Climate Change and Energy
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The document discusses climate change and the energy sector. It provides information on: 1) The greenhouse effect and how human activities are increasing greenhouse gas levels and global warming. 2) Key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their sources. Human activities like fossil fuel use are the main driver of rising CO2 levels. 3) Climate change is already affecting factors like temperature, sea levels, and glaciers. Impacts are projected for areas like agriculture, water resources, and human health. 4) International agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce emissions but countries have different commitments. The EU ETS is a carbon market program to lower emissions cost-effectively.
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Climate Change and Energy
- 1. Climate Change and Energy Updated PowerPoint show about climate change and energy sector
- 2. Research results of climate change
- 3. Global warming is due to strengthened greenhouse effect Greenhouse effect The Earth has a natural temperature control system. Certain atmospheric gases are critical to this system and are known as greenhouse gases. On average, about one third of the solar radiation that hits the earth is reflected back to space. The Earth's surface becomes warm and as a result emits infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases trap the infrared radiation, thus warming the atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases create a natural greenhouse effect. However, human activities are causing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere to increase. Source: National Geographic
- 4. Earth’s energy budget Source: Nasa, Atmospheric Science Data Center
- 6. Different greenhouse gases have different meaning to global warming Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
- 8. Sources of EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions Industry Industry
- 9. The global atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has increased
- 10. Atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases correlates with temperature
- 11. According to researches earth’s mean temperature has risen in the 20th and the 21st century Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
- 12. According to measurements the temperature is rising
- 13. Different reconstructions of mean temperature have been published by researchers
- 14. Sea level is rising
- 15. Change in volume of glaciers Cumulative Change in Volume of Arctic Glaciers since 1960
- 16. The average temperature is rising but our choices make a difference Multi-model averages and assessed ranges for surface warming Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
- 17. Effects of climate change Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
- 24. Energy production and consumption
- 25. Total energy consumption has increased substantially in Finland *Tähän diaan on liitettynä muistiinpanoja
- 26. Electricity consumption has increased even more than energy consumption
- 27. Final energy consumption by sectors in Finland 2006
- 28. Electricity consumption by sector in Finland 2007 (90,3 TWh)
- 29. Electricity supply by energy sources in Finland 2007 (90,3 TWh)
- 30. Net supplies of electricity in Finland 2007 (90,3 TWh)
- 31. Market share of space heating in Finland 2006
- 32. Fuel consumption in production of district heat and CHP in Finland 2007
- 33. Fuel consumption in production of district heat and CHP in Finland 1976-2007
- 34. Fuel shares of district heating and CHP in different areas of Finland year 2007
- 35. Electricity supply in the Nordic countries 2006
- 36. Electricity consumption in the Nordic countries 2006
- 37. Total gross electricity generation in Europe 2006
- 38. Gross electricity generation by Fuel – EU-27 2005 Source: Eurostat , European Commission * Pumped Storage Plants and Other Power Stations
- 39. Final energy consumption in Europe 2006
- 40. Final energy consumption by fuel - EU27 2005
- 41. Final energy intensity in Europe 2006 per capita
- 42. Final energy consumption by sector – EU-27 2005
- 43. Electricity consumption by sector EU-27 2005
- 44. Global total primary energy supply is increasing
- 45. Regional shares of world’s total primary energy supply 2005
- 46. Use of all fuels has increased globally
- 47. Fuel shares of world’s total primary energy supply
- 48. Increasing of electricity generation has been even faster than world’s total primary energy supply
- 49. Fuel shares of electricity generation 2005
- 50. Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of world’s electricity generation by regions (TWh)
- 51. World’s electricity generation by regions in 2005
- 53. Renewable Energy
- 55. Renewable energy covered more than a fourth of the electricity supply in Finland 2007
- 56. Renewable energy covered almost a fourth of the energy consumption in Finland 2007
- 57. The share of renewable energy sources in primary energy consumption increased slowly in the EU-27
- 58. Renewable energy sources in the EU countries 2005
