Nuclear power plant lecture slides, brief detail of its working principle and its advantages and disadvantages. history and its efficiency are also explaind.

1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

2. Current World Demand for Electricity

3. Future Demand
Projected changes in world electricity generation by fuel, 1995 to 2020

4. Past Demand by Country

5. U.S. Nuclear Production Costs

6. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0 Nuclear 1.68
Coal 1.92
Gas 5.87
Oil 5.39
U.S. Electricity Production Costs
(in constant 2004 cents/kWh )

7. Basics of a Power Plant
The basic premises for the majority of power
plants is to:
• 1) Create heat
• 2) Boil Water
• 3) Use steam to turn a turbine
• 4) Use turbine to turn generator
• 5) Produce Electricity
Some other power producing technologies work
differently (e.g., solar, wind, hydroelectric, …)

8. Nuclear Power Plants use the Rankine Cycle

9. Boil Water
• The next process it to
create steam.
• The steam is necessary to
turn the turbine.
Westinghouse Steam Generator

10. Turbine
• Steam turns the turbine.

11. Generator
• As the generator is
turned, it creates
electricity.

12. Heat From Fission

13. Fission Chain Reaction

14. Nuclear Power Station
-A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in
which the heat source comes from one or more nuclear
reactors.
-As in a conventional power station the heat is used to
generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected
to a generator which produces electricity.
-Nuclear plants are generally considered charging base
stations, which are better suited to constant power
output.

15. Nuclear Energy
-is the use of exothermic nuclear processes to
generate useful heat and electricity.
-is one of the cleanest fuel sources, accounting
for 70 percent of all emission-free electricity
generated and emitting no carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide or nitrogen oxide.

16. History of Nuclear Power
Overview of Nuclear Energy
• Nuclear energy comes from mass-to-energy conversions that occur in the splitting of
atoms or joining atoms. The small amount of mass that is lost in either of these events
follows Einstein’s famous formula E = MC2, where M is the small amount of mass and C
is the speed of light. In the 1930s and ’40s, humans discovered this energy and
recognized its potential as a weapon. Technology developed in the Manhattan Project
successfully used this energy in a chain reaction to create nuclear bombs. Soon after
World War II ended, the newfound energy source found a home in the propulsion of
the nuclear navy, providing submarines with engines that could run for over a year
without refueling. This technology was quickly transferred to the public sector, where
commercial power plants were developed and deployed.
Nuclear Energy Today
• Nuclear reactors produce about 20% of the electricity in the USA. There are over 400
power reactors in the world (about 100 of these are in the USA). They produce base-
load electricity 24/7 without emitting any pollutants into the atmosphere (this includes
CO2). They do, however, create radioactive nuclear waste that must be stored
carefully.

17. History of Nuclear Power Plant
Origins
• Nuclear fission was first experimentally achieved by Enrico Fermi in
1934 when his team bombarded uranium with neutrons.
Early years
• On June 27, 1954, the USSR’s Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant became
the world’s first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a
power grid.
Development
• Installed nuclear capacity initially rose relatively quickly, rising from
less than 1 gigawatt (GW) in 1960 to 100 GW in the late 1970s and
300 GW in the late 1980s.

18. MAJOR EVENTS
1945 : “Nuclear energy emerged from scientific obscurity and military secrecy.”
1945-55 : “An enthusiastic vision developed of a future in which nuclear power would
provide a virtually unlimited solution for the world’s energy needs.”
1955-73 : The pros and cons of nuclear energy were debated; however, the optimists
prevailed and nuclear energy grew to become an important source of electricity.
1955-65 : Many reactors designed, built, and put into operation.
1965-73 : Most of the US reactors were ordered during this period.
1973-85 : Many US reactors canceled during this period.
1970-90 : Most US reactors licensed to operate during this period.
1990-present : The number of nuclear reactors operating in the US and in the world leveled
off, reaching a plateau. Few new reactors ordered and built.
Nuclear reactors started producing electricity in a significant way beginning about 1970 — just
before the first international oil crisis in 1973. Thus, many countries saw nuclear energy as a
means to reduce dependency on foreign oil. The US government saw nuclear energy as an
important key to “energy independence.”
However, the 1973
History of Nuclear Power Plant

