The document outlines an exploration of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, discussing the greenhouse effect and its relation to global warming as well as the environmental impacts of fossil fuels. It identifies examples of both energy types, such as coal and oil for non-renewables, and wind and solar for renewables, while also highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it emphasizes the growing importance of renewable energy to reduce climate change and reliance on fossil fuels.

2. Group activity
 Solutions for:
 Global warming
 CO2 emission
 Fossil fuels

4. Aim: to explore different sources of energy –
renewable and non-renewable energy
Objectives:
 Explain what are renewable and non-renewable
energies
 Describe what it is the greenhouse effect and the main
factors responsible for it
 Identify alternatives to the use of fossil fuels
 Give examples of renewable sources of energy and
their utilisation
 Identify advantages and disadvantages of using
renewable energy and non-renewable energy

5. Non-renewable and renewable resources
What do you think non-
renewable resources are?
And
Renewable Resources?

6. Renewable Non-renewable
Non-renewable energy
Renewable energy resources can
resources is a natural resource
be replaced or regenerated and will
that cannot be re-made or re-
never run out
grown at a scale comparable to
its consumption.
Examples: wind and solar. Examples: coal , oil and
natural gas.

7. What are fossil fuels?
Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil
fuels. They are carbon-based
materials that formed over
millions of years from the remains
of ancient plants and animals.
Fossil fuels are so useful because
they contain stored chemical
energy, which is converted into
large amounts of useful heat
energy when the fuels are burned

8. Coal
 Mainly made of carbon, but also contains
sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
 Created by the accumulation of plant matter over
thousands of years

9. Coal
 Coal provides around 24% of our energy
 World’s most abundant fossil fuel
 Air Pollution
 Multiple pollutants released
 Sulfur Dioxide – creates acid rain (sulfuric acid)
 Nitrogen Oxides – creates acid rain (nitric acid)
 Heavy CO2 emissions

10. Oil
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Petroleum.JPG
Hydrocarbon
• Oil and gas are made of a mixture of
different hydrocarbons.
• As the name suggests these are large
molecules made up of hydrogen atoms
Crude Oil attached to a backbone of carbon.

11. Origin: Ancient Earth
© Ron Blakey, Arizona Flagstaff
• During mid-Mesozoic times
around 150 million years ago,
conditions were just right!
Ancient Earth
The world’s main oil deposits all formed in warm shallow seas
where plankton bloomed but bottom waters were deoxygenated

12. Exploration and Production : The Situation
Today
USGS
Global oil and gas occurrences are now well understood (provinces
shown in green).

13. Natural Gas
World’s third largest commercial fuel
 23% of global energy consuption
 Produces half as much CO2 as equivalent
amount of coal
 Most rapidly growing energy source
 Often extractd from the same wells as petroleum

14. Refining crude oil.
Components of
petroleum are removed
at various
levels, depending on
their boiling points,
in a giant distillation
column. The most
volatile components with
the lowest boiling points
are removed at the top
of the column.

15. How do fossel fuels produce electricity?

16. Worldwide commercial Energy

17. Current Energy Sources
 Fossil Fuels currently provide about 85% of all
commercial energy in the world.
 Other renewable sources (wind, solar, hydroelectric)
make up 9% of commercially power
 Nuclear power make up 6% of commercial power.

18. Per Capita Consumption
 Richest 20 countries consume nearly 80% of natural
gas, 65% of oil, and 50% of coal production annually.
 On average in richest countries, each person uses more
than 200Gj of energy annually.
 In poorest countries of the world, each person generally
consumes less than one Gj annually.

19. Per capita energy use

20. What waste do fossil fuels produce?
Burning fossil fuels creates waste
products that can act as pollutants and
have harmful environmental effects.
• Carbon dioxide – This greenhouse gas is
the main waste product of burning fossil
fuels. Increased levels of carbon dioxide due
to human activities are thought to be
connected with global warming.
• Methane: emitted during the production of
coal, natural gas and oil (greenhouse gas).
• Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides – These gaseous pollutants
contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain.

21. Greenhouse Gases
The greenhouse effect is
causing the Earth to warm up.
This is causing climate
change and melting of
the polar ice caps, this
It is due to increasing could lead to flooding.
amounts of greenhouse
gases, such as carbon Burning fuels is a
dioxide, water vapour and major cause of this
methane. increase.