- 61. EU-27 green house gas emissions in 2005
- 62. Carbon dioxide intensity in power generation in some European countries in 2003
- 63. Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU 1990-2005
- 64. Finnish greenhouse gas emissions 1990–2006 and the emissions target
- 65. Greenhouse gas emissions by source in Finland in 2006
- 66. Sources of EU-27 greenhouse gas emissions
- 67. Estimated green house gas emissions in Finland 2010 and 2025
- 68. Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of world’s CO2 emissions by fuel *** Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. Source: IEA
- 69. World’s CO 2 emissions by fuel shares in 2005 Source: IEA
- 70. Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of world’s CO2 emissions by region *** Asia excludes China. Source: IEA
- 71. World’s regional shares of CO 2 emission in 2005 *** Asia excludes China. Source: IEA
- 72. CO 2 emissions avoided by utilization of Combined Heat and Power production
- 73. CO 2 emissions avoided by renewable and nuclear power 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MtCO 2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Source: Finnish Energy Industries Actual Emissions Nuclear Power Hydro Power Bioenergy Wind Power
- 74. Climate treaties and –policy
- 84. Emission trading affects fuel prices and competitiveness
- 86. Emission trading and Kyoton mechanisms ” Additional” emission allowances through Kyoto mechanisms by the state (JI, CDM, Global ETS) Installations in EU ETS ca. 55 % of emissions CO2 emissions from other sectors and other GHG ca. 45 % of emissions Additional emission allowances through EU ETS Additional emission allowances through Kyoto mechanisms Finland’s emission ceiling 2008-2012 (ca. 71 MtCO2-ekv/a without Kyoto mechanisms and EU ETS)
- 87. Climate Policy - Responsibilities 2008-2012
- 92. Future Prospects
- 93. Growth scenario of global energy use
- 94. Electricity supply by energy sources scenario in Finland
- 95. Development of power consumption
- 96. Target of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is stabilize greenhouse gas emissions to safety level 5 10 15 20 25 Source: UK DEFRA CO 2 -emissions (GtC) Basic Scenario Developed countries Undeveloped countries 550 ppm stabilization 0 30 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 450 ppm stabilization
- 97. Scenarios compared to actual emissions
- 105. CCS – Carbon Capture and Storage
Editor's Notes
- Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
- Kenoviiva puuttuu (myös alkuperäisestä)
- The reconstructions used, in order from oldest to most recent publication are: ( dark blue 1000-1991): P.D. Jones, K.R. Briffa, T.P. Barnett, and S.F.B. Tett (1998). High-resolution Palaeoclimatic Records for the last Millennium: Interpretation, Integration and Comparison with General Circulation Model Control-run Temperatures, The Holocene , 8: 455-471. ( blue 1000-1980): M.E. Mann, R.S. Bradley, and M.K. Hughes (1999). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations, Geophysical Research Letters , 26(6): 759-762. ( light blue 1000-1965): Crowley and Lowery (2000). Northern Hemisphere Temperature Reconstruction, Ambio , 29: 51-54. Modified as published in Crowley (2000). Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years, Science , 289: 270-277. ( lightest blue 1402-1960): K.R. Briffa, T.J. Osborn, F.H. Schweingruber, I.C. Harris, P.D. Jones, S.G. Shiyatov, S.G. and E.A. Vaganov (2001). Low-frequency temperature variations from a northern tree-ring density network, J. Geophys. Res. , 106: 2929-2941. ( light green 831-1992): J. Esper, E.R. Cook, and F.H. Schweingruber (2002). Low-Frequency Signals in Long Tree-Ring Chronologies for Reconstructing Past Temperature Variability, Science , 295(5563): 2250-2253. ( yellow 200-1980): M.E. Mann and P.D. Jones (2003). Global Surface Temperatures over the Past Two Millennia, Geophysical Research Letters , 30(15): 1820. DOI : 10.1029/2003GL017814 . ( orange 200-1995): P.D. Jones and M.E. Mann (2004). Climate Over Past Millennia, Reviews of Geophysics , 42: RG2002. DOI : 10.1029/2003RG000143 ( red-orange 1500-1980): S. Huang (2004). Merging Information from Different Resources for New Insights into Climate Change in the Past and Future, Geophys. Res Lett. , 31: L13205. DOI : 10.1029/2004GL019781 ( red 1-1979): A. Moberg, D.M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N.M. Datsenko and W. Karlén (2005). Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, Nature , 443: 613-617. DOI : 10.1038/nature03265 ( dark red 1600-1990): J.H. Oerlemans (2005). Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records, Science , 308: 675-677. DOI : 10.1126/science.1107046 (black 1856-2004): Instrumental data was jointly compiled by the w:Climatic Research Unit and the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre . Global Annual Average data set TaveGL2v [2] was used. Documentation for the most recent update of the CRU/Hadley instrumental data set appears in: P.D. Jones and A. Moberg (2003). Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001, Journal of Climate , 16: 206-223.
