Nuclear power provides both benefits and risks. It can generate electricity and power while also posing dangers if misused. The document discusses the history of nuclear power development in several countries. It led to conflicts between nations developing nuclear weapons during the Cold War and other incidents like the Iran-Iraq war. Both advantages like clean energy production and disadvantages like radioactive waste are examined.

1. NUCLEAR POWER
AND
IT’S CONFLICTS

2. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
BS MASS COMMUNICATION
3rd Semester
2016 – 2020
PRESENTED BY :
SOBIA TARIQ (522)
KAINAT CHUDARY (523)
HAJRA (524)
MAHROOSH MAZHAR (546)
RABIA ABID (550)
PRESENTED TO :
MA’AM UMM E HANI

3. CONTENT : Introduction
Fission, Fusion, Uranium, E=mc^2
 Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Reactors, Types of Nuclear power plants, Nuclear weapons it’s types, countries
 Timeline
 Merits & Demerits Of Nuclear Power
 Countries
America And Russia pioneers
Yugoslavia Ten Days War
Iran Iraq
North Korea
China
Indo Pak
 Conclusion

4. Introduction to Nuclear Power
 Ernest Rutherford was the father of Nuclear
Science.
 Nuclear power was discovered over 100 years
ago . World’s largest source of emitting
energy.
 Everything related to nuclear power has not
been a positive invention.
 Right now it is developing for the benefits of
man kind.
 Used to generate heat and electricity.
 Used in 31 countries all over the world.
 Atom :
The smallest invisible power in the air,
produces electricity in nuclear power.

5. Two Ways To Obtain Nuclear Energy
 Nuclear Fission:
“The process of splitting of a heavy, unstable nucleus into two lighter
nuclei.”
 Nuclear Fusion :
“ The process where two light nuclei combine together releasing vast
amount of energy.”

6. Chain Reaction:
The self-sustaining fission reaction spread by neutrons which occurs in
nuclear reactors and bombs.
Uranium:
 A fairly common element in the Earth’s crust.
 Symbol is U.
 Atomic number is 92.
 A uranium atom has 92 electrons and 92 protons.
 One of the hardest naturally occurring elements.
 It is used in making bombs.
 Found in rocks.

7. Einstein theory :
 Albert Einstein famous formula :
E = mc 2
 This formula describes equivalence of mass and energy.

8. Nuclear Power Plant :
“A nuclear power plant is a facility that converts atomic energy into usable power. In a nuclear power
plant, heat produced by a reactor.”
 Nuclear Reactor:
“ It is a device that are designed to maintain a chain reaction
producing a steadily flow of neutrons generated by the fission of heavy nuclei”.
 Types of Nuclear Power Plants:
1. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR).
2. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR).
 Nuclear Weapons:
“ A bomb or missile that uses nuclear energy
to cause an explosion.”

9. Types of nuclear weapons:
1. Fission weapons (Atomic bomb).
2. Fusion weapons (Hydrogen Bombs).
 Nuclear Weapon Countries:
1. The United States
2. Russia
3. United Kingdom
4. France
5. China
6. India
7. Pakistan
8. Israel
9. North Korea

10. Timeline:
40’s
 July 16,1945: U.S Army’s Manhattan Engineer District (MED) test the first atomic bomb at
Alamogordo, New Mexico.
 August 6, 1945: A bomb nicked name as “Little Boy” dropped in Hiroshima, Japan .After three
days another bomb nicked named as “Fat Man” dropped in Nagasaki, Japan.
 August 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Act of 1946 creates Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to
control nuclear energy development and explore peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

11. 50’s
 December 20, 1951: First electric power bulb for lightening fair bulb was produced by
Experimental Breeders Reactor I at Arco.
 October 1, 1957: UN Creates the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in
Vienna, Australia, to promote peaceful use of nuclear energy and spread nuclear weapon
worldwide.
 May 22, 1951: Construction begins on the world’s first nuclear-powered merchant
ship, the N.S Savannah in Camden, New Jersey.
60’s
 Early 60’s: Small nuclear power generators are first use in remote areas to power weather stations
and to light buoys for sea navigation.