23. How Does the Greenhouse Effect Happen

24. How Does the Greenhouse Effect Happen
Greenhouse gases absorb infra-red
radiation, but not visible or ultraviolet
radiation from the sun.
They let the sun’s radiation in, but
stop some of the earth’s infra-red
radiation out.
Video

25. Acid Rain
Power stations burning coal
produce large amounts of
sulphur oxides. Scrubbers are used to
reduce the sulphur
These emissions can dioxide emissions, but
cause problems for they cannot remove
asthma suffers. them all.
They cause acid rain, this makes
lakes and rivers acidic, which kills
the fish. It also damages trees
and buildings.
Video

26. Advantages and Disadvantages
Fossil Fuels
Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy;
Relatively inexpensive; High net energy yield; efficient
distribution system
Pollution by producing CO2, methane and sulphur dioxide.
Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Destroys large
areas of the landscape.

27. Renewable Energies
• These are resources found in nature that are self-
regenerating:
• Sunlight
• Wind
• Geothermal heat
• Biomass
• Wave
• Tides
• These resources are normally used to produce clean (or
green) energy. This production does not lead to climate
change and involve emission of pollutants

28. Reducing Global Warming
Replace fossil fuels with other sources of energy.
Wind power Solar power Hydroelectric

29. Geothermal
Bio fuels

30. Complete the table to
show the advantages
and disadvantages of
each of these power
sources.
Wave power
Nuclear power

31. Why are renewable energy growing in
importance and popularity?
 To avert irreversible climate damage
 Increasing oil prices
 Unrealiability of non-renewable resurces (e.g. the
depletion of oil wells)

32. Solar Power
 Solar water heating: heat from
the Sun is used to heat water in
glass panels on your roof.
 Water is pumped through pipes
in the panel. The pipes are
painted black, so they get hotter
when the Sun shines on them.
The water is pumped in at the
bottom so that convection helps
the flow of hot water out of the
top

33. Solar Power
 Photovoltaics (PV): the
application of solar cells to
convert sunlight directly into
electricity
 Solar Furnaces: use a huge
array of mirrors to
concentrate the Sun’s energy
into a small space and
produce very high
temperatures

34. Advantages and Disadvantages
Solar energy
Pollution free with no waste products. It can be
used where there is no easy way to get electricity
to a remote place.
Doesn’t work at night. High initial cost, very large
arrays needed for large scale production. It can be
unreliable.

35. Wind Power
• The energy of wind is harnessed with wind
turbines. They are usually grouped in
wind farms.
• The wind blows the propeller round, which
turns a generator to produce electricity
• The best place for wind farms are coastal
areas, at the tops of rounded hills and open
plains
• To be worthwile you need na average speed
of 25km/h http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/w
7153.stm

36. Advantages and Disadvantages
Wind power
Renewable, pollution and waste free. A good method of
supplying energy to remote areas
High initial cost for large scale generation, not reliable in
calm weather. Not predictable – some days have no wind.
Large wind farms have environmental impact, both visual
and noise. Can kill birds.

37. Tidal Power
• It converts the energy of tides into electricity
• Tidal energy is captured with tidal stream systems which
use the kinetic energy of moving water to drive turbines.

38. Advantages and Disadvantages
Tidal Power
Pollution and waste free. Once built it is free. It produces
electricity reliably. Not expensive to maintain
Few suitable sites for tidal barrages. It only provides power
for around 10 hours each day. A barrage is very expensive
to build and affects a very wide area. Many birds rely on the
tide uncovering the mud flats to feed.

