This document provides an overview of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including long ncRNAs and small ncRNAs. It discusses different types of small ncRNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piRNAs, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The document describes the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of these ncRNAs. It provides examples of functions for long ncRNAs and the role of the siRNA pathway in preventing transgenerational retrotransposition in plants under stress. In summary, the document categorizes and explains the major types and roles of coding and non-coding RNAs.
RNA interference (RNAi): Cellular process by which an mRNA is targeted for degradation by a dsRNA with a strand complementary to a fragment of such mRNA.
RNA interference (RNAi): Cellular process by which an mRNA is targeted for degradation by a dsRNA with a strand complementary to a fragment of such mRNA.
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
DNA and RNA Structure
Central Dogma of Life
Protein Engineering (Brief)
Introduction to microRNA (miRNA)
History of miRNA
Biogenesis of miRNA
Conservation of miRNA
Impact of miRNA
miRNA Therapy
Conclusion
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
This is technique used widely for protein separation from a mixture and is very easy and less costly method. Slides cover all essential points about EMSA and it is quite interesting to know that how it detect and separate different proteins and their mobility shift assay.
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
DNA and RNA Structure
Central Dogma of Life
Protein Engineering (Brief)
Introduction to microRNA (miRNA)
History of miRNA
Biogenesis of miRNA
Conservation of miRNA
Impact of miRNA
miRNA Therapy
Conclusion
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
This is technique used widely for protein separation from a mixture and is very easy and less costly method. Slides cover all essential points about EMSA and it is quite interesting to know that how it detect and separate different proteins and their mobility shift assay.
Alternative splicing is a deviation from the conventional splicing as it removes introns in a different manner. It has a lot of significance in the development of diseases like cancers and in plants adapting to various stress conditions.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
COMPETENCY 3Integrate credible and relevant sources into coursewLynellBull52
COMPETENCY 3
Integrate credible and relevant sources into coursework to enhance clarity and support claims.
CRITERION
Reflect on how credibility and relevance of a chosen resource were determined.
Your result: Non-Performance
Distinguished
Reflects on how credibility and relevance of a chosen resource were determined. Notes how specific aspects of the assessment were used to determine relevance.
Proficient
Reflects on how credibility and relevance of a chosen resource were determined.
Basic
Explains the concepts of credibility and relevance in general terms, but does not specifically address how this was used to determine if the specific resource was credible and relevant.
Non-Performance
Does not explain the concepts of credibility and relevance in general terms.
Faculty Comments:
I did not see a discussion of source credibility/relevance. For this assignment you were are also required to locate an article in the library about time organizing strategies (outlined in Part I). Then, you were asked in Part II to reflect on how you determined the credibility and relevance of your chosen library resource to support your task prioritization.
ONCOLOGY LETTERS 19: 595-605, 2020
Abstract. Numerous types of molecular mechanisms mediate
the development of cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are
being increasingly recognized to play important role in medi-
ating the development of diseases, including cancer. Long
non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are
the two most widely studied ncRNAs. Thus far, lncRNAs are
known to have biological roles through a variety of mecha-
nisms, including genetic imprinting, chromatin remodeling,
cell cycle control, splicing regulation, mRNA decay and
translational regulation, and miRNAs regulate gene expres-
sion through the degradation of mRNAs and lncRNAs.
Although ncRNAs account for a major proportion of the total
RNA, the mechanisms underlying the physiological or patho-
logical processes mediated by various types of ncRNAs, and
the specific interaction mechanisms between miRNAs and
lncRNAs in various physiological and pathological processes,
remain largely unknown. Thus, further research in this field
is required. In general, the interaction mechanisms between
miRNAs and lncRNAs in human cancer have become
important research topics, and the study thereof has led to
the recent development of related technologies. By providing
examples and descriptions, and performing chart analysis, the
present study aimed to review the interaction mechanisms and
research approaches for these two types of ncRNAs, as well
as their roles in the occurrence and development of cancer.
These details have far‑reaching significance for the utilization
of these molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs
3. Methods of research in to lncRNAs and miRNAs
4. lncRNAs and miRNAs in cancer
5. Conclusion
1. Introduction
In 1993, Lee e ...
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase.
It occurs in all organisms and is one of the
most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs.
RNA editing may include the
insertion, deletion, and base substitution
of nucleotides within the RNA molecule.
RNA editing is relatively rare and
can affect the stability of RNAs and
has been linked with human diseases.
A MILESTONE OF THE DISCOVERY OF RNA EDITING
1. SITE-SPECIFIC DEAMINATION EDITING
A(adenosine) to I(inosine) double-stranded mechanism
occurs in viruses, humans
C(cytidine) to U(uridine) and U to C
occurs in the chloroplast, plant mitochondria, and human genes.
2. GUIDE RNA-MEDIATED SITE-SPECIFIC INSERTION AND DELETION OF URIDINEU insertion /deletion
Occurs in Kinetoplasts(networks of circular DNA molecules present in mitochondria)
Guide RNA mediated site-specific insertion and deletion of uridine
Guide RNA: It is part of degraded introns.
It is a small fraction of the RNA sequence
That just comes out of the splicing of RNA.
Guide RNA guide the process of RNA editing
In eukaryotes, that's why called guide RNA.
Step by Step mechanism
Cleavage of RNA with endonuclease
Activity of TuTase and addition of uridine
Ligation of nick using ligase
FUNCTIONS OF RNA EDITING
RECENT RESEARCH ON RNA EDITING
Three mammalian ADAR genes (ADAR1–3) with common functional domains have been identified.
Deficiencies in the A→I RNA editing mechanism cause human diseases and pathophysiology.
RNA editing is a major mechanism, although reported exclusively in Eukaryotes.
RNA editing has been reported in Protozoa, plants, and mammals, nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplast, and viral RNAs; mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA and not yet fungi or prokaryotes;
Researchers are now exploring a form of editing in prokaryotes and certain viruses.
A method has been developed by researchers for seeing the RNA editing procedure in real-time, the repaired strand emits green light, and even for the confirmation of repair mechanisms.
However, researches are still ongoing to elucidate key mechanisms of editing in various organisms.
Major strengths and weakness of RNA Editing
RE has been integrated into biological networks
Gene expression,
RNA editing better than DNA editing.
RNA editing is therefore considered to be less risky.
How RE activity is globally regulated is unknown.
Many editing sites in human transcriptomes remain to be discovered.
Monitoring of the global activity of RE in-vivo is rare.
Future perspectives of RNA Editing
Description of physiological significance of particular editing events identified in tumor, neuronal tissues and brain or other specialized organ.
Molecular mechanisms on how RE affect the expression or functions of many genes through the alteration of codon, splice pattern, stability or localization of protein coding tr
This is a presentation slide about cellular RNA interference process and RNA interference technology. Contains basic information about biology of cellular RNA interference processes and its discovery, and RNA interference technology. Also gives you the history and development of in-vitro and in-vivo technologies for applicability of RNA interference technology.
siRNA synthesis, siRNA libraries, siRNA delivering techniques, Electroporation, viral transfection methods, Advantages and disadvantages of RNA interference technology.
details about the preliminary and pre-clinical experiments of RNA interference as well as clinical trials of RNA interference.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Types of non coding RNA (ncRNA)
• Long non coding RNA (lncRNA)
• Small non coding RNA (sncRNA)
• Micro RNA (miRNA)
• piRNA
• Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
• General functions of non coding RNAs.
3. Introduction
• Central dogma?
• Coding or non- coding?
• The term non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is commonly employed for RNA
that does not encode a protein, (Costa et al.,2012)
• In human 97–98% of the transcriptional output = non coding RNA.
• Basic identification and processing?
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/organic/dogma.html
4. Types of non coding RNA
• NcRNAs divided on the
basis of their size into
small and long classes:
• long ncRNAs(lncRNA)
• small ncRNAs (sncRNA)
Figure 1 Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are arbitrarily grouped
basing on size, (Fenoglio et al.,2013)
5. Long ncRNAs
• Long non coding RNA?
• In genome organisation, long ncRNAs often overlapping with, or
interspersed between multiple coding and non-coding transcripts.
(Mercer et al.,2009)
• Involved in what type of cellular function?-
1. chromatin modulation,
2. transcriptional regulation, and
3. post transcriptional regulation.
6. Figure 2 Functions of long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), (Mercer et al., 2009.)
7. Small non-coding RNA
• What is it?
• The small ncRNAs (sncRNA) being less than 200 nucleotides, (Mercer et
al.,2009)
• These families are different in their origin, but they share specific
steps in their biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms.
• For regulation process these small ncRNA requires two main proiens
called Processors and Effectors. (Costa et al.,2012)
• Processor?
• Effector?
8. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs)
• Among non-coding RNAs, the best known family is constituted by
miRNAs.
• These RNA molecules are firstly discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans
which are short 1–23 nucleotide generated by some typical cellular
pathway which initiate from specific genomic loci and processed in
direction from nucleus to cytoplasm. (Costa et al.,2012)
• Biogenesis of miRNA occur by two main pathways:
1. Canonical pathway
2. Non canonical pathway.
9. • In Canonical pathways,
the pre miRNA would
be convert into mature
miRNA by activity of
specialised nucleases
that cleave RNA
transcript.
• Drosha and Dicer
enzyme
• Non canonical
pathway: spliceosome
dependent mechanism.
• Regulation of
biogenesis of miRNAs
Figure 3 (a) Canonical and non-canonical miRNA biogenesis
pathways (Li, Z., & Rana, T. M. (2014).
10. • The diverse mechanisms of
microRNA (miRNA) activity are
presented together with the related
miRNA targeting strategies.
• Two strategies: one which increase
miRNAs activity, another one which
reduce the miRNAs activity. (Ling et
al.2013)
• miRNA is initially transcribed as
primary miRNA (pri-miRNA), then
processed into precursor miRNA
(pre-miRNA) by a microprocessor
complex composed of Drosha and
DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8
(DGCR8), and then transported to
nucleus to cytoplasm.
Figure 3 (b) Mechanisms of action of miRNAs, (Ling et al.2013)
11. • Further it processed in mature form by Dicer.
• Recruited to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and regulates the
output of protein-coding genes through diverse mechanisms.
By interacting with different region it regulate gene expression.
12.
13. Low nutrient in soil upregulates signalling
molecules which can act as an activator of
nutrient stress responsive miRNA
biosynthesis following interaction with mir –
promoter. Activation of miRNA attenuates
the transporter gene expression. Reduction
of miRNA biosynthesis further stabilizes
transporter gene expression and more
nutrients are transported. Signal molecules
can induce phloem specific small or miRNA
biosynthesis which in turn regulates the
mobility of nutrients through phloem by
activating the transporters. Elevated or
ambient condition of nutrients can induce
other signal molecules which act as an
effector and facilitate the biosynthesis of
other groups of miRNA or smallRNAs that
interact with low nutrient stress responsive-
miRNA in a opposite way stimulating the
specific group of transporters. The effector
molecules may act as suppressor against the
low nutrient stress responsive-activator or
inducer to mitigate the activity of low
nutrient stress responsive-activator. Effect
or molecules can also reduce the
biosynthesis of phloem specific miRNA or
smallRNA families and the phloem mediated
transport is regulated.
Figure 4 Proposed model of miRNA-mediated signaling network for regulation of nutrient
homeostasis, (Paul et al.,2015)
14. piRNAs
• piRNAs are slightly longer than miRNAs (24–31 nt in length).
• piRNAs derive from long single-stranded RNAs transcribed from
specific regions within the genome.
• In fact, piRNAs are generated from regions harboring transposons,
and they were firstly described as a mechanism to protect the cells
against the internal attacks of transposon. (Costa et al.,2012)
• piRNAs are able to interact with a specialized family of argonaute
proteins called PIWI that will guide them to their targets and silence
the transposon transcripts by their slicing activity.
15. siRNAs
• Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering
RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules,
20-25 base pairs in length.
• siRNA plays many roles, but it is most notable in the RNA interference
(RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of specific
genes with complementary nucleotide sequences. (Costa et al.,2012)
• These siRNAs are generated from long double strand RNAs through
various biological processes .
16. 1. An siRNA pathway prevents transgenerational retrotransposition in
plants subjected to stress, (Ito et al., 2011)
• Eukaryotic genomes consist to a significant extent of retrotransposons
that are suppressed by host epigenetic mechanisms, preventing their
uncontrolled propagation.
• Here it is showed that in Arabidopsis seedlings subjected to heat
stress, a copia-type retrotransposon named ONSEN (Japanese ‘hot
spring’) not only became transcriptionally active but also synthesized
extrachromosomal DNA copies.
• In summary of experimental results illustrating the role of the siRNA
pathway in transgenerational control of ONSEN mobility
17. • Upper part of the figure represents
wild-type control of ONSEN activity
and lower part illustrates
uncontrolled accumulation of ONSEN
copy number in siRNA-biogenesis
deficient plants.
• The graphs under the arrows
illustrate the kinetics of ONSEN DNA
accumulation on heat treatment.
• The open triangles on five
Arabidopsis chromosomes represent
eight endogenous ONSEN copies.
• The black triangles illustrate new
ONSEN insertions found in the
second generation. White circles on
the chromosomes specify the
location of the centromeres
Figure 5 summary of experiments shown the role of siRNA in preventing transgenerational
retrotransposition in plants subjected to stress, (Ito et al., 2011)
18. • After stress, both ONSEN transcripts and extrachromosomal
DNAgradually decayed and were no longer detected after 20–30 days.
• Surprisingly, a high frequency of new ONSEN insertions was observed
in the progeny of stressed plants deficient in siRNAs. Insertion
patterns revealed that this transgenerational retrotransposition
occurred during flower development and before gametogenesis.
• Therefore in plants with compromised siRNA biogenesis, memory of
stress was maintained throughout development, priming ONSEN to
transpose during differentiation of generative organs.
• Retrotransposition was not observed in the progeny of wild-type
plants subjected to stress or in non-stressed mutant controls, pointing
to a crucial role of the siRNApathway in restricting retrotransposition
triggered by environmental stress.
19. • General
function of
all non-
coding RNA
Figure 6 major functions of various non-coding RNAs (Basak, J., & Nithin, C.
2015).
20. References
Basak, J., & Nithin, C. (2015). Targeting non-coding RNAs in Plants with the CRISPR-Cas
technology is a challenge yet worth accepting. Frontiers in plant science, 6.
Costa, M. C., Leitão, A. L., & Enguita, F. J. (2012). Biogenesis and mechanism of action of
small non-coding RNAs: insights from the point of view of structural biology.
International journal of molecular sciences, 13(8), 10268-10295
Fenoglio, C., Ridolfi, E., Galimberti, D., & Scarpini, E. (2013). An emerging role for long
non-coding RNA dysregulation in neurological disorders. International journal of
molecular sciences, 14(10), 20427-20442.
Ito, H., Gaubert, H., Bucher, E., Mirouze, M., Vaillant, I., & Paszkowski, J. (2011). An siRNA
pathway prevents transgenerational retrotransposition in plants subjected to stress.
Nature, 472(7341), 115-119.
21. Li, Z., & Rana, T. M. (2014). Therapeutic targeting of microRNAs: current status
and future challenges. Nature reviews Drug discovery, 13(8), 622-638.
Ling, H., Fabbri, M., & Calin, G. A. (2013). MicroRNAs and other non-coding RNAs
as targets for anticancer drug development. Nature reviews Drug discovery,
12(11), 847-865.
Mercer, T. R., Dinger, M. E., & Mattick, J. S. (2009). Long non-coding RNAs: insights
into functions. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10(3), 155-159.
Paul, S., Datta, S. K., & Datta, K. (2015). miRNA regulation of nutrient homeostasis
in plants. Frontiers in plant science, 6.