12.  April 3, 1965: First nuclear reactor in space (SNAP-10A) is launched by U.S.
 SNAP stands for “System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power”.
70’s
 1971: 22 commercial nuclear power plants are in fuel operation in the U.S . This produced 24% of
electricity of US at this time.
 1974: The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 divides AEC functions between the two agencies. The
Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), to carry out Research and Development, and
Nuclear Regulatory commission (NRC), to regulate Nuclear Power.
 1979: The worst accident in US commercial reactor history occurs at three Mile Island nuclear power
station, near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The occur due to a combination of mechanical malfunction and
human error. No one is injured and no over exposure to radiation result from the accident.

14. 80’s
 1983: Nuclear power generates more electricity than natural gas.
 1987: The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) was announced. Congress directs (DOE) to study
only the potential of the Yucca Mountain Nevada Site for disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
90’s
 1990: American 110 nuclear power plants set a record for the amount of electricity generated,
surpassing all fuel sources combined in 1956.
 1991: 111 nuclear power plants operate in the US with a combined capacity of 99,673 megawatts.
 1992: 110 nuclear power plants accounts for nearly 22% of all electricity used in U.S .

15. Merits And Demerits Of Nuclear Energy:
Merits
 Cheaper to run once built
 Conservers fossil fuels
 No Sulphur dioxide emission
 No carbon dioxide emission
 Safe under normal conditions
 Small amount of fuel used, so less transport
needed
Demerits
 Expensive to built
 Non-renewable
 Produces radioactive waste
 Expensive to decommission
 Links with cancer
 Risk to disaster

16. Countries:
America Russia Pioneers :
Cold War:
 Cold war began to form after World War II.
 The world split into two large organizations NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
and the Warsaw pact.
 Many people believed that time that a nuclear war would start.
 The main tension were between the Soviet Union (Russia) and the United States.
 Both sides and their allies were building their weapons but did not use them.
 It was a fight between political system for power.

17. Current situation:
 A nuclear energy experts says that US government and companies have stagnated on innovation
and leadership.
 China, Russia and other countries meanwhile, have taken the lead on developing next generation
nuclear technologies.
 To regain it’s lead, the US will have to address unfounded fears of nuclear power.
 The US government also need to invest in nuclear startups like it has with the spaceflight industry.
 Russia is building up nuclear power plant in it’s own territory.
 On Thursday, President elect Donald Trump tweeted that, the US must greatly strengthen and
expand it’s nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to it’s senses regarding nukes.
 At the presidential debates Trump said, Russia has been expanding their nuclear weapons, adding
their, they have a much newer capabilities we do.

18.  US has a fear that Russia surpassed in nuclear ferocity that is not completely unfounded.
Yugoslavia Ten Days War:
 Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe during most of the 20th century. It came to
existence after World War I in 1918.
 It is the only republic which had an nuclear power plant become the first element of the collapse .
 The Ten Days War is about the power plant which is located almost the boarder of Slovenia and
Croatia and at this time, it was jointly owned.
 In June 1991, Slovenia declared independence and a Ten Days War followed.
 70 people killed during this conflict.
 The station remained in operation and there is no information on the impact of the conflict of the
plant safety or equipment, although it was clearly a stressful experience for the plant personnel.
Iran:
 The belligerent nature of Iran's politics has made the construction of the first Middle East nuclear
power plant at Bushehr a subject of much analysis and action

19.  In 1978 Western sanctions forced the contractor, Germany's Kraftwerk Union
(KWU) to halt its construction of the plant. The first unit was about 75 per cent
complete. In 1980 the eight-year war with Iraq began.
 During this time the station was subject to several attacks by the Iraqi Air Force.
The absence of nuclear fuel restricted the potential for damage at the station.
However, despite the fact that the containment is constructed of very thick
reinforced concrete there is evidence that continued shelling of the site resulted in
two through-holes, each with a diameter of about half a meter in the containment
dome of the second unit.
 In August 2010, after Russian contractors completed the plant and before fuel was
loaded, an Iranian Air Force F-4 fighter on a training flight was shot down within
20 km of Bushehr by Iran's own air defense system, which was on alert due to the
planned physical start-up of the first unit on 21 August. The downed fighter
crashed in the desert and both pilots parachuted to safety.
 Bushehr successfully passed its commissioning tests, including International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ones, and was connected to the grid in 2011. Let
us hope that a peaceful future lies ahead for the plant.

