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Non coding rna
RNA serves various essential functions in biology. There are two main types: coding RNA (mRNA) which is translated into proteins, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which has regulatory functions but is not translated. Major ncRNAs include tRNA, which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and rRNA, which along with proteins makes up the ribosome and catalyzes peptide bond formation. NcRNAs can regulate genes at the transcription or translation level. In eukaryotes, the majority of genomic transcripts are ncRNAs with diverse roles in splicing, translation, and gene expression control.
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Non coding rna
- 1. RNA,S • Are knownas Ribonucleic acids. • These are chains of a Ribo nucleotides. • Are the products of Central dogma of molecular under transcription. • The base of such nucleotides include Uracil instead of that thymine in DNA
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- 3. Why RNA,s areessentially required? • It is because, To proceed and maintenance of life / central dogma DNA needs proteins to replicate Proteins coded for by DNA RNA can be code and machinery Structural component Regulatory and catalytic functions
- 4. Non Coding RNA,S •Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a RNA molecule that functions without being translated into a protein • Most prominent examples: Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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- 6. Non Coding RNA,S •In higher eukaryotes, 98% are never translated into proteins • Of those 98%, about 50-70% are introns • Others originate from non-protein genes, including rRNA, tRNA and a vast number of other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) • Even introns have been shown to contain ncRNAs, for example snoRNAs • It is thought that there might be order of 10,000 different ncRNAs in mammalian genome
- 7. Types and Functionsof RNAs • CODING = messenger RNA (mRNA) • translated into a protein • NON-CODING (ncRNA) = not translated into a protein • lot of different functions : splicing, translation, gene • regulation ... • rRNA Ribosomal RNA • tRNA Transfer RNA • snoRNA nucleosome, rRNA-editing • miRNA Control of gene expression on the translation • level
- 9. Ribosomal RNA • Firstdiscovered in the 1930s as part of the microsome by Albert Claude • Characterized as a ribosomal component in the 1950s by George Palade
- 10. RRNA Known as ribosomalRNA The characteristics include, • Stable RNA • Constitute 80% of RNA in cell. • Synthesize in Nucleolus. • Found in Ribosomes
- 11. RRNA synthesize in •Form in nucleolus from specified rDNA • Bases are slightly modified • Usually 4 types of rRNA found in eukaryotes • rRNA plus ribosomal proteins form ribosomes • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own rRNA genes
- 12. functions • Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes. • Involves ,catalyze & assembly of amino acids into protein chains. • They also bind tRNAs and various accessory molecules necessary for protein synthesis. • Being part of ribosomes component of evolutionary characteristics.
- 13. tRNA • Transfer RNA •tRNAs function as carriers of amino acids and participate in protein synthesis. • Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as the nucleic acid decoding device that reads the triplet genetic code of messenger RNA • (Holley received the Nobel Prize on describing structure of tRNA
- 14. tRNA The genetic codeis read during translation via adapter molecules, tRNAs, that have 3-base anticodons complementary to codons in mRNA. "Wobble" during reading of the mRNA allows some tRNAs to read multiple codons that differ only in the 3rd base. There are 61 codons specifying 20 amino acids. Minimally 31 tRNAs are required for translation, not counting the tRNA that codes for chain initiation. Mammalian cells produce more than 150 tRNAs.
- 16. functions • Associate withcodon insertion • Generally it has tertiary structure • Consist of loops and and anticodon loops with a wobble positions which favours • Translation • Recognition of codons • Transport of amino acids
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- 18. The two mainclasses of ncRNAs 1. Housekeeping ncRNAs, which are constitutively expressed and required for normal function and viability of cell eg TRNAs. RRNAs 2. Regulatory ncRNAs are expressed only in certain stages of organism development or as a response to external stimuli. • Regulatory ncRNAs can affect the expression of other genes at the level of transcription or translation
- 19. Other nc RNAs •MicroRNA • new discovery,short noncodimg DNA • Gene regulation on the translation level • Short sequences (~22bp) • Hairpin structure (processed) • How is miRNA processed (Ghosh et al. 2007) • Binding to mRNA • Binding sites on 5' and 3' UTRs • cleavage of mRNA
- 20. Functions • Statistically biased(codon triplets) Stop codons • High CG content (hyperthermophiles) • Promoter/Terminator identification (E. Coli) • Primers • Signal recognition Particles • Gene silencing • Regulation of translation • Ligating ribozymes favours neurological functions
- 21. Housekeeping ncRNAs • tRNAand rRNA - translation • snRNA – Pre-mRNA splicing • snoRNA – rRNA modification • gRNA – guide RNA in RNA editing • Telomerase RNA – primer for telomeric DNA synhesis • A few other...
- 22. Ribozymes • RNA moleculeswith catalytical properties (Ribonucleic acid enzymes) • In nature ribozymes involves in • self-splicing intrones • RNA encoded parasites • The catalytical efficiency of ribozymes is lower analogous protein enzymes • Several synthetic ribozymes are cabaple of performing other reactions than RNA cleavage and ligation • RNAse P cleaves the 5’ end of pre-tRNAs • It is composed of 12 kDa P protein and about 400 nt long RNA
- 23. Cp RNA • 3rRNAs (23S, 16S, 5S) • 30 tRNAs for recognition of • all codons • roughly 40 proteins of known function • Proteins include TIC and Tocs • subunits of ribosomes
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- 25. Mt RNA • MitochondrialDNA codes for 37 genes • coding for • 13 proteins, • 22 mt transfer RNAs • 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Rna promote cellular matabolism n catabolism
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- 28. Other functions involve •Structural components • Telomers in chromatin • Ribosomes • Regulations Gene silencing by RNA interference Cellular Maintenance Cause cancer Alzhemier disease etc
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