19. It was the first civilian nuclear power station in the world. The plant is also known
as APS-1 Obninsk (Atomic Power Station 1 Obninsk). Construction started on
January 1, 1951, startup was on June 1, 1954, and the first grid connection was
made on June 26, 1954. For around 4 years, till opening of Siberian Nuclear
Power Station, Obninsk remained the only nuclear power reactor in the Soviet
Union; the power plant remained active until April 29, 2002 when it was finally shut
down.

20. The Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Shippingport, Pennsylvania
was the first commercial reactor in the USA and was opened in 1957..

21. The Promise of Nuclear Power
Small flows. To produce the thermal energy required
to produce 1000 megawatts of power for a year:
– Fission one ton of uranium
--Burn 3,000,000 tons of coal.
Abundant resources: uranium and thorium, relative
to coal.
Minimal increments on background radiation (if it
works properly)
Minimal CO2 emissions.
A route to fuels as well as power.

22. TECHNICAL HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS
Developments Prior to and During WW-2
• 1896: discovery of radioactivity.
• 1911: discovery of the nuclear atom.
• 1911: Rutherford noted the enormous amount of energy
associated with nuclear reactions compared to chemical
reactions.
• 1932: discovery of neutron.
• 1938: discovery of nuclear fission.
• 1939: researchers recognized that enough neutrons were
released during fission reactions to sustain a chain reaction (in
a pile of uranium and graphite). A chain reaction requires the
release of two neutrons (or more) for every neutron used to
cause the reaction.

23. • 1942 (Dec. 2): demonstration of the first operating
nuclear reactor (200 Watts).
• 1943 (Nov.): 1 mW reactor put into operation at Oak
Ridge, Tennessee.
• 1944 (Sept.): 200 mW reactor put into operation at
Hanford, Washington—for the production of
plutonium. This reactor was built in only 15 months.
• 1944 (Sept.): nuclear reactor for electricity
generation proposed, using water for both cooling
and neutron moderation. Essentially, this is the birth of
nuclear energy for civilian use.
TECHNICAL HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

24. DEVELOPMENTS AFTER WW-2
• 1946: AEC (Atomic Energy Commission) established to oversee both
military and civilian nuclear energy.
• 1953: Putman report/book, a thoughtful analysis of the case for nuclear
energy for electricity production.
• 1953: US Navy began tests of the PWR (pressurized water reactor).
• 1957: 60 mW reactor at Shippingport, PA began to generate electricity
for commercial use. The plant was built by the AEC, though Navy
leadership played a predominant role.
• 1953-60: exploratory period: 14 reactors built, of many different designs,
all but 3 under 100 mW size.
• 1960-65: only 5 reactors built.
• 1965-73: main period of ordering of nuclear reactors in the US. Size was
much larger than before, many reactors of 600 to 1200 mW size.
TECHNICAL HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

25. • 1974: “honeymoon” over-nuclear energy no longer highly valued
by the public.
• 1973-78: fall off in orders, with no US orders after 1978.
• 1974-85: cancellation of orders, over half of orders were
canceled, or construction never brought to completion. Most
reactors ordered prior to 1970 were built and brought on line.
Many reactors ordered after 1970 never came on line they were
canceled.
• 1970-90: most of US’s reactors brought on line for commercial
operation, indicating that most US reactors are 7 to 27 years old, or
have 13 to 33 years of operation left, assuming a 40 year operating
life.
• 1979: Three Mile Island accident. Reactor shut down.
TECHNICAL HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

