An Overview...
Definition of Translation.
Def. of Eukaryotes.
Translation: An Overview.
Components of Translation.
Some Enzymes .
Ribosome Role.
Mechanism of Translation.
Initiation.
Scanning Model of Initiation.
Initiation Factors.
Animation.
Elongation.
Chain Elongation: Translocation.
Animation.
Termination.
Animation....
It's not perfect still... what are your views friends?
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
An Overview...
Definition of Translation.
Def. of Eukaryotes.
Translation: An Overview.
Components of Translation.
Some Enzymes .
Ribosome Role.
Mechanism of Translation.
Initiation.
Scanning Model of Initiation.
Initiation Factors.
Animation.
Elongation.
Chain Elongation: Translocation.
Animation.
Termination.
Animation....
It's not perfect still... what are your views friends?
1. What is post transcriptional Modification of RNA
2. How is Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA different in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
3. What are the Various Types of Post Transcriptional Modification of RNA
4. What is the Mechanism of 5' Capping of RNA
5. What is the Mechanism of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
6. What is the Function of 5' Capping of RNA
7. What is Function of 3' Polyadenylation of RNA
8. What is Splicing ?
9. What is the Mechanism of Splicing ?
10. What is Spliceosomes ?
11. What is Sn RNA or Small Nuclear RNA ?
12. What is SnRNP Complex or SNURPs ?
13. Beta Thalessemia because of faulty Splicing ?
14. What is Methylation post transcriptional modification ?
15. What is Alternative Splicing?
16. What is Selective Splicing ?
17. What is Alternative polyadenylation ?
18. What is Alternative 5' donor Splicing ?
19. What is Alternative 3' Donor Splicing ?
20. What is the role of Alternative Splicing ?
21. What is RNA Editing ?
22. How is RNA Editing an Exception to Central Dogma ?
23. Example of Apolipoprotein B Gene for RNA Editing
24. Other Examples of RNA Editing
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
Post-transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule
The process by which an RNA copy of a gene is made or it’s a DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Transcription resembles replication
In its fundamental chemical mechanism
Its polarity (direction of synthesis)
Its use of a template
Transcription differs from replication
It does not requires a primer
It involves only limited segments of a DNA molecule
Within transcribed segments only one DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of RNA.
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
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3. Post Transcriptional Modification
• Post transcriptional modification or Co-transcriptional modification
• Chemical modification of RNA primary transcript to produce mature
functional RNA.
• Nascent RNA, also known as primary transcript, needs to be modified to become
functional tRNAs, rRNAs, and mRNA.
• Primary transcripts of mRNA are called as heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
4. Post Transcriptional Modification
PROKARYOTES
• mRNA not subjected to Post
Transcriptional Modification
• Translation starts simultaneously
with Transcription
EUKARYOTES
• Primary Transcript or
Heterogenous RNA (hnRNA)
• hnRNA undergoes extensive post
transcriptional modification
5. Types of Post Transcriptional Modification
1. 7 methylguanosine capping at 5’ end
2. Addition of poly A tail at 3’ end
3. Methylations
4. Splicing
5. Alternative RNA processing
6. RNA editing
6. Post Transcriptional
Modification-(5’methyl
cap)
In Nucleus
• Guanosine Triphosphate attached to 5’end
by 5’-5’ unusual linkage by enzyme
Guanosyltransferase
In Cytosol
• Methylation with methyl group from S
Adenosyl Methionine using guanine 7
methyltransferase
Functions
• Initiation of translation
• Stabilize the mRNA
• Prevent attack of 5’->3’ exonuclease
NOTE: Not seen in tRNA
7. Post Transcriptional
Modification-(Poly A
Tail at 3’end)
In Nucleus
• Poly A Tail added at 3’end by
polyadenylate polymerase
• The length of Poly A tail can be
up to 200 adenine bases
Functions
• Poly A Tail & its binding protein PAB-1
is required for efficient initiation
of protein synthesis
• Stabilize the mRNA
• Prevent attack of 5’->3’
exonuclease
10. Post Transcriptional Modification-(Splicing)
Self Splicing – Certain hnRNA has splicing activity because of Ribozyme Activity
Spliceosomes
Primary Transcript + 5snRNA (U1/ U2/ U4/ U5/ U6) & more than 60 proteins (Ribonucleoproteins or RNPs)
Small Nuclear RNA (Sn RNA)
Uracil Rich RNA which acts as Enzyme (Ribozyme). U6 is essential
U7 is SnRNA involved in production of correct 3’ ends of histone mRNA that lacks Poly A tail
SnRNP Complex (SNURPs)
SnRNA + RNP = SNURPs (Clinical Correlation :- SLE antibodies against SNURPs)
11. Methylation & Alternative Splicing
Methylations
• Methylation of N7 of Adenine and 2’ hydroxyl group of ribose in cytosol
Alternative Splicing
• A mechanism of producing a diverse set of proteins from a limited set of genes
varies in different tissues.
• The pre mRNA from same gene is spliced in two or more alternative ways in
different tissues
12. 3
2 AAUAA AAUAA 3
1 AAUAA
1 AAU
Selective Splicing –selective inclusion or exclusion of proteins
13. 3
2 AAUAA AAUAA 2
1 3
1 AAUAA
Alternative polyadenylation –different site is used
for polyadenylation
14. 3
2 AAUAA AAUAA 2
1 3
1 AAUAA
Alternative 5’ donor –5’ donor site of certain exons is
changed
AAUAA
15. 3
2 AAUAA AAUAA 2
1 3
1 AAUAA
Alternative 3’ acceptor –3’ acceptor sites of certain exons
is changed
AAUAA
16.
17. RNA Editing
• Coding information is changed at mRNA level by chemical
modification of bases present in the codes
• Hence is an exception Of Central Dogma
