
4%
Nuclear
1%
Hydro
electric
6%
China 2009 (EIA)
Coal
41%
Oil
23%
Gas
8%
Nuclear
5%
Waste
&
Renew
ables
28%
India 2011 (EIA)
Oil
13% Gas
4%
Hydro
electric
1%
Tradi-
tional
biomass
& waste
82%
Nigeria 2010 (EIA)
Coal
2%
Oil
47%
Gas
28%
Hydro
electric
23%
Venezuela 2010 (EIA)
Coal
3%
Oil &
bioethanol
39%
Gas
7%
Nuclear
1%
Hydro
electric
29%
Biomass
21%
Brazil 2010 (EIA)
13. • Energy consumption per capita is highly variable in different areas of the world,
developing countries consuming much less. Values range between 0.2 kW/person
(Eritrea) and 22 kW/person (Iceland) sustained for 1 year. In Belgium it is 7.4 kW,
ranking 7th highest.
• There are also striking differences between cities in the same country, for example in
electricity consumption in U.S. cities.
6
Per capita electricity use in kWh/capita
14. • The striking differences between developed and developing countries is also reflected
in the number of people (> 1.6 billion) without access to electricity in 2002
and predicted to have only slightly improved in 2030. This is due in part to the strong
population growth in this part of the world. It clearly shows that dealing with energy
issues cannot be disconnected from the inequality problem between people.
7
In India 2009
15. • Energy consumption grew spectacularly, both in total and per capita, since the industrial
revolution, as a consequence of the population explosion (click here to see population
growth animation) and of human scientific and technical development. Since then we have
already consumed about 800 TW of fossil energy. Fossil fuels are still dominant in the global
energy mix, supported by $ 523 billion subsidies in 2011, up almost 30% in 2010 and six
times more than subsidies to the renewable energy sector[4 ., an alarming situation,
considering that the fact that fossil energy combustion is the cause of global warming and
climate change .
8
16. • The dominant energy source changed over time from wood to coal to oil.
At present there is a transition in motion to a renewable energy age,
named by Greenpeace the ‘Energy Revolution’.
9
(1 Quad.Btu (british thermal units) = 33.45 × 10
- 3 TW)
17. • Energy supplies are used for >50 % in industry, for > 25 % in
transportation, and for 22 % in residential and commercial facilities. The
type of energy differs widely among these sectors. Oil is used for 96 % in
transportation, while coal and nuclear energy feed electricity generation.
10
Industry
52%
Transpo
rtation
26%
Residen
tial
14%
Commer
cial
8%
World 2012 (EIA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Percent
Sector energy consumption by energy type
Coal
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Renewable
World total electricity
production = 2.3 TW
(~20 000 TWh)
18. • Energy type used by sector differs widely among countries
Industry
77%
Transportati
on…
Residenti
al 11%
Commerc
ial 4%
China 2009 (EIA)
Industry
31%
Transpor
tation
28%
Residenti
al
22%
Commercia
l…
U.S. 2008
10b
19. 113
The table underneath shows the number of people killed by electricity generation systems
worldwide per year, as collated by the IEA from different studies (lowest and highest numbers
are given). Coal is responsible for a much higher number of deaths than other energy
sources, while nuclear fatalities are lowest. In the Chernobyl disaster there were 56 direct
deaths and 4000 people died from cancer. Recent estimates on the hazards caused by the
Fukushima nuclear accident predict a total of 130 cancer deaths over lifespan.[22] Some 230
000 people were killed in a dam failure of a hydroelectric power station in China in 1975.
However, it is astonishing to note that the number of people killed in road accidents
worldwide was 1,230,000[2] in 2007.
It is even more astonishing that the annual death toll due to fossil energy-related
climate change is 400 000 and that this will increase to 700 000 by 2030 if a drastic
change in our fossil energy economy is not implemented.
Average number of people killed/year due to
electricity generation
Low estimates High estimates
Coal 2296 26814
Hydroelectric 320 512
Natural gas 126 672
Nuclear 52 312