26. • 1986: Chernobyl accident.
• Early 1990s: 7 nuclear reactors shut down, including 3 of early
design and 4 of marginal performance. These shutdowns do not
necessarily mean than a steady stream of reactors will be shut
down before their nominal life of 40 years is reached.
• 1990s: Shoreham (Long Island) reactor shut down for good by
public protest.
Capacity. Capacity factor (or capacity) = actual energy output
integrated over a set period of time divided by the energy that
would have occurred over the period of time if the reactor had
been operated at rated power.
Routine maintenance and variations in demand limit maximum
capacity to about 90%.
Long-term capacity over 80% is considered very good.
TECHNICAL HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS

27. SUMMARY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY CONCEPTS AND
TERMS
1. Heat energy source is fission of radioactive
material, (U-235)
2. Two typical plant designs:
Pressurized water reactor (PWR) (U.S.)
Boiling water reactor (BWR) (Russian)
3. Fuel pellets are in a large number of tubes (fuel
rods)
4. Water circulates through core
5. Water converted to steam drives turbine
6. Turbine turns generator → electricity

28. Classification by type of
Nuclear Reaction
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion

29. Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction

30. Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction
1. A uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron, and fissions into two new atoms
(fission fragments), releasing three new neutrons and some binding energy.
2. One of those neutrons is absorbed by an atom of uranium-238, and does
not continue the reaction. Another neutron is simply lost and does not
collide with anything, also not continuing the reaction. However one neutron
does collide with an atom of uranium-235, which then fissions and releases
two neutrons and some binding energy.
3. Both of those neutrons collide with uranium-235 atoms, each of which
fission and release between one and three neutrons, and so on.

31. Nuclear Fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either
a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an
atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei). The fission process often
produces free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and
releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of
radioactive decay.
or
It is a reaction when the nucleus of an atom, having captured a neutron,
splits into two or more nuclei, and in so doing, releases a significant amount
of energy as well as more neutrons. These neutrons then go on to split
more nuclei and a chain reaction takes place.

32. Nuclear Fusion

33. Nuclear Fusion
The world needs new, cleaner ways to supply our increasing energy
demand, as concerns grow over climate change and declining supplies of
fossil fuels. Power stations using fusion would have a number of
advantages:
• No carbon emissions. The only by-products of fusion reactions are small
amounts of helium, which is an inert gas that will not add to atmospheric
pollution.
• Abundant fuels. Deuterium can be extracted from water and tritium is
produced from lithium, which is found in the earth's crust. Fuel supplies will
therefore last for millions of years.
• Energy efficiency. One kilogram of fusion fuel can provide the same amount
of energy as 10 million kilograms of fossil fuel.
• No long-lived radioactive waste. Only plant components become radioactive
and these will be safe to recycle or dispose of conventionally within 100
years.
• Safety. The small amounts of fuel used in fusion devices (about the weight
of a postage stamp at any one time) means that a large-scale nuclear
accident is not possible.
• Reliable power. Fusion power plants should provide a baseload supply of
large amounts of electricity, at costs that are estimated to be broadly similar
to other energy sources.

34. Nuclear Fusion
Fusion offers important advantages: no carbon emissions, no air
pollution, unlimited fuel, and is intrinsically safe. While fusion
technology is not at the deployment stage, the potential is
substantial. The fusion reaction is about four million times more
energetic than a chemical reaction such as the burning of coal,
oil or gas.
Fusion is a process where nuclei collide and join together to form
a heavier atom, usually deuterium and tritium. When this
happens a considerable amount of energy gets released at
extremely high temperatures: nearly 150 million degrees Celsius.
At extreme temperatures, electrons are separated from nuclei
and a gas becomes a plasma—a hot, electrically charged gas.

35. Session 17-21 Attendance31-05-2021
• 03,06,10,08,01,09,02,04
• 13,18,19,15
• 26,30,23,22,25,28,29,27
• 32,36,31,40
• 49,47,42,49,45,44,48,50
• 55,51,53
• 1603