Translational proofreading and translational inhibitorsShritilekhaDash
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitorsShritilekhaDash
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Transcription is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes because
eukaryotes possess three different classes of RNA polymerases and because of the
way in which transcripts are processed to their functional forms.
More proteins and transcription factors are involved in eukaryotic transcription.
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promote polymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA gene transcription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OF TRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL AND ENERGETIC DETAILS
description of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the components required for translation and also co translation tranlocation,post translation translocation and also inhibitors of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdfkrram1989
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
CBCS 4TH SEM ,
CHARGING, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF tRNA,
AMINOACYL RNA SYNTHETASE(ASR) PROOFREADING AND EDITING
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzOVMWYLiCE
Introduction
What RNA Splicing???
Discovery
Types
Alternative Splicing
Mechanism
Regulatory element And protein
Splicing repression
Splicing activation
Significance
Diseases
Conclusion
Refrences
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promote polymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA gene transcription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OF TRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL AND ENERGETIC DETAILS
description of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the components required for translation and also co translation tranlocation,post translation translocation and also inhibitors of translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
5 cap and polyadenylationPost-transcriptional mRNA modification.pdfkrram1989
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA from degradation and allow the binding of ribosomes.
Polyadenylation-Addition of Poly A tail: A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA
after the completion of elongation. This protects the mRNA from degradation and facilitates the
mature mRNA export to the cytoplasm.
Removal of introns: Before the export of mRNA to the cytoplasm, the introns removed from the
pre-mRNA. Spliceosomes consist of \"snRNPs.\".SnRNP U1 binds the 5 prime whereas snRNP
U2 binds with branch point sequence (BPS) and snRNP U5 binds to the 3 prime region. In the
first splicing step, a 2\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is formed between the first nucleotide of the
intron and the branch site adenosine. In the second step, a 3\'-->5\' phosphodiester bond is
formed between the exon1 and the exon2 followed by simultaneous ligation.
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA, U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
5\' cap and polyadenylation:
Post-transcriptional mRNA modifications: In case of eukaryotes, the pre-mRNA must undergo
modifications, before making it ready for translation. These modifications include, addition of
5’cap, poly -A tail, removal of introns. This extensive mRNA processing is absent in prokaryotes
in which except self-splicing occurs without spliceosomes. Therefore, it has concluded that
eukaryotic protein synthesis is much slower than prokaryotes.
Addition of 5’cap: During this step, the 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5’end of the pre-
mRNA, which protects the mRNA .
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
Splicing mechanismSmall nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) It is al.pdfaradhana9856
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA
Solution
Splicing mechanism
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA): It is also known as U-RNA as it contains many uridine
contents in its complex structure. This is composed of 150 nucleotides nearly to produce
spliceosomes and to act along with snRNP. This snRNA has a predominant role in splicing. The
roles of U1snRNA is different to that of U4snRNA and U1snRNA is mainly going to mediate
splicing by binding to 5\'-splice site when snRNP (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles) to
remove latriant introns but the U4snRNA is going to
Peptidyl transferase rRNA is different in their function to U1snRNA,U4snRNA in RNP as
ribozymes and these ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules & they are going to mediate RNA
splicing. The peptidyl transferase activity is possessed by 5S and 23S rRNA of ribosomes. The
role of U4snRNA is going to form a complex to form as U1/U2/U4/U5 on pre-mRNA as
spliceosome to remove introns. However, U4snRNA is specifically has specific role in 3 prime
end of hnRNA.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation describes various co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA modifications in eukaryotic cells. The following processes are described in detail:
1. 5' mRNA Capping
2. Splicing
3. Alternative Splicing
4. 3' Polyadenylation
5. RNA Editing
Enjoy Reading.
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Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
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2. Spliceosome-mediated RNA splicing
mechanism
• The splicing apparatus for GU-AG introns are the snRNAs
called U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6.
• These are short RNA molecules approx. <250 nucleotides
associate with proteins to form small nuclear
ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and attach to the transcript to
form a series of complexes.
• The last one of which, known as the spliceosome.
Spliceosome is the structure within which the actual splicing
reactions occur.
3. The process of assembly of snRNP and various protein
factors occur as follows:
• The commitment complex (E complex) initiates a splicing
activity.
• This complex comprises U1 which binds to the 5’ splice site by RNA-
RNA base-pairing, Branch-Protein Binding Protein (BBP) which
binds with U2AF splicing factor, further it binds to the
polyprimidine tract and members of SR protein family.
• The complex E is converted to the A complex when U2 snRNP binds
to the branch site.
• The pre-spliceosome complex (A complex) comprises the
commitment complex plus U2-snRNA. At this stage, an association
between U1 and U2-snRNP brings the 5’ splice site into close
proximity to the branch point.
4.
5. • The spliceosome is formed when U4/U6-snRNP and U5-snRNP
attach to the pre-spliceosome complex.
• Following are the formation orders- the B1 complex is formed
when U5 and U4/U6- snRNPs binds to the A complex known as
spliceosome.
• It is further converted to the B2 complex after U1-snRNP is
released, which leads to the interaction of U6-snRNP with 5’ splice
site.
• This requires hydrolysis of ATP. Dissociation of U4-snRNP leads to
the catalytic reaction of U6-snRNP with U2-snRNP and forms
catalytic active site (C complex).
• This brings the 3’ splice site close to the 5’ site and the branch point.
6. • All three key positions in the intron are now in proximity
and the two transesterifications occur as a linked
reaction, possibly catalyzed by U6-snRNP.
• ATP is required for assembly of the spliceosome, but the
transesterification reactions do not require ATP.