20. Iraq:
 The history of Iraq’s nuclear programme is short but eventful.
 The first two nuclear reactors Tammuz 1 and Tammuz 2 were destroyed by
Israel in April 1978.
 A new reactor was built in France and delivered to Iraq. It was installed next to an
operating Soviet reactor (IRT-5000,2MW) in a newly built underground nuclear
centre near Bagdad.
 Israel intelligence believed the new reactor was designed to plutonium and that
military intervention before reactor was loaded with nuclear fuel was necessary.
 On 7 June, 1981, a group of Israel fighter jets struck the Iraqi reactor.
 Operation Opera, also known as Operation Babylon, damaged the reactor
complex beyond repair.

21. North Korea
 The chronology (timeline) of the North Korean nuclear program has its roots in
the 1950s and begins in earnest in 1989 with the end of the Cold War and the
collapse of Soviet Union. The chronology mainly addresses the conflict between
the United States and North Korea.
 1956: Soviet Union started to train North Korean scientist and engineers to give
them basic knowledge to start nuclear program.
 1958: U.S. deploys nuclear armed missiles and 280 mm atomic cannons to South
Korea.
 1974: A research reactor (yongbyon) reaches a power of 4 MW from 2 MW.
Between the late 1970s and early 1980s North Korea begins uranium mining
operations at various locations near Sunchan and Pyongson.
 1984-1986: North Korea completes construction on a 5 MW gas-cooled, graphite-
moderated nuclear reactor for plutonium production.
 December 1990: North Korea conducts 70-80 high explosives test at it is
Yangbyon facility.

22.  12 October 1994: The United States and North Korea signed the “Agreed
Framework”. North Korea agreed to freeze its plutonium production program in
exchange for fuel oil, economic cooperation, and the construction of two modern
light-water nuclear plants. Eventually, North Korea’s existing nuclear facilities
were to be dismantled, and the spent reactor fuel taken out of the country.
China:
 In 1951, China signed a secret agreement with Moscow through china provided
uranium ores in exchange for Soviet assistance in nuclear technology. China began
developing nuclear weapons in the state.
 China made remarkable progress in the 1960s in developing nuclear weapons.
 The first Chinese nuclear test was conducted it Lop Nur on October 16, 1964. Its
was a tower shot involving a fission device with a yield of 25 ktons. Uranium 235
was used as the nuclear fuel.
 In less than 32 months detonated its first hydrogen bomb on June 14, 1967.

23.  In 1961, China also signed, the comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
 China is a big country, we have higher energy demand then other countries, but also more
room for nuclear power, said Zheng Mingguang, President of Shanghai Nuclear Engineering
Research Design Institute (SNEDI).
Pakistan And India:
 The conflict between India and Pakistan has been a great source of tension since both nations
gained their independence from Britain in 1947. Since independence, the two south Asian
countries have been involved in wars, including many military stand offs.
 The wars of1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999 (kargil war) are the main events or conflicts of the
Indo-Pak history.
 Pakistan is one of the nine states to possess nuclear weapons, and the only Muslim majority
country to do so. Pakistan began development of nuclear weapons in January 1972 under
Prime Minister Zulqikar Ali Bhutto, who delegated the program to the chairman of Pakistan
Atomic Energy Commission(PEAC) Munir Ahmed Khan.

24.  Meanwhile India conducted nuclear tests creating an imbalance of power in Asia.
Pakistan’s nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of east Pakistan in
1971s Bangladesh liberation war.
 On 28 May 1998, a few week after India’s second nuclear test (operation shakti),
Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in chaghi district, Balochistan.
 This operation was named as Chagai-1. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at
Kharan desert under the code name Chagai-2.
Chagai-I:
 On 28 May 1998, Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices to reciprocate India in
nuclear arms base. Pakistani public like the Indian, reacted with the celebration and
heightened sense of nationalism for responding to India and becoming the first Muslim
nuclear power and day was called Youm-e-Takbeer.

25. Chagai-II:
 Two days later on 30 May Pakistan detonated 6th nuclear device completing its
owns series of underground tests with this being the last test of two nations have
carried out to date.
Conclusion:
In short, we can conclude that, nuclear power has advantages as well as
disadvantages. The main element of nuclear power is the Einstein’s formula E=𝑚𝑐2
but this energy is also used in making weapons. These weapon’s cause wars. Nuclear
power is helpful but at the same time it is harmful.