1) Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that contain cellulose in their cell walls and produce their own food through photosynthesis using chlorophyll. 2) There are four major groups of plants - bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms - which are separated based on their vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers. 3) Angiosperms are the most common and successful group, as they bear seeds within protective flowers and fruits, allowing for pollination and wide dispersal.

1. Plant
Kingdom

2. Basic Plant Characteristics
1) Multicellular
2) Eukaryotic
3) Cell walls contain cellulose
4) Autotrophic  make food
by photosynthesis using
chlorophyll

3. What Plants Need
to Survive…
• Sunlight
• Water
• Vitamins/Minerals
• Gas Exchange (O2 and CO2)
• A method of transport to move
water and other materials to
all parts of plant.

4. Evolutionary Trends and Plants…
• Ancestors of 1st plants were multicellular
green algae
• Plants have evolved specific adaptations
to help them survive in a variety of
different climates.
• There are 4 major groups of plants which
are separated by three distinct features:
1) vascular tissue
2) Seeds
3) flowers

5. 4 Major Groups of Plants
Green Algae Ancestor

6. Plant Review
• Four main groups of plants
1. Bryophytes (Moss)
NO
SEEDS 2. Seedless vascular plants
(Ferns)
3. Gymnosperms (Cone bearing
SEED plants)
PLANTS
• Form seeds in “cones.”
1. Angiosperms (Flowering plants)
• Form seeds inside of “flowers.”

7. Bryophytes
•Non-vascular plants
•Obtain/transfer water by osmosis
•No true roots, leaves, stems
•“Rhizoids”– anchor plant to ground
•Low-growing (only few inches high)
•Grow moist, shaded areas
•Rely on water for reproducing
(spores)
•Ex) Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

8. Seedless Vascular Plants
• 1st true land plants
• Contain “vascular
tissue”
• Reproduce spores
• Ex) Ferns, club
moss, horsetails

9. Structure: Seedless Vascular Plants
• 2 Types of vascular tissue:
-xylem – moves water from roots to all
parts of plants
-phloem – distributes nutrients and
carbohydrates (food) within plant
• Have roots, leaves, and stems
-roots – absorb water/nutrients
-stems – support plant and connect
leaves and roots
-leaves – site photosynthesis
• Ferns have strong roots called “rhizomes” and
very large leaves called “fronds.”

10. Seed Plants
•Seed plants do not require water for
reproduction.
•Seed plants can live in most
environments.
•Seed plants produce “pollen” which is
the male reproductive structure.
•Pollen is extremely small and light and
is easily carried by wind or small
animals.

11. Gymnosperms
•Reproduce with seeds instead of spores
•Do not require water for reproduction
•Seeds are “exposed” = naked seeds
•Seed produced inside cone-like structure
•Ex) “Conifers/Evergreens”–fir, spruce, ginko

12. Angiosperms
• Most common of all land plants.
• Seeds develop inside ovary within a
“flower”
• Flowers attract animals to support
pollination.
• After “fertilization” seed within flower
develops into “fruit.”
• Angiosperms = “enclosed seed”
• 2 groups angiosperms:
1) Monocots
2) Dicots

14. Life Spans Angiosperms
• Annuals- survive one season
• Biennials- take 2 years to complete
life cycle
• Perennials- live many years

15. Seeds
• Seeds are embryos encased in a
protective coating and surrounded
by a food supply.