39. Hydroelectric Power
 Energy from falling water
 It is generated in dams which cuts across the river
 Water flows through the tunnels of the dam, to turn
turbines and thus drive generators.
 It provides 20% of the world’s electricity

40. Advantages and Disadvantages
Hydroelectric
Renewable, quite predictable and reliable, pollution
and waste free. Can be used on a large scale. Water
can be stored ready to cope with picks in demand.
Costly to install, hard to find a suitable site (impact on
residents and the environment)
Environmental impact: It will flood a vary large area
upstream causing problems for the animals that used
to live there; water quality and quantity downstream
can be affected

41. Wave Power
With wind turbines, the air
fluctuations casued by the moving
water can also be used to produce
power.
• The waves arriving cause the water in
the chamber to rise and fall and air is
forced in and out of the hole in the
top of the chamber.
• A turbine is placed in the
hole, which is turned by the air in
and out.
• The turbine turns a generator

42. Advantages and Disadvantages
Waste free. Not expensive to operate and maintain. Can
produce a great deal of energy.
Needs a suitable site. Depends on the waves. Some designs
are noisy. Must be able to withstand very rough weather.

43. Pumped Storage
• Water is pumped up to the top
reservoir at night when demand
for power across the country is
low.
• When there is a sudden demand
for power, the “headgates” are
opened, and water rushes down
the tunnels to drive the turbine
, which drive the powerful
generators.
• The water then collects in the
bottom reservoir, ready to be
pumped back up later

44. Advantages and Disadvantages
Pumped storage reservoir
Little effect on the landscape. No pollution or waste.
Without some means of storing energy for quick
release, we’d be in trouble
Expensive to built. Once used, you can’t use it again until
you’ve pumped the water back up.

45. Geothermal Power
This type of energy is obtained by tapping
the heat of the earth, which is mostly in
the form of hot water and steam. Various
technologies are used to get to the heat
under earth’s surface at different depths

46. Geothermal Power
• Hot rocks underground heat water to
produce steam
• Holes are drilled, steam comes up, is
purified and used to drive
turbines, which drive electric
generators.
• It might be needed to drill more holes
and pump water down to them

47. Advantages and Disadvantages
Geothermal
Pollution free. Power stations do not take much room. Once
geothermal station built energy almost free.
Not widely available (few places where Power stations can
be built), expensive to set up, technological problems.
Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from
underground.

48. Biomass
 Biomass consists of living or recently dead organisms or
other biological material i.e. carbon. Biomass is used to
produce biofuel. The most commun material for biofuels
are photosynthetic plants such as sugar cane.
 For a biomass power station making electrecity, it is pretty
much like a fossil fuel power station:
Burn fuel Heat water Steam turns Turbines turn Electrical
to make steam turbines generators Power

49. Advantages and Disadvantages
Biomass
They help to reduce waste. Tend to be cheap. Less
demand on fossil fuels.
Not a large enough supply to replace fossil fuels at present
rates of use. It makes greenhouse effects like fossil fuels
do. Some waste material are not available all year round.

50. Biogas
 Biogas is produced by the biological breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
 The biodegradable materials in question can be
manure, sewage, green waste, household and industrial
waste.
 It produces a mixture of methane and hydrogen.
 They can be used to generate heat, electric or mechanical
energy, or fuel for vehicles.
Biodegradable Anaerobic digestiton Storage
Organic (fermentation) &
material by bacteria Distribution
Video

51. Advantages and Disadvantages
Biogas
The methane gas from the waste would otherwise end up
in the atmosphere. It tends to be cheap. Less demand on
fossil fuels.
The biogas is burnt so it makes greenhouse gases just like
fossil fuels.

52. Nuclear Power
• The reactor uses Uramiun rods as fuel and the
heat is generated by nuclear fission:
• Neutrons smash into the nucleus of the
uranium atoms, which split roughly in half
and release energy in the form of heat.
• Water is pumped through the reactor to take
the heat away, this then heats water to make
steam.
• The steam drives turbines which drive
generators

53. Advantages and Disadvantages
Nuclear
No carbon, nitrogen or sulphur oxides are produced so it
does not contribute for the greenhouse effect. Produces
huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel. It is
reliable
It is very dangerous. Radioactive waste products are
difficult to store and treat, safety systems to contain
radioactivity are very costly. Accidents can happen, public
resistance.
Video

54. Case Study: Chernobyl Disaster
 Ukraine (1986)
 Explosions and partial meltdown
 Huge radioactive release to atmosphere
 Estimated death toll: 9,000–212,000
 Radioactive fallout and long-term health effects

55. LEGACY OF CHERNOBYL
jburger.blogspot.com/
http://people.moreheadstate.edu/students/alsimp01/images/chernobyl.jpg