- Annual averages of the global mean sea level (mm). The red curve shows reconstructed sea level fi elds since 1870 (updated from Church and White, 2006); the blue curve shows coastal tide gauge measurements since 1950 (from Holgate and Woodworth, 2004) and the black curve is based on satellite altimetry (Leuliette et al., 2004). The red and blue curves are deviations from their averages for 1961 to 1990, and the black curve is the deviation from the average of the red curve for the period 1993 to 2001. Error bars show 90% confi dence intervals.
- For the Arctic as a whole, there was a substantial loss in glacial volume from 1961 to 1998. Glaciers in the North American Arctic lost the most mass (about 450 km3), with increased loss since the late 1980s. Glaciers in the Russian Arctic have also had large losses (about 100 km3). Glaciers in the European Arctic show an increase in volume because increased precipitation in Scandinavia and Iceland added more to glacial mass than melting removed over that period.
- Solid lines are multi-model global averages of surface warming (relative to 1980-99) for the scenarios A2, A1B and B1, shown as continuations of the 20th century simulations. Shading denotes the plus/minus one standard deviation range of individual model annual averages. The orange line is for the experiment where concentrations were held constant at year 2000 values. The gray bars at right indicate the best estimate (solid line within each bar) and the likely range assessed for the six SRES marker scenarios. The assessment of the best estimate and likely ranges in the gray bars includes the AOGCMs in the left part of the figure, as well as results from a hierarchy of independent models and observational constraints.
- Energian kulutus on kasvanut tasaisesti vuosi vuodelta. Keskeisimmät syyt kulutuksen voimakkaaseen laskuun vuonna 2005 olivat erittäin leuto talvi, metsäteollisuuden tuotannon lasku työselkkauksen vuoksi sekä tavanomaista huonompi suhdannetilanne terästeollisuudessa. Vuonna 2006 energiankulutus oli noin 35 Mtoe eli noin 1500 PJ.
- Source: District Heating in Finland 2007
- Source: District Heating in Finland 2007
- Source: District Heating in Finland 2007
- Source: Eurostat
- Households, trades, services, etc. Transport Industry Source: Eurostat
- Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of World Total Primary Energy Supply* by Region (Mtoe)
- by Region (Mtoe) Regional Shares of Total Primary Energy Supply
- Fuel Shares of Electricity Generation*
- Evolution from 1971 to 2005 of World Electricity Generation* by Region (TWh)
- **Asia excludes China. 2005 Regional Shares of Electricity Generation*
- Pylväiden leveydet vastaavat ilmoitettuja vuosikulutuksia vuonna 2002, pinta-alat varojen suuruuksia ja korkeudet riittävyyksiä vuosissa nykykulutuksella. Vaikeasti ja erittäin vaikeasti hyödynnettävät öljyvarat ovat epäkonventionaalisia varoja. Uraanivarat koskevat käyttöä nykyisen tyyppisissä reaktoreissa. Hyötöreaktoreissa riittävyys on kymmeniätuhansia vuosia.
- Source: Finnish Energy Industries, Energy Year 2007
- Source: Statistics Finland
- Source: EEA, Eurostat.
- Source: Finnish Energy Industries
- Source: Wikipedia
- Source: Wikipedia
- Source: IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage