This document was prepared in order to analyze and compare the water supply and sanitation conditions prevailing in well-established Sectors and low-lying slums of Islamabad.
Water scarcity leads to reduced agricultural outputs as less water means lower crop and livestock yields, which threatens food security and increases reliance on imports. It also raises production costs and can cause political instability if food shortages occur. Long-term water scarcity may even result in mass migrations, famine, and conflicts over access to scarce water resources.
Water crisis In Pakistan / causes of water shortage / water problems in pakistannidaniazi2
Water is a critical resource for life but Pakistan faces a severe water crisis. Pakistan's per capita water availability has declined significantly from 1500 cubic meters in 2009 to an estimated 1000 cubic meters currently and is projected to further decline to 1000 cubic meters by 2025, at which point Pakistan would reach absolute water scarcity. The key causes of Pakistan's water crisis include inadequate water infrastructure, failure of government to ensure adequate supply, domestic water abuse, lack of additional reservoirs, and high water consumption by agriculture and industry. Urgent national action is needed to address this crisis through improved infrastructure, conservation efforts, and integrated water management.
The slide show gives a brief about one of the critical environmental issue of Pakistan; deforestation, what are its causes, its ramifications, and what have been done so far.
Yet, a lot more extensive efforts are needed to increase the tree cover of the country in order to reduce the impacts of deforestation.
Water problems and solutions in PakistanAsraHafeez
This document discusses solutions to water pollution problems in Pakistan. It notes that water is essential for human, animal and plant life. It then outlines some of Pakistan's major water problems, including decreasing availability of water per capita. Some key causes of water crisis are natural factors like drought, as well as mismanagement of water resources through an inefficient irrigation system and loss of over 50% of diverted water. The impacts of water pollution are also reviewed. Some proposed solutions to water pollution problems include improving sewage systems, reducing development in traditional water recharging areas, preventing wastewater from entering water bodies, reusing water where possible, and protecting surface and groundwater sources from pollution.
Pakistan relies on four main irrigation systems: 1) Intake structures and pumping stations draw water from rivers, lakes, dams and barrages, providing 142 million acre-feet of water annually. 2) A conveyance system of canals, distributaries and minors distributes the water. 3) Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are used to apply water to fields. Surface irrigation methods include basin, furrow and border irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water to ditches beneath the soil surface. Sprinkler and drip irrigation create artificial rainfall or distribute water slowly to plant roots.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
Water scarcity leads to reduced agricultural outputs as less water means lower crop and livestock yields, which threatens food security and increases reliance on imports. It also raises production costs and can cause political instability if food shortages occur. Long-term water scarcity may even result in mass migrations, famine, and conflicts over access to scarce water resources.
Water crisis In Pakistan / causes of water shortage / water problems in pakistannidaniazi2
Water is a critical resource for life but Pakistan faces a severe water crisis. Pakistan's per capita water availability has declined significantly from 1500 cubic meters in 2009 to an estimated 1000 cubic meters currently and is projected to further decline to 1000 cubic meters by 2025, at which point Pakistan would reach absolute water scarcity. The key causes of Pakistan's water crisis include inadequate water infrastructure, failure of government to ensure adequate supply, domestic water abuse, lack of additional reservoirs, and high water consumption by agriculture and industry. Urgent national action is needed to address this crisis through improved infrastructure, conservation efforts, and integrated water management.
The slide show gives a brief about one of the critical environmental issue of Pakistan; deforestation, what are its causes, its ramifications, and what have been done so far.
Yet, a lot more extensive efforts are needed to increase the tree cover of the country in order to reduce the impacts of deforestation.
Water problems and solutions in PakistanAsraHafeez
This document discusses solutions to water pollution problems in Pakistan. It notes that water is essential for human, animal and plant life. It then outlines some of Pakistan's major water problems, including decreasing availability of water per capita. Some key causes of water crisis are natural factors like drought, as well as mismanagement of water resources through an inefficient irrigation system and loss of over 50% of diverted water. The impacts of water pollution are also reviewed. Some proposed solutions to water pollution problems include improving sewage systems, reducing development in traditional water recharging areas, preventing wastewater from entering water bodies, reusing water where possible, and protecting surface and groundwater sources from pollution.
Pakistan relies on four main irrigation systems: 1) Intake structures and pumping stations draw water from rivers, lakes, dams and barrages, providing 142 million acre-feet of water annually. 2) A conveyance system of canals, distributaries and minors distributes the water. 3) Surface, subsurface, sprinkler and drip irrigation are used to apply water to fields. Surface irrigation methods include basin, furrow and border irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water to ditches beneath the soil surface. Sprinkler and drip irrigation create artificial rainfall or distribute water slowly to plant roots.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
Pakistan has significant natural resources but manages them poorly. The document outlines Pakistan's major resources - water, land, natural gas, minerals, and petroleum. Water resources include surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. Most of Pakistan's land is suitable for agriculture. Natural gas fields are located across the country, with Sui being the largest. Pakistan has reserves of minerals like iron ore, chromite, copper, salt, limestone and gypsum. Petroleum resources are found in various provinces. However, issues like corruption, political instability, and lack of planning have negatively impacted effective management of these important resources.
The Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan to resolve issues around the distribution of water from the Indus River and its tributaries following the partition of British India and independence of Pakistan in 1947. The treaty divided the rivers between the two countries, with Pakistan getting exclusive rights to the three western rivers of Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab, while India received control over the three eastern rivers of Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. It also guaranteed Pakistan uninterrupted water supply for 10 years to build dams and irrigation infrastructure financed by World Bank loans and compensation from India. Major projects completed under the treaty included the Warsak, Mangla, and Tarbela dams and several
The document provides information about the climate and weather patterns of Pakistan. It discusses the different climatic zones in Pakistan including the highland zone with long cold winters and short mild summers, the arid zone with hot dry summers and cool winters, the lowland zone with hot summers and cool winters and variable rainfall, and the coastal zone with moderate temperatures year-round due to maritime influence. It also describes the monsoon winds, western depressions, and other sources of rainfall. Factors affecting temperature variations across Pakistan are outlined as well as river flooding, storms, drought, and their causes and impacts.
Waterlogging occurs when the water table rises high enough through capillary action that it prevents anticipated land use. It adversely affects plants, animals, and humans. Some key causes of waterlogging in Dhaka, Bangladesh include inadequate drainage systems, filling in of wetlands and canals for construction, and heavy rainfall during the monsoon season that cannot be carried away by blocked canals. This results in flooded roads and neighborhoods for days. Solutions proposed include improving surface drainage, reducing water flow from canals, restricting irrigation, removing obstructions from natural drains, and adopting sprinkler irrigation.
Basin water allocation planning principles, procedures and approaches for ba...Shakil Ahmad
This document provides an overview of principles, procedures, and approaches for basin water allocation planning. It discusses the evolution of modern approaches which focus on optimizing existing water supplies through economic, social, and environmental analyses and assessments of trade-offs between competing users. Key aspects of modern allocation planning discussed include better balancing water rights and environmental protection, sophisticated environmental flow assessments, understanding water values and demands, and greater flexibility. The document outlines common objectives, processes, methods for sharing water between regions, defining water entitlements, and dealing with water variability in allocation planning.
Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015DUNYA NEWS
The document provides a comparative analysis of local government systems in 2001 (LGO 2001) and 2013 (LGO 2013) in Punjab, Pakistan. It summarizes that LGO 2001 established district, tehsil, union, and village councils, providing complete decentralization. LGO 2013 established provincial commissions and authorities at the district level, providing only partial decentralization by limiting village councils' roles. The document also analyzes functions of district health authorities and councils under LGO 2013, and discusses critical gaps in devolution of powers as well as sustainability factors for local government systems.
Balochistan is located in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran, Afghanistan, and other Pakistani provinces. It has a varied terrain including deserts, mountains, rivers, and forests. The population is mostly Baloch and Pashtun ethnic groups. The climate ranges from hot desert areas to cooler mountainous regions, with low annual rainfall across most of the province. Major geographical features include the Makran coastal mountains, Kharan desert, Bolan river, and Quetta valley.
Pakistan has a variety of natural resources. Agriculture is a major sector, accounting for 20.9% of GDP and employing 75% of the population. Major agricultural products include wheat, cotton, sugarcane, milk, and various fruits and vegetables. Coal reserves are estimated at 175 billion tons. Oil and natural gas reserves may exceed 9 billion barrels and 105 trillion cubic feet respectively. Other mineral resources include iron ore, salt, copper, gold, uranium, and gems. Water resources are centered around the Indus River and its tributaries, which have extensive canal networks for irrigation.
The document analyzes the impact of climate change on water resources in Pakistan. It examines increasing temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns that are contributing to more frequent and severe flooding in the country. The analysis focuses on three regions: along the Indus River, in northern and central Pakistan, and in southern Pakistan. It finds that while temperature and precipitation are normally distributed in the first two regions from 1960-2014, precipitation in southern Pakistan is not normally distributed, indicating climate change is altering rainfall. The study predicts heavier monsoon rains in southern Pakistan in the future based on observed trends.
The 1960 Indus Waters Treaty allocated control of the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. The treaty was stable during past wars but has become less stable due to territorial threats and lack of cooperation. Water disputes have increased tensions between India and Pakistan, especially after 9/11. Pakistan objects to some of India's hydroelectric dam projects, believing they violate the treaty. India is building more dams but says decreased water flow is due to climate change, not water theft. Improving education, peace talks, and UN involvement are recommended to resolve disputes and reduce tensions over the critical water issue.
Balochi is the language spoken in Balochistan province of Pakistan. There are two main dialects of Balochi - Sulemanki and Mekrani. Balochi was brought to the region by nomadic tribes from north-west Iran who rarely settled in one place for long, contributing to Balochi remaining primarily an oral language with little early development of poetry and prose. After Pakistan's partition, steps were taken to promote Balochi, including starting Balochi language radio broadcasts from Karachi and Quetta television, establishing literary associations, and the emergence of modern Balochi poets and writers working to advance the language.
This document provides an overview of Gilgit-Baltistan, a region in northern Pakistan. It briefly outlines the history of Gilgit-Baltistan, noting that it gained independence in 1948 and became a northern areas province in 2009. The document also describes the geography, languages, local games, transportation, food, dances, agriculture, fruits/vegetables, medicinal plants, and universities of Gilgit-Baltistan. It provides statistics on the area's cultivable land and major crops like wheat, maize, barley, and potatoes. The document concludes by listing references used.
The document discusses irrigation systems used in Bangladesh. It describes how irrigation has been widely used for thousands of years in dry regions to supply water for agriculture. In Bangladesh, both shallow and deep tube wells are commonly used to irrigate fields during the dry season from November to March. The two main categories of irrigation devices used are motorized pumps (like deep tube wells and shallow tube wells) and manual pumps. Modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation are more efficient but also more costly than traditional surface irrigation methods. The selection of an appropriate irrigation method depends on factors like soil, climate, water source and costs.
The National Finance Commission award determines the annual distribution of financial resources from the federal government to Pakistan's provinces. It pools certain taxes collected in each province and redistributes them to the provinces according to a formula that considers factors like population, poverty levels, revenue generation, and population density. There has been ongoing debate around which taxes should be included in the pool and the specific distribution formula. The 18th amendment to Pakistan's constitution aimed to increase provincial autonomy and shift power away from the federal presidency by deleting the concurrent legislative list and securing greater provincial shares of federal resources and services.
This document summarizes the physiography and physical geography of Pakistan. It describes Pakistan's location between latitudes 24°35’north and 37°05’ north and longitude 61°East to 78° East. It then outlines Pakistan's major physiographic divisions from north to south: the Northern Mountains including the Karakoram Range, Himalayas, and Hindukush mountains, followed by the Balochistan Plateau, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Indus Plain, and coastal areas. It provides details on the terrain, climate, and economic activities of each region.
1) Forests cover less than 4% of Pakistan's land and are declining due to deforestation.
2) Primary forests consist of native tree species while secondary forests are recovering from human disturbances like logging.
3) The largest forest is a 247,000 acre juniper forest in Baluchistan that is threatened by logging and lack of conservation efforts.
Water Shortages Crisis in Karachi : Causes and Consequencesshehricbe
The document summarizes a seminar on the water shortage crisis in Karachi, Pakistan. It outlines several key points:
1) Karachi faces a water shortage due to limited natural sources and an increasing population that outstrips the available supply. Alternative sources like desalination are too expensive.
2) Citizens obtain water through illegal means like private wells and tankers due to inadequate supply from the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB).
3) The KWSB relies on private hydrant operators to distribute water, but they operate without proper oversight and sell water at high uncontrolled rates, compromising water quality and access.
Pakistan has significant natural resources but manages them poorly. The document outlines Pakistan's major resources - water, land, natural gas, minerals, and petroleum. Water resources include surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. Most of Pakistan's land is suitable for agriculture. Natural gas fields are located across the country, with Sui being the largest. Pakistan has reserves of minerals like iron ore, chromite, copper, salt, limestone and gypsum. Petroleum resources are found in various provinces. However, issues like corruption, political instability, and lack of planning have negatively impacted effective management of these important resources.
The Indus Water Treaty was signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan to resolve issues around the distribution of water from the Indus River and its tributaries following the partition of British India and independence of Pakistan in 1947. The treaty divided the rivers between the two countries, with Pakistan getting exclusive rights to the three western rivers of Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab, while India received control over the three eastern rivers of Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. It also guaranteed Pakistan uninterrupted water supply for 10 years to build dams and irrigation infrastructure financed by World Bank loans and compensation from India. Major projects completed under the treaty included the Warsak, Mangla, and Tarbela dams and several
The document provides information about the climate and weather patterns of Pakistan. It discusses the different climatic zones in Pakistan including the highland zone with long cold winters and short mild summers, the arid zone with hot dry summers and cool winters, the lowland zone with hot summers and cool winters and variable rainfall, and the coastal zone with moderate temperatures year-round due to maritime influence. It also describes the monsoon winds, western depressions, and other sources of rainfall. Factors affecting temperature variations across Pakistan are outlined as well as river flooding, storms, drought, and their causes and impacts.
Waterlogging occurs when the water table rises high enough through capillary action that it prevents anticipated land use. It adversely affects plants, animals, and humans. Some key causes of waterlogging in Dhaka, Bangladesh include inadequate drainage systems, filling in of wetlands and canals for construction, and heavy rainfall during the monsoon season that cannot be carried away by blocked canals. This results in flooded roads and neighborhoods for days. Solutions proposed include improving surface drainage, reducing water flow from canals, restricting irrigation, removing obstructions from natural drains, and adopting sprinkler irrigation.
Basin water allocation planning principles, procedures and approaches for ba...Shakil Ahmad
This document provides an overview of principles, procedures, and approaches for basin water allocation planning. It discusses the evolution of modern approaches which focus on optimizing existing water supplies through economic, social, and environmental analyses and assessments of trade-offs between competing users. Key aspects of modern allocation planning discussed include better balancing water rights and environmental protection, sophisticated environmental flow assessments, understanding water values and demands, and greater flexibility. The document outlines common objectives, processes, methods for sharing water between regions, defining water entitlements, and dealing with water variability in allocation planning.
Local government systems in punjab by lr 05032015DUNYA NEWS
The document provides a comparative analysis of local government systems in 2001 (LGO 2001) and 2013 (LGO 2013) in Punjab, Pakistan. It summarizes that LGO 2001 established district, tehsil, union, and village councils, providing complete decentralization. LGO 2013 established provincial commissions and authorities at the district level, providing only partial decentralization by limiting village councils' roles. The document also analyzes functions of district health authorities and councils under LGO 2013, and discusses critical gaps in devolution of powers as well as sustainability factors for local government systems.
Balochistan is located in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran, Afghanistan, and other Pakistani provinces. It has a varied terrain including deserts, mountains, rivers, and forests. The population is mostly Baloch and Pashtun ethnic groups. The climate ranges from hot desert areas to cooler mountainous regions, with low annual rainfall across most of the province. Major geographical features include the Makran coastal mountains, Kharan desert, Bolan river, and Quetta valley.
Pakistan has a variety of natural resources. Agriculture is a major sector, accounting for 20.9% of GDP and employing 75% of the population. Major agricultural products include wheat, cotton, sugarcane, milk, and various fruits and vegetables. Coal reserves are estimated at 175 billion tons. Oil and natural gas reserves may exceed 9 billion barrels and 105 trillion cubic feet respectively. Other mineral resources include iron ore, salt, copper, gold, uranium, and gems. Water resources are centered around the Indus River and its tributaries, which have extensive canal networks for irrigation.
The document analyzes the impact of climate change on water resources in Pakistan. It examines increasing temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns that are contributing to more frequent and severe flooding in the country. The analysis focuses on three regions: along the Indus River, in northern and central Pakistan, and in southern Pakistan. It finds that while temperature and precipitation are normally distributed in the first two regions from 1960-2014, precipitation in southern Pakistan is not normally distributed, indicating climate change is altering rainfall. The study predicts heavier monsoon rains in southern Pakistan in the future based on observed trends.
The 1960 Indus Waters Treaty allocated control of the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. The treaty was stable during past wars but has become less stable due to territorial threats and lack of cooperation. Water disputes have increased tensions between India and Pakistan, especially after 9/11. Pakistan objects to some of India's hydroelectric dam projects, believing they violate the treaty. India is building more dams but says decreased water flow is due to climate change, not water theft. Improving education, peace talks, and UN involvement are recommended to resolve disputes and reduce tensions over the critical water issue.
Balochi is the language spoken in Balochistan province of Pakistan. There are two main dialects of Balochi - Sulemanki and Mekrani. Balochi was brought to the region by nomadic tribes from north-west Iran who rarely settled in one place for long, contributing to Balochi remaining primarily an oral language with little early development of poetry and prose. After Pakistan's partition, steps were taken to promote Balochi, including starting Balochi language radio broadcasts from Karachi and Quetta television, establishing literary associations, and the emergence of modern Balochi poets and writers working to advance the language.
This document provides an overview of Gilgit-Baltistan, a region in northern Pakistan. It briefly outlines the history of Gilgit-Baltistan, noting that it gained independence in 1948 and became a northern areas province in 2009. The document also describes the geography, languages, local games, transportation, food, dances, agriculture, fruits/vegetables, medicinal plants, and universities of Gilgit-Baltistan. It provides statistics on the area's cultivable land and major crops like wheat, maize, barley, and potatoes. The document concludes by listing references used.
The document discusses irrigation systems used in Bangladesh. It describes how irrigation has been widely used for thousands of years in dry regions to supply water for agriculture. In Bangladesh, both shallow and deep tube wells are commonly used to irrigate fields during the dry season from November to March. The two main categories of irrigation devices used are motorized pumps (like deep tube wells and shallow tube wells) and manual pumps. Modern irrigation techniques like drip irrigation are more efficient but also more costly than traditional surface irrigation methods. The selection of an appropriate irrigation method depends on factors like soil, climate, water source and costs.
The National Finance Commission award determines the annual distribution of financial resources from the federal government to Pakistan's provinces. It pools certain taxes collected in each province and redistributes them to the provinces according to a formula that considers factors like population, poverty levels, revenue generation, and population density. There has been ongoing debate around which taxes should be included in the pool and the specific distribution formula. The 18th amendment to Pakistan's constitution aimed to increase provincial autonomy and shift power away from the federal presidency by deleting the concurrent legislative list and securing greater provincial shares of federal resources and services.
This document summarizes the physiography and physical geography of Pakistan. It describes Pakistan's location between latitudes 24°35’north and 37°05’ north and longitude 61°East to 78° East. It then outlines Pakistan's major physiographic divisions from north to south: the Northern Mountains including the Karakoram Range, Himalayas, and Hindukush mountains, followed by the Balochistan Plateau, Potwar Plateau, Salt Range, Indus Plain, and coastal areas. It provides details on the terrain, climate, and economic activities of each region.
1) Forests cover less than 4% of Pakistan's land and are declining due to deforestation.
2) Primary forests consist of native tree species while secondary forests are recovering from human disturbances like logging.
3) The largest forest is a 247,000 acre juniper forest in Baluchistan that is threatened by logging and lack of conservation efforts.
Water Shortages Crisis in Karachi : Causes and Consequencesshehricbe
The document summarizes a seminar on the water shortage crisis in Karachi, Pakistan. It outlines several key points:
1) Karachi faces a water shortage due to limited natural sources and an increasing population that outstrips the available supply. Alternative sources like desalination are too expensive.
2) Citizens obtain water through illegal means like private wells and tankers due to inadequate supply from the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB).
3) The KWSB relies on private hydrant operators to distribute water, but they operate without proper oversight and sell water at high uncontrolled rates, compromising water quality and access.
Water Supply and Sanitation for Low income Communities (WSLIC-2)Oswar Mungkasa
This document provides an overview of the WSLIC-2 water and sanitation project for low income communities in Indonesia. The project aims to improve health outcomes through community-driven water and sanitation infrastructure and behavior change programs. It operates in 7 provinces and 2000 villages, with a total budget of $106.7 million from the World Bank, Australian aid, and the Indonesian government. The project supports village planning, infrastructure implementation, and post-construction management through district technical teams. However, implementation progress is behind schedule, and the project is reviewing strategies to increase health outcomes, procurement, and monitoring and evaluation.
The document discusses the causes and effects of load shedding in Karachi, Pakistan, as well as some potential solutions. It notes that load shedding is caused by a lack of water in dams, aging generation equipment, increasing fuel costs, and the inability of power companies to meet demand. This load shedding negatively impacts people, the economy, and daily circumstances. Some proposed solutions include increasing the use of solar panels, wind turbines, hydropower, and nuclear energy. The conclusion emphasizes that both government action and changes to public behavior and energy use are needed to address Pakistan's energy crisis and reduce the impacts of load shedding.
The document provides a summary of a traffic study conducted for the Karachi-Hyderabad Motorway (M9) in Pakistan. Some key findings from surveys along the route include:
- M9 carries over 24,000 vehicles per day and is one of the most travelled roads in the NHA network. A significant portion of traffic travels the entire 134km route.
- Surveys at different locations found average daily traffic volumes ranging from around 5,000 to over 21,000 vehicles per day depending on the location.
- Peak traffic hours varied by location but generally occurred in the morning and evening commute periods.
- Buses and trucks accounted for 10-15% of vehicles while private
This document summarizes a study valuing safe drinking water supply in rural Myanmar. The study uses contingent valuation methods to survey 4 villages about their willingness to pay monthly fees for a new water project. Regression analysis estimates the median household willingness to pay at 450 kyats (0.47 USD) per month, or 1.84% of average household income. A benefit-cost analysis finds the estimated benefits exceed estimated running costs of the project. However, initial installation costs would require external funding support.
Performance – the right frame for improving access to rural water supply?STEPS Centre
This document discusses the framing of access to rural water supply in Ethiopia through a case study of Mole Kebele, Mirab Abaya. It introduces the concept of performance-based monitoring in development and how it has been applied to the water sector in Ethiopia. The case study examines estimates of access to water supply in Mole Kebele and issues related to specific water sources like hand pumps and a China-built borehole, such as non-functionality, water quality problems, and manipulation of access. Residents must fetch water from all available schemes with long waiting times and need alternative strategies due to impacts on access.
- Melissa Leach is the Director of the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex. She has over 30 years of experience conducting ethnographic research in West Africa and speaks 4 local languages.
- Her research focuses on the environment, agriculture, health, technology, and gender. Recent work examines the politics of green transformations, forest-climate change relations, and the anthropology and ecology of zoonotic diseases like Ebola.
- She has a PhD in Social Anthropology from SOAS, University of London and has supervised numerous PhD students during her career.
This document provides an annual review and summary of activities for Integrated Regional Support Program (IRSP) in 2012. It discusses several projects implemented by IRSP including promoting civil society participation in water and sanitation governance in Pakistan. For this project, IRSP established a network of 15 civil society organizations in Mardan district and built their capacity in areas such as participatory planning and budget tracking. Through this project, over 23,000 people gained access to safe water supplies and 25 communities engaged in activities to improve sanitation.
Demography is the study of human populations and their size, composition, distribution, and changes over time due to births, deaths, and migration. Pakistan's population in 2014 was 184.89 billion people and is growing, with an average daily increase of 9,206 people in 2015. Key demographic characteristics of Pakistan's population include that it is predominantly Muslim and speakers of Punjabi, Sindhi, and other languages. Literacy rates and access to education and health services vary significantly between urban and rural areas. A recent demographic and health survey in Pakistan found some improvements in access to contraception, safer childbirth practices, and vaccinations, but more progress is still needed to achieve health-related development goals.
This document discusses safe drinking water and sanitation issues globally and in Pakistan. It notes that over 2 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water and over 4.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. In Pakistan, approximately 38.5 million people do not have access to safe drinking water and 50.7 million lack adequate sanitation as of 2005. Water sources in Pakistan are often contaminated by untreated domestic and industrial waste, threatening public health. Common chemical contaminants like nitrates, arsenic, and fluoride found in drinking water can cause health issues if levels are elevated, including various cancers and birth defects. Ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation requires planning, infrastructure development and maintenance, capacity building, and promoting
Rural water supply policies: Evidence through qualitative document analysisIRC
This document describes a qualitative document analysis (QDA) conducted by the Triple-S research project to assess rural water policies of various development organizations. The QDA analyzed policy documents from 11 organizations against 21 themes related to sustainable service delivery. It found that themes around learning, collaboration, capacity building, and inclusion were most commonly addressed. Planning for asset management and alternative service providers were least recognized. The analysis identified strengths and weaknesses in how different organizations approached institutional, management, financial and technical issues. It aims to establish a baseline for comparing future policy changes and understanding gaps between policy and practice.
INDIA-Rural Water Supply and Institutionsmichellesahay
This document provides a history of rural water supply in India from the 1950s to present. It discusses the various government programs and institutions involved in rural water supply over different generations. The key points are:
1) Rural water supply in India has evolved over multiple generations from an initial focus on infrastructure development to a more community-managed approach emphasizing sustainability and water quality.
2) Major government programs over the decades have included the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program, National Drinking Water Mission, and current National Rural Drinking Water Program.
3) Implementation involves various agencies from central, state, and local levels with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation as the nodal agency at the national level
This document presents information about rural water access and management. It discusses human rights to water, global water statistics showing rural populations have less access, and water sources. Facts are given about the MENA region where most countries have low water resources. The document also outlines water conditions in Lebanon, noting water scarcity and pollution issues especially impacting rural areas. Sustainable management of water resources is discussed as important for ensuring adequate, safe water access.
Service delivery indicators and Monitoring to improve sustainability of rural...IRC
This document discusses the development of service delivery indicators and monitoring to improve sustainability of rural water supplies in Ghana. It notes that previous monitoring focused only on functionality, which does not capture underlying factors affecting long-term sustainability. The new approach aims to monitor three aspects: the service delivered to users, performance of service providers, and performance of service authorities. Pilot indicators were developed in Ghana through stakeholder consultation and testing. The indicators assess factors like management, finances, operations, and the enabling environment. The next steps are to collect baseline data in focus regions and scale up indicator use nationally, linked to Ghana's monitoring system. The goal is to help plan support and improve rural water sector performance through more comprehensive, service-oriented monitoring.
Quality of Filtered Drinking Water in Rawalpindi - December 2014Batool tazeem
This document summarizes the methodology used in a study assessing water quality from filtration units in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The study involved:
1. Reviewing previous studies on water filtration in Rawalpindi.
2. Mapping the spatial distribution of over 200 filtration units and randomly selecting 19 units for sampling.
3. Collecting water samples before and after filtration from the selected units.
4. Analyzing the samples for microbiological and chemical parameters at a lab.
5. Conducting a user survey at the sampling sites about water quality and supply satisfaction.
6. Analyzing the data collected and reporting on the study findings, including water quality, user responses, and recommendations
This report summarizes findings from reviewing environmental impact assessments of proposed energy developments in Uganda's Albertine Rift region, which overlaps with important biodiversity areas. Three EIA reports were assessed against international best practices. While some good work was done, two reports needed improvement in areas like impact assessment methodology and determining mitigation measures. A field trip to various sites found that not all mitigation conditions were fully implemented. The report recommends improving EIA practice, increasing understanding of oil and gas impacts, strengthening monitoring, and ensuring lower carbon energy sources like geothermal and hydropower are fully considered. Responsible energy development requires protecting sensitive wildlife areas and applying international standards.
This document discusses climate change vulnerabilities related to security in Africa across several sectors:
1) Water security is threatened by changing rainfall patterns, which exacerbates water scarcity in already dry regions and flooding in other areas. Key hotspots include the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and South Africa.
2) Food security faces risks from higher temperatures, more extreme weather, and water scarcity negatively impacting agricultural production. Hotspots are the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and Southern Africa.
3) Energy security is endangered by reliance on hydropower and vulnerability of infrastructure to climate impacts. Key hotspots are the Niger River Basin, Nile River Basin, and Southern Africa.
4) Migration
This document discusses climate change vulnerabilities related to security in Africa across several sectors:
1) Water security is threatened by changing rainfall patterns, which exacerbates water scarcity in already dry regions and flooding in other areas. Key hotspots include the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and South Africa.
2) Food security faces risks from higher temperatures, more extreme weather, and water scarcity negatively impacting agricultural production. Hotspots are the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and Southern Africa.
3) Energy security is endangered by reliance on hydropower and vulnerability of infrastructure to climate impacts. This affects access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa.
4) Migration is linked to climate change through
This document discusses climate change vulnerabilities related to security in Africa across several sectors:
1) Water security is threatened by changing rainfall patterns, which exacerbates water scarcity in already dry regions and flooding in other areas. Key hotspots include the Sahel, Horn of Africa, and South Africa.
2) Food security is at risk from higher temperatures, more extreme weather, and water scarcity negatively impacting agricultural production. The Sahel, Horn of Africa, and Southern Africa are particularly vulnerable hotspots.
3) Energy security is threatened by dependence on biomass in many countries and vulnerability of infrastructure to climate impacts. Key hotspots are coastal regions in West Africa and the Horn.
4) Migration
The process of preparing the report "Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development" fell short of standards for scientific work in several ways:
1) The Principal Investigator failed to disclose a conflict of interest that could impact the report's credibility.
2) The University's conflict of interest policy was poorly crafted and enforced.
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government departments/organizations. Sundarban
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New students from 16 countries across 3 continents were welcomed at the Asian Institute of Technology on January 5th, 2016 for the new semester. A total of 116 students enrolled, with 80% joining master's programs and the rest doctoral or special programs. The majority of students (75%) joined the School of Engineering and Technology. Students came from 16 countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Nepal, China, Sri Lanka, Thailand, USA, and Vietnam. The Vice President for Academic Affairs and Deans from the three schools welcomed the new students.
MI - FINAL REPORT - SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR ADVOCACY PROJECTDr. Muhammad Khalid
This document provides a situational analysis for a nutrition advocacy project in Pakistan. It analyzes the roles of various stakeholders working on nutrition issues, including the public sector, private sector and civil society. It also examines the current policy and financial commitment to nutrition from the federal and provincial governments. Key findings include that nutrition interventions are led by different sectors, malnutrition data collection efforts are infrequent and limited, and Department of Health has defined its role around nutrition most clearly at the provincial level. Financial commitment from governments remains low compared to funding from donors. The analysis was conducted through document review and interviews to establish a baseline for advocacy efforts seeking increased policy and financial commitments to address malnutrition in Pakistan.
PA: Creating Sustainable Community ParksSotirakou964
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This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
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But Why do they skip it?
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Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
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Example of Market Research working
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Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
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3. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
i
Table of Contents
1. Context:.................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background: ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement: ......................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Study Target Areas: .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1. Slum Areas of F‐11 Sector Islamabad: ..................................................................... 2
1.3.2. Golra Town Islamabad: ............................................................................................ 4
1.3.3. F‐11 Sector of Islamabad: ........................................................................................ 5
1.4 Purpose of the Study: ....................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Scope of the Study: .......................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Detailed TORs: .................................................................................................................. 6
1.7 Transfer the data to Excel File, tabulate and analyze. ..................................................... 6
1.8 Work Plan and Schedule of Work: ................................................................................... 7
2. Methodology:............................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Review of Previous Studies: ............................................................................................. 8
2.2 Selection of Target Area: .................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Selection of Sample Size: ................................................................................................. 8
2.4 Questionnaire and Pre‐test: ............................................................................................. 8
2.5 Data Transfer and Tabulation: ......................................................................................... 9
2.6 Data Analysis: ................................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Case Studies: .................................................................................................................... 9
2.8 Reporting: ........................................................................................................................ 9
3. Findings of Previous Studies: ................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Water Supply and Sanitation in Slums of Islamabad: .................................................... 10
3.2 Socio‐economic features and prevalence of water borne diseases: ............................. 10
3.3 Rawalpindi and Islamabad: Multi hazard risk mapping: ................................................ 11
3.4 Impact of open dumping of waste on soil and vegetation diversity: ............................ 11
3.5 Policy Review and Analysis: ........................................................................................... 12
3.5.1. National Drinking Water Policy: ............................................................................. 12
3.5.2. National Sanitation Policy: ..................................................................................... 12
3.5.3. WaterAid Pakistan Country Strategy 2010‐2015: .................................................. 13
4. Findings:................................................................................................................................. 14
4.1 Slum Areas of F‐11 Sector of Islamabad: ....................................................................... 14
4.1.1. Water Supply Analysis: ........................................................................................... 14
4.1.2. Sanitation Analysis: ................................................................................................ 16
4.1.3. Environmental Pollution: ....................................................................................... 16
4.2 Golra Town Islamabad: .................................................................................................. 17
4.2.1. Water Supply Analysis: ........................................................................................... 17
4. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
ii
4.2.2. Sanitation Analysis: ................................................................................................ 19
4.2.3. Environmental Pollution: ....................................................................................... 19
4.3 F‐11 Sector of Islamabad: .............................................................................................. 19
4.3.1. Water Supply Analysis: ........................................................................................... 19
4.3.2. Sanitation Analysis: ................................................................................................ 21
4.3.3. Solid Waste Management: ..................................................................................... 21
4.3.4. Environmental Pollution: ....................................................................................... 21
5. Key Issues:............................................................................................................................. 22
5.1 Generic Issues: ............................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Specific Issues: ............................................................................................................... 23
5.2.1. Slum Areas of F‐11 Sector: ..................................................................................... 23
5.2.2. Golra Town Islamabad: .......................................................................................... 23
5.2.3. F‐11 Sector of Islamabad: ...................................................................................... 24
6. Options Available: .................................................................................................................. 24
6.1 Generic Issues: ............................................................................................................... 24
6.2 Specific Issues: ............................................................................................................... 24
6.2.1. Slum Areas of F‐11 Sector: ..................................................................................... 24
6.2.2. Golra Town Islamabad: .......................................................................................... 25
6.2.3. F‐11 Sector of Islamabad: ...................................................................................... 25
7. Institutional Gaps: .................................................................................................................. 25
8. Capacity Building Needs:....................................................................................................... 26
9. Awareness and Mass Communication Needs: ...................................................................... 26
10. Next Steps:......................................................................................................................... 27
5. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
1
Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation situation in
E and F Sectors and Slum Areas (within or around E and
F sectors) in Islamabad
Noor-Ul-Ain1
, Maryam Malik2
, Samina Perveen3
1. Context:
1.1 Background:
Until a few decades ago, Pakistan was a country rich in water resources with its huge reservoirs of
lakes, rivers, glaciers and ice caps. However, with the passage of time, water resources started
declining because of environmental influences like global warming, climate change etc. as well as
various anthropogenic activities which may include over population, high pollution levels, rapid
urbanization, industrialization and many other such reasons. As a result, Pakistan has been declared
as water stressed country by Asian Development Bank and the World Bank. According to a report from
ADB, Pakistan has the availability of less than 1000 cubic meters of water for a single person per year.4
With the rapid decline in water quantity of the country, the quality of water resources is also being
affected to a huge extent. According to the Economic Survey 2011-2013, over 65% of the total
population does not have an access to potable water leading to various water borne diseases5
. A report
from PCRWR states that almost 200,000 children in Pakistan die every year of diarrhea related
diseases6
.
Being the capital of the country, Islamabad holds great significance as one of the most developed and
privileged city of Pakistan with best health facilities available to the citizens. However, the city is also
suffering from water related issues. Since the water aquifer in the city is shallow and scattered, the
major source of water in Islamabad are the reservoirs built upon Simli and Khanpur Dam as well as few
tube wells. The water supply from these sources is 84 million gallons per day, as per CDA7
, but it is still
insufficient to fulfill the domestic needs of the locals. Moreover, the water supply is also being polluted
due to untreated discharge of municipal and industrial effluents into the water bodies. Some other
factors also contribute in polluting water like broken pipelines, improper drainage and sewage system
etc.
Sanitation is another issue that is predominant in developing countries like Pakistan. The rural areas as
well as a large number of slums are lacking proper sewerage system and toilets. The report published
by ADB, WSP and Australian Aid states that almost 36% of the total population of Pakistan lacks the
availability of proper toilet facilities.8
In developed urban areas like Islamabad, the sanitation system is
adequate, however; the slums and underdeveloped areas of the city are still without well-established
sanitation and proper disposal of solid waste and wastewater. All of these inadequacies are leading to
1
Student at Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
2
Student at Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
3
Student at Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
4
Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Outlook 2013 Asia’s Energy Challenge.
5
Pakistan's Premier News Agency, 60% People Have Access to Safe Drinking Water in Country.
6
DAWN. “More than 40 percent Pakistanis lack access to clean water”
7
Government of Pakistan Capital Development Authority, Conduction of Water from Indus River System of Tarbela
Dam to Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
8
Water and sanitation program, Asian development Bank, Australian AID, The Economic Impacts of Inadequate
Sanitation in Pakistan.
6. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
2
a declining standard of living and become the cause of various water borne diseases like cholera,
diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis etc. and these disease in many cases, turn out to be fatal for the people.
1.2 Problem Statement:
The continuously declining quality and quantity of water supply and improper sanitation which is
adversely affecting the living standards of the locals has been an increasing concern for the citizens of
Islamabad and its adjacent slums. A considerable number of residents of Islamabad are facing several
water borne diseases because of contaminated drinking water and inadequate sanitation facilities.
1.3 Study Target Areas:
Capital Development Authority has established various housing sectors since the development of
Islamabad. The report constitutes four target areas. The study target areas include sectors E-11 and F-
11 of Islamabad and two slums near these CDA sectors.
1.3.1. Slum Areas of F-11 Sector Islamabad:
The first two target areas of the study are the slums located in CDA sector F-11, Islamabad. The two
localities are situated at a distance of approximately 1 km from each other. Bheka Saiyidaan is located
in F-11/4 whereas Mehrabadi is located in F-11/3. The exact population figures of the two localities
were unavailable. However, according to the locals, the population of the two slums was said to be less
than 500 persons per area.
Figure 1: Islamabad Map highlighting main target areas: CDA
sectors E-11 & F-11 Source: Retrieved from Google Maps on 15-
7-2014
7. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
3
Figure 2: A glimpse of Mehrabadi. Source: Personal photography
Figure 3: F-11 Map Highlighting target area 1 & 2: Mehrabadi & Bheka
Saiyidaan Source: Retrieved from Google Maps on 16-7-2014
8. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
4
1.3.2. Golra Town Islamabad:
Golra Islamabad is a locality which holds much importance for the whole nation. This is due to the
presence of shrine of Golra Sharif that is situated in the center of E-11 sector Islamabad. The major
reason for the popularity of this shrine is the tomb of Pir Meher Ali Shah who was the Sufi Saint of 19th
century. The estimated population of Golra Housing lies approx. between 3,000-5,000 individuals.
Majority of the people residing this place belong to middle class families.
Figure 5: CDA sector E-11, Islamabad Map highlight target area Golra
Source: Retrieved from Google Maps on 12-7-2014
Figure 4: A glimpse of Golra Town E-11.
Source: Personal Photography
9. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
5
1.3.3. F-11 Sector of Islamabad:
CDA sector F-11 is one of the most populated sectors of Islamabad with its population exceeding 10,000
individuals. The sector is divided into four sub-sectors i.e. F-11/1, F-11/2, F-11/3 and F-11/4. This sector
of Islamabad is considered as a highly privileged residential area of Islamabad apparently with best
facilities available to the citizens.
Figure 6: Image of sector F-11
Source: Personal Photography
Figure 7: CDA sector F-11 Islamabad Map highlight F-11/1, F-11/2, F-11/3 & F-11/4
Source: Retrieved from Google Maps on 10-7-2014
10. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
6
1.4 Purpose of the Study:
The purpose of the study is to assess the current status of water quality and sanitation situation in CDA
sectors and adjacent slum areas of Islamabad, to compare the water quality of different localities and
to emphasize on the importance of clean water availability and adequate sanitary conditions to the local
people of Islamabad for ensuring clean and healthy life.
1.5 Scope of the Study:
Focused on the water supply and sanitation situation in Islamabad and nearby slum areas, the study
has been delimited to four selected areas within the city in order to obtain detailed results as regards
the purpose of the study. These include two selected areas from CDA sectors and two slum areas within
the CDA sectors E and F of Islamabad. There remains a considerable difference in the water availability
and hygienic conditions among developed urban areas and underdeveloped favelas. Thus the report is
focused on evaluation of water supply, sanitation situation and solid waste disposal of all study areas.
1.6 Detailed TORs:
The Terms of References of the study include:
Preparation of Islamabad map to have spatial understanding of the population.
Locate four selected locations each in slum area, E and F sectors.
Select sample size in each of the four selected locations and explain the methodology.
The total sample size should not be less than 100 interviews in the four selected areas divided in
to four depending on the size of population in each category.
Prepare the questionnaire (as simple as possible) to conduct interviews of the households in
aspects related to water supply and sanitation.
Pre-test the questionnaire and conduct the survey.
1.7 Transfer the data to Excel File, tabulate and analyze.
Collect secondary information from net regarding work already done on water supply and sanitation
in Islamabad.
Take Pictures of the area visited including the environmental conditions around or within the
selected area. Quality of the pictures should be good.
Anything which you think is important or unique.
Describe the study methodology including sampling & analysis procedures.
Join the Pakistan Water Gateway (www.waterinfo.net.pk) and write individual blogs to document
your weekly activities. Blogs must include pictures and a brief description of what and how you
carried out the tasks.(minimum 500 words)
Report writing and submission – the outline will include – Background information, Problem
statement, purpose of the study, methodology, results, discussion and conclusions.
11. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
7
1.8 Work Plan and Schedule of Work:
Work plan and schedule of work is devised in the table 1 below;
Table 1: Work Plan and Schedule of Work
No
.
Activity
Schedule of Implementation of
Activities
June
4th
Week
July
1st
Week
July
2nd
Week
July
3rd
Week
July
4th
Week
August
1st
Week
1. Development of Proposal
2. Development of
Questionnaire
3. Preparation of map
4. Sample Size Selection
5. Conduction of Survey
6. Data Analysis
7. Collection of Secondary data
8. Compilation of Report
9. Submission of Report
12. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
Draft Final – WASH, E & F Sectors, Islamabad
8
2. Methodology:
2.1 Review of Previous Studies:
The secondary data referred to in the report comprises of official statistics, review of case studies and
reports relevant to the subject of water supply and sanitation situation in Pakistan (particularly focused
on Islamabad and the nearby slums) collected from valid online sources. Most of the data obtained was
qualitative in order to provide detailed information on the related issues. The prominent research
findings were keenly analyzed and integrated into the report to further add significance to the primary
research. The information was scanned; the facts were emphasized and then combined with personal
perceptions to make the data more representative.
2.2 Selection of Target Area:
In order to conduct research on the prevailing situation of water supply and sanitation in Islamabad,
four areas were selected as the target areas. The areas included:
Mehrabadi F-11/3, Islamabad
Bheka Saiyidaan F-11/4, Islamabad
Golra Town E-11, Islamabad
CDA Sector F-11 Islamabad
The areas were selected keeping in mind the difference in the living standards of the locals. Since the
slums (Mehrabadi and Bheka Saiyidaan) are occupied by poverty stricken population of the area, thus
they were selected to deeply analyze the hygienic status and water availability in the two areas. The
other two areas were occupied by the majority of financially stable population. These were selected to
analyze their water and sanitation related issues and also to compare the conditions prevailing there
and in the lowly slums of Islamabad.
2.3 Selection of Sample Size:
The sample size of the four areas was selected according to the estimated population figure of each
area. The sample size for the area having smaller population size was kept smaller and vice versa.
Each sample represented a separate household. The sample sizes for four selected study areas are as
follows:
Selected Location Sample Size
Mehrabadi (slum area) 20
Bheka Saiyidaan (slum area) 20
Golra Housing (E-11) 35
CDA sector F-11 45
Total Sample Size 120
Table 2: Describes Sampling location and sample size
2.4 Questionnaire and Pre-test:
The primary research was conducted with the help of semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire
was comprehensive and was primarily based on the issues related to water supply such as water supply
source, drinking water quality, commonly faced diseases, awareness of water borne diseases, water
storage tanks, type of toilet used, sanitation conditions, personal hygiene, waste disposal and
management, actions by concerned authorities and suggestions for addressing the issues of water
supply and sanitation.
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The questionnaire was pre-tested upon the small number of locals of the study areas and was revised
as needed. For pilot testing, the majority of the respondents were females since the men were away for
work at daytime. Also, Women were preferred for interviewing because they are more conscious about
household requirements and accessibilities. A mixed response of cooperativeness and unsupportive
attitude was there to be seen among the locals during the conduction of field survey.
2.5 Data Transfer and Tabulation:
Since the transcript was in Ms. Word, the data were transferred to the Excel Spreadsheets for analysis.
Each response was transferred to a separate cell when entered into the Excel. As the responses were
transferred, unique IDs were denoted to each response. Each column represented an individual
question and each row was designated to an individual respondent.
The data were tabulated in the form of binary digits 1 and 0 to make the analysis easier and
comprehensible. Each question was further divided into choices and the one selected was given entry
of ‘1’ while those not applicable were denoted by ‘0’ digit.
Response Representation
Positive, Applicable 1
Negative, Not Applicable 0
Table 3: Indicates response codes
2.6 Data Analysis:
After the data transfer and tabulation was completed, the data were analyzed. The analysis was
performed with the help of computing frequencies, percentages, averages and then drawing histograms
to make the results more illustrative.
2.7 Case Studies:
Three case studies have been specified in the report. The case study for the first two target areas has
been combined because the two locations hold much similarity. The case studies constitute water
supply and sanitation analysis, constraints and issues and options available to tackle the faced issues
and problems.
2.8 Reporting:
The reporting has been done after a thorough field survey in each study area. The reporting is done in
a brief and concise manner after analyzing the results of the survey.
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3. Findings of Previous Studies:
3.1 Water Supply and Sanitation in Slums of Islamabad:
In a case study performed by Saeed R et al. named “Exacerbation of Poverty among Urban Slum
Dwellers of Islamabad Because of Poor Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation”9
, the water supply
analysis was conducted in a settlement in sector I-11/1 Islamabad. The main purpose behind this was
to analyze the prevalence of water borne diseases in the area caused by unhygienic water supply and
to assess the extent of poverty in the area. The study area included the habitat of I-11/1 near the Metro
Shopping Centre, Islamabad. Simple random sampling technique was used. 80 households were
randomly selected and interviewed about various aspects regarding water supply situation.
10 water samples were randomly collected from difference water sources including unprotected private
wells, hand pumps and piped water supply water quality tests were conducted at PCRWR. It was found
out that six out of ten households were using the water having Escherichia coli, a major source of
diarrhea.
From the obtained results of water quality tests, it was determined that there was a close link between
water sources and diarrheal diseases. The results revealed that all sources of water supply were
contaminated except a single source of piped water supply. The storage water quality was also heavily
deteriorated.
From the interviews conducted among 80 household containing 576 individuals, it was found out that
about 460 individuals were suffering from water borne diseases particularly diarrhea. People were found
infected with diarrhea and 70% households replied that they had diarrhea during last three months.
Especially children under age five were found infected with this disease. Water treatment such as boiling
is very essential for purifying water to some extent however, it was found out that almost 47 households
out of 80 were using raw water without and were found infected with diarrheal diseases.
The study revealed extremely pathetic situation of water health and hygiene in the settlement of 1-11.
The quality of water available to the locals was found below the permissible limits. As a result majority
of the dwellers were dealing with health problems and a major chunk of their meagre income was being
spent on health issues.
3.2 Socio-economic features and prevalence of water borne
diseases: Error! Bookmark not defined.
Another case study by Siddique et al i.e. “Association of Socio-Economic Features, Hygienic
Status, Age Groups and Gender with Prevalence of Waterborne Diseases in Rawalpindi and
Islamabad”10
also involves the assessment of drinking water quality in the twin cities by determining
the frequency of water borne diseases among the locals.
The research was performed by interviewing people from various settings of the Islamabad and
Rawalpindi belonging to different socio economic classes. Random sampling technique was used and
response data from 130 individuals was included in the study. Individuals were interviewed mainly
regarding drinking water and prevalence of waterborne diseases.
The research results revealed that diarrhea was the major disease that was prevalent among water
borne illnesses. Proportion of diarrhea in male and female was distributed as 28.4% and 26.2%
respectively, followed by jaundice as a second major waterborne ailment with 15.9% proportion of males
and 16.7% of females.
9
Saeed R, 2013.Exacerbation of Poverty among Urban Slum Dwellers of Islamabad Because of Poor Drinking
Water Quality and Sanitation.
10
Siddique M, 2012. Association of Socio-Economic Features, Hygienic Status, Age Groups and Gender with
Prevalence of Waterborne Diseases in Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
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The reason behind great percentages of female patients was that women’s activities involve water
usage in many ways, e.g. cooking and washing, etc. Moreover, since women live inside their homes,
their immunity level is lower as compared to men.
It was also found out that diarrhea was the major ailment among the middle aged respondents whereas
young people suffered comparably lesser. Water The study revealed that water borne diseases were
also linked with socio economic statuses of the individuals. Diarrhea contributes 92.6% in the study
population who are socio-economically poor as well as illiterate. The reason behind this could be their
unhygienic practices and inaccessibility to clean and pure drinking water.
The conclusion drawn from the results was that better hygienic conditions and installation of better water
filtration system can reduce the occurrence of water borne diseases significantly and upraise the
standard of living in the two cities.
3.3 Rawalpindi and Islamabad: Multi hazard risk mapping:
A study by Plan International namely “Rawalpindi and Islamabad: Multi hazard risk mapping”11
,
stated that provision of clean drinking water and collection, treatment and disposal of waste
water/sewage and solid waste which were three of key municipal services that determine the
environment of an area, were being neglected in the cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
Both Rawalpindi and Islamabad cities were unable to find an appropriate solution to fulfill these primary
municipal needs of their residents. The conduction of survey in Muslim Colony located in CDA sector
E-11 Islamabad revealed that majority of the residents were suffering from diseases like malaria,
cholera, dengue fever etc. The residents also responded that during 2007, major number of population
was affected by a certain kind of allergy, most probably because of unhygienic conditions in the area.
The female respondents of the locality declared the poor sanitary conditions the major problem faced
by the local population. There was an improper disposal of waste in the drain which led to their choking
and hence flooding.
Moreover as the area was located adjacent to Bari Imam, the residents complained that during the
annual anniversary, devotees reached the shrine from far flung areas and created great problem for the
locals by throwing garbage anywhere they liked. This resulted in further deterioration of environmental
conditions. The respondents were also of the opinion that since the settlement was not recognized by
CDA, hence no municipal services were provided for proper disposal of waste.
3.4 Impact of open dumping of waste on soil and vegetation
diversity:
In a study by Maria et al “Open dumping of municipal solid waste and its hazardous impacts on
soil and vegetation diversity at waste dumping sites of Islamabad city”12
, the contribution of openly
dumped waste in soil contamination was analyzed in the dumping site of sector H-10 Islamabad.
Several analyses were performed in order to determine the soil quality after waste had been dumped
on it. The results of the analysis revealed that soil was being heavily contaminated due of open dumping
of waste in the area and it was affecting the diversity of vegetation in the area.
This showed that improper waste management not only affected the living population of the area but
also the natural environment prevailing in the region which again affected the living beings indirectly.
The contamination of soil by heavy metals affected human health, animals and soil productivity.
The organic matter, content, pH, conductivity, and available heavy metals on open dump sites were
greatly affected by the quantity of wastes dumped. This was leading to the reduction of both. Thus there
was seen reduction in soil quality as well as loss of vegetation diversity.
11
RDPI, 2013.Rawalpindi and Islamabad: Multi Hazard Risk Mapping, Islamabad.
12
Ali M, 2014. Open dumping of municipal solid waste and its hazardous impacts on soil and vegetation diversity
at waste dumping sites of Islamabad city.
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Reduction in soil quality also poses a threat to the living environment of the locality. Hence, there is a
need for proper municipal solid management in the area for better quality soil. Otherwise, a number of
contaminants may leach into the soil and affect vegetation as well as ground water of the area. This
may result in water pollution which will consequently lead to water borne diseases among the local
users.
3.5 Policy Review and Analysis:
Various policies have been formulated on national and provincial level to ensure the
availability of proper water supply and sanitation to the citizens of Pakistan. Some of these
are:
National Drinking Water Policy 2009
National Sanitation Policy 2006
3.5.1. National Drinking Water Policy:
National Drinking Water policy was formulated by the then Ministry of Environment and approved by
the Federal Cabinet on 28th
September, 2009 (Government of Pakistan)13
. The basic aim of this policy
is to provide a guiding framework to the federal and provincial governments in order to address the
challenges faced by Pakistan towards the provision of clean and safe drinking water.
Some of the salient features on which the policy is based upon are:
o Access to safe drinking water is the basic human right of every citizen and that it is the
responsibility of the Government to ensure its provision to all citizens.
o Water allocation for drinking purposes will be given priority over other uses.
o In order to ensure equitable access, special attention will be given to removing the existing
disparities in coverage of safe drinking and for addressing the needs of the poor and the
vulnerable.
National Drinking Water Policy is a generalized framework that provides guidelines for adequate water
supply and sanitation. However, it fails to deal with area specific issues regarding availability of safe
drinking water and proper sanitary conditions. Moreover, this policy also does not states any specific
measures to be taken for improvement of situation in the under privileged areas like slums and Kachi
abadis.
3.5.2. National Sanitation Policy:
National Sanitation Policy was approved by Cabinet Division on October 2006. The basic purpose of
this policy is the meet the commitment to Millennium Development Goal Number 07 whose basic target
is to reduce by half the population of Pakistan without having access to safe drinking water and
sanitation by the year 201514
.
Some of the salient features of this policy are as follows:
o Large urban areas have underground sewerage systems which are dilapidated due to poor
maintenance and neglect. Thus most of the sewage goes untreated into natural water bodies
resulting in severe contamination. The policy aims at changing this situation.
o Roads in Kachi abadis will not be raised higher than the level of plinths of the houses so as to
make the sewage disposal and drainage possible and to prevent flood during rains.
13
Government of Pakistan,2009.National Drinking Water Policy; Ministry of Environment, Islamabad, Pakistan.
14
Sanitation and Water for All (SWA), 2012.Pakistan Sector Status Report; Investing Wisely, Sanitation and Water
Saving Lives, Islamabad, Pakistan
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o Effective waste management system will be established in urban centers and rural areas for
municipal and industrial waste water.
o Appropriate solid and liquid waste treatment facilities will be made integral part of all
development projects.
Although this policy also focuses somewhat on maintenance of sewage disposal and drainage in Kachi
abadis, yet from the observed scenario, there is far little practicality in this regard. This policy, focused
on goal no.7 of Millennium Development Goals, also lacks guidelines and steps to deal with area
specific issues rather it provides general recommendations for improved sanitation which are not much
effective when dealing with a distinct locality.
3.5.3. WaterAid Pakistan Country Strategy 2010-2015:
In addition to federal and provincial policies, there are also certain strategies that have been formulated
to ensure proper hygienic conditions to the locals. One of the common among these is WaterAid
Pakistan Country Strategy 2010-2015.
WaterAid is an international non-profit organization who basic aim is the provision of safe drinking water
and adequate sanitation on global level. Country Strategy of Pakistan focuses on the implementation
of policies that promote and secure people’s rights and access to safe water, and improve hygiene and
sanitation15
.
One of the major components of WaterAid Pakistan is to financially and technically assist private
organizations for the improvement of WASH (Water, Sanitation & Hygiene) services.
It is also the ambition of Water Aid Pakistan to support the government in achieving MDG targets related
to WASH. To achieve MGD goal, government has launched a program namely Clean Drinking Water
for All (CDWA). CDWA was launched after a public turmoil against extremely unhygienic conditions and
increased rate of water borne diseases in the country. WAP works in collaboration with the country’s
policies like National Drinking Water Policy 2009 and National Sanitation Policy 2006.
15
WaterAid, 2010.Pakistan Country Strategy 2010-2015.
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4. Findings:
As Article 25 of The Universal Declaration of Human Right states:
“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself
and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care…”
Provision of standard living conditions is a fundamental human right but unfortunately in a developing
country like Pakistan, a considerable number of people are not subjected to such basic rights and are
living below poverty line without even access to clean food and water.
Water Supply and Sanitation analysis of the two slums of F-11 revealed extremely distraught situation.
Water supply is scarce and insufficient to fulfill the needs of inhabitants as the sole source are one to
two hand pumps in each area. Also the water is contaminated and tainted with dirt due to which there
is an increased rate of people suffering from water borne diseases. There is no proper system of waste
disposal and management in Mehrabadi and Bheka Saiyidaan.
In Golra Town E-11, water supply source is a drilled well in each house. Water from the drilled well is
sufficient to meet the needs of locals. Although water supply and sanitation situation in Golra Town are
near to acceptability, yet there is no proper solid waste disposal in the whole locality resulting in piles
of garbage in the open grounds in front of houses.
Sector F-11 of Islamabad has two water supply sources i.e. drilled wells and pipeline water supply.
Pipeline water supply is very meagre in quantity, thus domestic needs are fulfilled by water from drilled
wells. Citizens are not much concerned about the quality of these two water sources as mineral water
is used for drinking purpose by majority of the residents.
4.1 Slum Areas of F-11 Sector of Islamabad:
4.1.1. Water Supply Analysis:
Water supply analysis of the slum areas of F-11 sector led to many contemptible discoveries. The sole
source of water supply in Mehrabadi and Bheka Saiyidaan was the hand pumps that had been installed
privately in the two areas. There was no sign of a proper pipeline or tube well to satisfy water
requirements of the people.
The slums of CDA sector F-11 were simply lacking any proper source of adequate water supply. The
hand pumps were fulfilling the needs of entire population. As a result, the locals were facing severe
inadequacy of water. The residents complained that they had to wait for a long time approximately 2 to
3 hours every time for their turn to fetch water because of long queues in front of hand pumps.
Chart 1
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Adequate Deficient Excess
Sample size %age
Water Supply Adequacy
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Moreover, during summer seasons, the water quantity from the hand pumps also decreased due to
falling groundwater level leading to further severity of water shortage.
The quality of water that was obtained from the hand pumps was also not up to mark as the water was
occasionally tainted with dirt according to the locals. The same dirt containing water when used for
drinking purposes led to various water borne diseases like malaria, diarrhea, cholera etc. among the
locals, because of which children were affected the most.
One noticeable thing was that the residents, majority of them being illiterate and unknowledgeable,
were unaware of the fact that the harmful diseases were being caused by the poor water quality and
unhygienic conditions.
The treatment of drinking water e.g. straining, boiling etc. may improve its quality to some extent
however, from the total of 40 respondents in the two areas, not a single interviewed individual used any
method of water treatment. One of the major reasons behind using un-boiled water might be the
deprivation of Sui gas facility in the areas.
In the present situation the slum dwellers seemed to be satisfied that at least they had water irrespective
of its cleanliness. So they did not engage themselves in improving water quality to make it portable,
they used the water from hand pumps as it is.
The use of Oral Rehydration Therapy in case of diarrhea was also not so common. The locals were not
using the therapy personally rather it depended on the local doctor whether he gave them ORS for
diarrhea cure or provides some other treatment.
The interviewees were also inquired about the occurrence of groundwater depletion in their dwellings.
Mixed answers were received from the people because they did not have the exact knowledge
regarding this issue.
Figure 8: A glimpse of Mehrabadi
Source: Personal photography
Figure 9: A glimpse of Mehrabadi
Source: Personal photography
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4.1.2. Sanitation Analysis:
Living in dilapidated shelters, the inhabitants of the two slum areas were deprived of proper sanitation
and sewerage system. There are no toilets at all in the whole localities. When asked question regarding
this, the interviewed locals just pointed towards the open ground not much far from there. Exactly similar
sanitary situations were prevailing in the villages of Bheka Saiyidaan and Mehrabadi.
This lack of proper sanitation also greatly contributed to various diseases among the locals. The only
areas for children to play were breeding grounds for flies, cockroaches and rats; increasing the health
risks for many people. People inhaled the toxic gases from the filthy ground that was breeding ground
for mosquitoes. This was also one of the major reasons why the diseases like malaria were so common
among the occupants.
Washing hands with soap after using toilet kills disease causing micro-organisms and personal
hygiene is also maintained through this practice.
However, the poor people who cannot afford the usage of soap only use water to wash their hands.
Thus the germs and contaminants enter the body along with food intake and become the cause of
gastro intestinal infections in the body. Same was the case prevailing in the two localities.
4.1.3. Environmental Pollution:
Environmental Pollution basically includes air, water and soil pollution. From the situation analyzed, it
became obvious that all three major kinds of environmental pollutions were prevailing in the two slums
of F-11. Since water from hand pumps was tainted with dirt and impurities and was harming the local
population, it revealed that there was existing high degree of water pollution in the areas. Although the
water quality had never been tested, yet the situation itself speaks for its detrimental state. The land
pollution was the one kind that could be observed even by throwing a slight glance at the open grounds
of F-11 slums. The stagnant water probably leached into the ground and led to further aggravation of
ground water pollution.
Just like deprivation of other basic living facilities of life, the two areas were also without any proper
waste disposal and management services. People dumped their household garbage and refuse into
the open grounds and the trash kept on piling without receiving attention either by the residents or by
Figure 10, 11: Images of Mehrabadi. Source: Personal photography
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any concerned authority. The huge garbage piles became breeding grounds for flies, insects,
mosquitoes etc. resulting in extremely adverse environmental conditions.
4.2 Golra Town Islamabad:
4.2.1. Water Supply Analysis:
The water supply source in Golra Town was the drilled well in each house since there was no water
supply pipeline in the area. According to the inhabitants of the area, they were completely satisfied with
the water supply quantity.
Water from the drilled wells was sufficient enough to fulfill their household demands. Thus people were
not facing any issue regarding water supply quantity. People of Golra got adequate water supply source
in the form of drilled wells to carry out their everyday routine tasks. They were contented with the water
quantity as it was sufficient to meet the needs of residents living in Golra Islamabad.
As per water quality, there was a mixed response among citizens. Some were totally satisfied while
there were also a few numbers of respondents who showed a slight dissatisfaction towards water
quality. Maximum people declared that neither they nor their families suffered from serious diseases
except common flu, cough and day to day illnesses. Although not completely satisfied, none of the
individuals ever had their drinking water tested for its quality. The only way used by them for treating
drinking water was boiling and straining. Many people were aware of Puri tabs but no one had used
those for purifying water.
Water storage containers included cans, bottles and coolers. Their cleanliness was maintained by
regular washing.
People residing in Golra did not purchase drinking water from any source and they were utilizing the
same bored water for this purpose. Water storage tanks could be found in all houses.
Figure 12: An image of a street in Golra
Town. Source: Personal Photography
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The standard plastic tank was fixed in all houses, the capacity of which was 50 liters. The storage tanks
were cleaned by most of the owners once or twice per year. However, no chemicals were used for
cleaning purposes.
Chart 2
People of Golra were privileged to have knowhow related to waterborne diseases. They were in position
to take precautionary measures in case of any emergency. They were also familiar with appropriate
steps for keeping their own living places clean and safe.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
After 3 months
After 6 months
Yearly
Sample Size %age
Time period
Cleaning of water storage tanks
Figure 13: A glimpse of drilled well in a house in
Golra Town. Source: Personal Photography
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4.2.2. Sanitation Analysis:
The sanitation system is proper and well managed in Golra Town. All the houses had flush toilets which
were linked with properly established sewerage system. All the respondents stated that their sewerage
system had never choked. Thus the public was not facing any problem regarding sanitation.
People also took care of their personal hygiene by washing their hands with soap each time after using
toilets. Thus, they were familiar with basic appropriate steps used to tackle any health crisis.
4.2.3. Environmental Pollution:
Despite having a good sanitation and satisfactory water supply, there is a great degree of environmental
pollution in Golra. This is due to improper disposal of waste in the locality.
From general observation, anyone can agree to the fact that the biggest concern of the area is solid
waste disposal and management. After witnessing the junkyard in empty plots in the locality, one can
became well acquainted with the solid waste disposal of the area. The response of the residents
concerning the whole situation was also as expected. When asked how they disposed of their
household garbage, the people responded that since there was no proper management of waste in the
whole area, they just dumped their household refuse in the nearby empty plots as they were left with
no other option.
4.3 F-11 Sector of Islamabad:
4.3.1. Water Supply Analysis:
Unlike the previous three target areas having single source of water supply, CDA sector F-11 has two
major water supply sources. One is the pipeline water supply and the other is drilled water or water
boring system in all houses. In F-11 nearly every house has a bored well for provision of water. The
reason behind that is the extreme inadequacy of water supplied through pipeline in the area.
Still the residents were satisfied because their water requirements were being fulfilled through water
extracted from drilled wells. All of the interviewed residents were contented and not even a single house
was found facing water crisis.
Figure 14: A view of openly disposed garbage in Golra Town
Source: Personal Photography
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Figure 15: A glimpse sector F-11 Source: Personal Photography
The reason citizens were not much concerned about the quality of groundwater was that majority of the
interviewed locals was using purchased water for drinking purposes. Mineral water was utilized and
people were apparently satisfied from its quality. The money spent on purchasing mineral water lied
between the ranges of Rs.1, 000-3, 000 monthly depending upon family sizes.
Regarding the quality of this water, a minority of the locals had their bored water checked for purity
level.
Although water quantity from boring system was on the whole sufficient yet most of the residents reacted
that the groundwater was depleting slowly and a slight decrease in water quantity could be experienced
in the summer season.
One of the residents namely Ghulam Nabirana responded that he once
had the groundwater quality tested and the results revealed that the
water did not meet up the standard limits for good quality water. It was
at the depth of 400 feet that pure water could be found in that region
whereas the boring was usually done almost up to 200 feet.
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Chart 3
The disease rate in the area was also quite low because of healthier living conditions and people only
suffered from day to day illnesses like cough, sore throat etc.
People of F-11 were aware about the Puri tabs but had never used the tablets for water purification.
Cleanliness was maintained and taken care of by regular cleaning of water storage bottles and cans.
Every house had a concrete storage tank while some also had plastic tanks of standard size i.e. 50
liters. The water storage tanks were kept clean by washing once or twice a year. Many residents
explained that they had used the chemical ‘Potassium Permanganate’ known commonly as Pinky for
purifying their water storage tanks from germs and bacteria.
4.3.2. Sanitation Analysis:
Sanitation system is properly established in the area just like any other developed residential area of
the city. All houses had flush toilets which were linked with sewerage system. None of the respondents
had experienced choking in their toilets. Personal hygiene was also maintained and people used soaps
and hand washes to wash hands after using toilets.
4.3.3. Solid Waste Management:
In CDA sector F-11, there was proper solid waste disposal. Trash cans were fixed on roads and waste
collectors collected waste on regular basis. The public also had awareness about composting and
separation of organic and inorganic waste at homes. However, they had never practiced the technique.
The reason they communicated was the shortage of open spaces and lawns.
4.3.4. Environmental Pollution:
Water or land pollution could not be observed in the area because of well-maintained hygienic
conditions. However air pollution might exist because of the presence of two slum areas in the sector
F-11 which are not so far from the main roads.
Few of the interviewed locals were of the opinion that those slums should be displaced from the sector
because they were a source of nasty smell spread over the whole area. Besides that, the slums were
also ruining the scenic value of such properly established CDA sector of Islamabad.
Yes
77%
No
23%
Ground water level dropping
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5. Key Issues:
There are various obstacles that become the cause of stressful circumstances in areas under study.
Some of the issues are general that might prevail in all the areas however; there are also certain issues
that are specified for each area. All of these discussed as under:
5.1 Generic Issues:
Some of the generic issues that have been observed in all study target areas regarding water supply
and sanitation conditions are:
Lack of Awareness:
Lack of awareness is a major issue that leads to unhygienic living conditions among the citizens. The
residents of under privileged localities do not realize the importance of clean and healthy surroundings
mainly because of their illiteracy. However, even that portion of public which is educated is not aware
of the means and measures by which they can adopt healthy life styles.
The residents of F-11 sector of Islamabad, even though educated and knowledgeable, still lack the
knowledge of waste minimization techniques like composting at domestic level which can prove to be
quite beneficial if practiced.
Lack of Resources:
Scarce resources especially financial resources result in number of obstacles in accessibility of safe
water and proper sanitation. The residents of Islamabad slums and Golra Town belong to the lower and
middle class of society respectively. Thus, lack of monetary and other resources are one of the factors
that prevent the locals from taking any prominent measures for proper solid waste management and
obtaining safe drinking water for themselves.
Citizens of F-11 sector face no financial constraints though they reflect that due to the shortage of lawns
and open spaces, they are unable to practice to compost the organic wastes on household level.
Figure 26, 17: Images of CDA sector F-11 Source: Personal Photography
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Lack of concern by Authorities:
The poor localities of Islamabad like slums and favelas situated in the midst of the city are being totally
neglected by the regulatory authority. Thus they are very much deprived of the basic human necessities
as observed during survey.
Similarly no government institution is paying heed towards an increasing pile of garbage in the Golra
Town. The Golra inhabitants revealed that since the area did not come under the regulation of Capital
Development Authority, no one was taking care of the area’s management and maintenance related
issues.
Water quantity supplied through pipelines remains unchecked by the authorities despite being aware
of the problems faced by F-11 residents. Still no effort has been made to increase the water supply
quantity. Improvement in the circumstances requires a keen attention by the responsible establishment.
5.2 Specific Issues:
5.2.1. Slum Areas of F-11 Sector:
There are number of constraints which give rise to such detrimental situation in the slums of F-11 some
of which are as follows:
Poverty:
Poverty is doubtlessly the root cause of under development. The slums areas constitute that portion of
the country’s population which lives below poverty line. The inhabitants of Mehrabadi and Bheka
Saiyidaan belong to the extremely underprivileged class of society. This is due to their weak financial
status that they are unable to raise their voice or demand for better living standards from the concerned
authorities.
Illiteracy:
The illiteracy rate is extremely high in the backwards slums of Pakistan. Similarly, majority of the
residents of the two slums under study were ignorant and uneducated. Being unaware of their basic
rights of life, it is impossible for them to struggle for their acquisition.
Social Disparities:
Unfortunately in our society, there is an increased occurrence of social disparities. All the opportunities
or conveniences are reserved for the privileged class and the poor are dispossessed of even their basic
human rights. Such trend is very obvious in the big cities like Islamabad. In CDA sector F-11, similar
situation exists with big bungalows with all luxuries of life and the lowly slums situated exactly in front
of each other.
5.2.2. Golra Town Islamabad:
There are a few constraints while considering the water supply and sanitation situation of Golra Housing
Islamabad. Solid waste management faces many obstacles such as these:
There are no bins or drums placed on the streets for garbage dumping.
The residents of Golra Town are also unaware of after effects of the huge piles of garbage in front
of their residential areas. Thus they do not attention towards keeping their surroundings clean and
hygienic.
The area contains a cow barn in the mid of houses. This becomes the cause of intense smell in the
entire region as well as cow dung on the streets which is worrisome for the locals.
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5.2.3. F-11 Sector of Islamabad:
Having access to satisfactory living conditions, the only problem local people were facing was slight
water depletion in summer seasons and air pollution because of slums. Thus, the constraint regarding
these issues might be as these:
Water source of whole of Islamabad city are the two dams namely Simli Dam and Khanpur Dam as
previously discussed. The water level is falling in these two dams because of which meagre amount
of water is supplied to the citizens through pipelines.
According to the residents of F-11, there can be felt a strong smell in the locality most probably
because of the presence of two slums within the sector.
6. Options Available:
During the survey, citizens also suggested few measures to deal with environmental and water related
concerns in study target areas. Just like key issues analyzed, the options that are available to deal with
these are also divided into generalized and specific.
6.1 Generic Issues:
Following are few options available for dealing with those problems which are being faced by all
citizens regardless of their dissimilarities.
Spreading Awareness:
Under the existing circumstances, there is a strong need to spread awareness among the public about
the importance of maintaining personal hygiene and safe and cleaning surroundings. Awareness
sessions and programs must be organized by government and private organizations for the people
belonging to non-urbanized areas like slums as well as for the educated class of the country. It might
also be an effective step to include such lessons in the schools’ curriculum.
People should also be guided on practicing composting on domestic level so that a considerable amount
of waste could be reduced and diminished appropriately.
Attention by concerned authorities:
The problems of the slum dwellers are of such great magnitude that these cannot be resolved until and
unless attention is paid by the government. Being a legal or an illegal settlement is another aspect, the
provision of basic facilities of life is a proven right of every human being.
Not only the slums, government institutions, responsible in this regards, should pay heed to the water
supply and sanitation conditions in all affected areas. On the whole, all these actions require the
regulatory authority to own their responsibility and take measures for improvement of situation.
6.2 Specific Issues:
6.2.1. Slum Areas of F-11 Sector:
During the conduction of survey in the slums of CDA sector F-11, the respondents were given the
opportunity to suggest measures or actions for the improvement of current situation. A few residents
responded with one and only suggestion for the improvement of water supply.
The locals suggested that as the areas were facing severe water inadequacy, thus more hand pumps
should be installed in the two slums to fulfill daily requirements of the residents. Some also suggested
that installation of a tube well in the localities could solve their water problem to a great extent.
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Being concerned only about water supply shortage, none of the individuals were concerned about the
improvement in water supply quality, proper sanitation system or proper waste disposal and
management.
The options available to deal with the present circumstances are:
Installation of more water supply sources such as wells, hand pumps, tube wells etc. to meet the
citizens’ needs.
Improvement of groundwater quality by stopping the activity of open dumping of waste to avoid
leaching.
Proper waste collection: The individuals should do play their own part in this by placing drums and
bins in their vicinities.
6.2.2. Golra Town Islamabad:
Residents of Golra Town were also given the opportunity to suggest measures to deal with the present
problems. The residents suggested that waste collecting drums should be placed on roads in order to
prevent open disposal of refuse.
Following options may be useful for dealing with related issues:
By practicing composting at home, the amount of household waste can be reduced to a great
degree.
People should play their own part in every possible manner to keep their surroundings clean.
Citizens themselves should place waste drums on roads and try to find some better alternative for
proper waste disposal.
6.2.3. F-11 Sector of Islamabad:
Citizens suggested few actions to improve the environmental and water related concerns of the area.
The options available many include the following:
One option for increased water supply from pipeline could be the construction of more dams or to
increase the capacity of already existing dams to tackle with the water supply shortage.
The maintenance of water supply pipelines is also very crucial. Many times, there is a leakage in
water pipelines which affects both the quantity and quality of supplied water. Thus pipes should be
bigger and well maintained for ensuring satisfactory water supply.
The motors that are installed for supplying water to the area must have higher efficiency so that
they could deliver a satisfactory quantity of water to the whole residential area.
Regarding air pollution, the only suggestion given by the locals was the removal of slums from
sector F-11. However if the slums be removed, it is necessary that the people residing there are
shifted to some other place that is equipped with all basic essentials of life.
7. Institutional Gaps:
The main institution responsible for maintenance and regulation of water supply and sanitation in
Islamabad is Capital Development Authority. CDA was created as a result of the executive order titled
Pakistan Capital Regulation passed on June 14th
, 1960. It is responsible for development and
maintenance of the capital as well as for public benefit by ensuring the provision of all basic necessities
of life to its citizens16
.
Capital Development Authority is divided into six wings the basic purpose of which is the division of
labor to increase the efficiency in each area. These are Administration Wing, Estate Wing, Engineering
16
Government of Pakistan, Capital Development Authority. Conduction of water from Indus River system of Tarbela
Dam to Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
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wing, Finance wing, Planning & Design Wing and Environment Wing. Each wing further includes several
directorates.
Water Supply Directorate is included under the Engineering Wing. It is responsible for production,
treatment, conduction and distribution of potable water to the whole city. Sanitation Directorate is
included under the Administration Wing and its major responsibility is the delivery of adequate sanitation
and proper garbage disposal within the municipal limits of Islamabad.
With continuous increase in population of the city, water shortage is becoming a major problem faced
by citizens. The current two dams which are supplying water cannot fully meet demands of the
residents. Thus CDA needs to hasten its efforts in increasing water supply sources of Islamabad.
Although water supply and sanitation facilities are being provided in all residential sectors and model
villages etc. yet slums and some of the housing colonies, situated in the midst of several CDA sectors,
are being totally neglected. No garbage disposal service is operational either in Golra E-11 or in the
vicinity of F-11 slums. CDA should take initiatives to improve the sanitation and hygienic conditions in
ignored places such as these. For proper garbage disposal, drums and bins need to be placed in such
areas.
CDA’s efforts are quite prominent in some directorates while negligence of duties can be observed in
others. There is a need for continuous monitoring of activities of all directorates by high ranking
responsible officials.
8. Capacity Building Needs:
On individual level, CDA needs to build up the expertise and enhance existing knowledge and skills of
its employees so that they could give their best output to the organization. Even though, CDA training
academy is once again working on this task by arranging training courses for its employees, still there
is a need to educate all its employees and train them properly to increase their potential.
Since there is no separate arrangement for monitoring or assessing the success and progress of each
directorate and its on-going projects, there is a need to establish a distinct monitoring unit whose basic
responsibility would be to monitor the progress of each unit. Increased efficiency can be expected by
taking this initiative.
CDA will be able to build its capacity to a great extent by increasing its interaction with public by creating
different forums and arranging awareness sessions. In this way, authority will be able to comprehend
the problems faced by citizens more genuinely. Also people will become more aware of their personal
responsibilities towards the maintenance of the city.
9. Awareness and Mass Communication Needs:
As discussed before, lack of awareness among the citizens is one of major causes of poor sanitary
conditions in backward slums and less developed areas of Islamabad. Majority of the public don’t even
know the harmful impact of germ-infested environment on personal health and hygiene. Thus, the need
of the hours is to educate the masses to practice hygienic activities.
Media can play a crucial role in this regard by organizing different programs to disseminate awareness
about cleanliness among the citizens. Awareness creating programs, shows and information sessions
should be displayed on television. Print media should also perform its role sincerely in this regard.
Articles and editorials can be written by environmental experts and analysts in newspapers and
magazines in a comprehensible manner so that common man could apprehend the main objective
easily. Short stories and plays can be quite helpful in educating young children.
People living in slums are mostly illiterate and poor. Thus, they have no access to newspapers and
television. However, major bulk has an access to radio. So awareness programs should be run on radio
in local languages to make people realize their duties towards their environment and surroundings.
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10. Next Steps:
The options available have been discussed in a separate section. The institution responsible in this
regards has also been analyzed briefly. Thus the next steps that are needed to be taken at the moment
are as follows:
Capital Development Authority should increase its pace and take effective measures to improve
water supply demands of the citizens of Islamabad including both privileged as well as under
privileged zones of the city.
Since water supply sources presently are insufficient to fulfill the requirements of whole city, thus
steps should be taken to build more dams for ensuring uninterrupted water supply.
Public should be given awareness about the importance of maintaining personal good hygiene as
well as good sanitary conditions to stay safe from various harmful diseases.
Responsible government institutions should pay heed towards the provision of fundamental human
rights to the slum dwellers including clean drinking water and food, a proper shelter and clothing
etc.
In order to increase the competency of CDA, more finances can be allocated to the organization by
the government. Budget should be enhanced and strict check must be kept on its performance and
outcomes.
By coordinating with private organizations working for the betterment of the living conditions of the
citizens, great deal of improvement can be expected. Collaborative efforts by CDA and active
organizations like IUCN, WWF etc. can be valuable in achieving the desired goals.
32. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Pakistan
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IUCN- International Union for Conservation of Nature
Islamabad Programme Office
House 2, Street 83, G-6/4,
Islamabad. Pakistan
Tel +92 51 2831378-79,
Fax +92 51 2831371
www.iucnp.org
www.waterinfo.net.pk
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